Os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga são amplamente utilizados em dutos transportadores de óleo e gás e, atualmente, o desenvolvimento de novos projetos de liga e o uso de técnicas altamente avançadas de fabricação e processamento dos aços se tornaram essenciais para obtenção de estruturas que resistam aos danos provocados por H, principal motivo de falha de oleodutos e gasodutos em meios ricos em H2S. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de características microestruturais na difusividade do H em dois aços grau API X65, com diferentes teores de Mn. Uma das chapas ainda está em fase experimental de desenvolvimento, tem baixo teor de Mn e foi produzida para aplicação em ambientes sour. A outra chapa tem alto teor de Mn, já é usada comercialmente há alguns anos e foi desenvolvida para trabalho em ambientes doces. Os dois materiais passaram por caracterização microestrutural nas três seções da chapa: longitudinal e transversal à direção de laminação e do topo da chapa (paralela à direção de laminação). Após a caracterização, amostras de cada seção dos aços foram submetidas a ensaios de permeabilidade ao H; o aço baixo Mn passou por análises de EBSD (Difração de Elétrons Retroespalhados), para determinação de textura. O aço baixo Mn tem microestrutura homogênea ao longo da espessura da chapa, composta por ferrita refinada e pequenas ilhas de perlita. O aço alto Mn, por sua vez, apresenta microestrutura heterogênea ao longo da espessura, formada por bandas de ferrita e perlita, com marcada presença de segregação central de elementos de liga. Os ensaios de permeabilidade ao H mostraram que os coeficientes de difusão efetiva do H, Deff, do aço baixo Mn são ligeiramente superiores aos do aço alto Mn. Outros dois importantes parâmetros que foram calculados para os dois aços são a concentração de H na sub-superfície do material, C0, e o número de traps por unidade de volume, Nt. Contrariando expectativas, o aço baixo Mn apresentou maiores valores de C0 e Nt do que o aço alto Mn. Ensaios preliminares de dessorção térmica realizados nos dois aços mostraram os mesmos resultados: o aço baixo Mn aprisiona mais H do que o aço alto Mn. Estes resultados contraditórios de C0 e Nt foram atribuídos à presença de nanoprecipitados de microadições de liga no aço baixo Mn, não detectáveis por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Ainda, para os dois aços, os valores de Deff variaram em função da seção analisada da seguinte maneira: Deff longitudinal ? Deff transversal > Deff topo. Para entender melhor o comportamento anisotrópico da difusão do H nos dois aços calculou-se um novo coeficiente de difusão, que foi chamado de coeficiente de difusão no estado estacionário, Dss. O Dss considera que todos os traps do aço estão saturados, permitindo, assim que se avalie somente o efeito de obstáculos físicos à difusão do H. No aço alto Mn, o Dss variou da mesma maneira que o Deff: Dss longitudinal ? Dss transversal > Dss topo; este comportamento foi atribuído ao bandeamento presente no material. No aço baixo Mn, o Dss variou de forma diferente do Deff: Dss transversal > Dss longitudinal >= Dss topo, indicando que a difusão do H pode ser auxiliada por contornos de grão enquanto os traps estão sendo saturados, e que a textura cristalográfica pode influenciar a difusão após o estado estacionário ser atingido. / High strength low alloy steels are widely applied as pipelines for crude oil and natural gas transportation and, currently, new approaches to alloy design, in addition to the use of advanced steelmaking and processing techniques, have become essential for obtaining structures that resist to hydrogen damage, which is the main cause of pipelines failure in H2S-rich environments. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the influence of microstructural features on hydrogen diffusivity in two API X65 steels, with different Mn contents. One of the steel plates has been recently developed for usage in sour environments, is on its experimental stage and has a low Mn content. The other one is a commercial plate steel, with high Mn content, developed for sweet applications. Both steel plates were characterized in its three sections, in relation to the rolling direction: longitudinal, transverse and top surface of the plate (parallell to the rolling direction). After that, samples obtained from each section of the plates were submitted to hydrogen permeation tests; the low Mn steel was also analysed with EBSD, for texture determination. The low Mn steel presents a homogeneous microstructure through plate thickness, composed of refined ferrite and small pearlite islands. The high Mn steel has a heterogeneous microstructure through the plate thickness, composed of ferrite and pearlite bands, and presents centerline segregation. Hydrogen permeation tests showed that the Deff obtained for the low Mn steel sections are slightly higher than for the high Mn steel. Another two important parameters that were calculated for both steels are the subsurface hydrogen concentration, C0, and the number of traps per unit volume, Nt. Contrary to what was expected, the low Mn steel presented the higher C0 and Nt values. Thermal dessorption spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the low Mn steel traps more H atoms than the high Mn one. These results, along with the similar Deff values, were related to the presence of nanoprecipitates of microalloying elements, that cannot be detected via optical and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, also for both steels, the Deff values varied in function of the analyzed section as it follows: Deff longitudinal ? Deff transverse > Deff top. In order to better understand this anisotropic behavior, a new diffusion coefficient, which was called diffusion coefficient at the steady state, Dss, was determined. Dss considers that all the trapping sites are saturated, enabling, thus, the evaluation of physical obstacles to H diffusion. For the high Mn steel, the Dss varied in the same matter as the Deff: Dss longitudinal ? Dss transverse > Dss top; this behavior was associated with the microstructural banding present in the material. For the low Mn steel, the Dss exhibited a different behavior: Dss transverse > Dss longitudinal >= Dss top, suggesting that H diffusion can be aided by grain boundaries while the trapping sites are being filled and that crystallographic texture may play its role after the steady state is reached.

Beta-titanium alloys for use as biomaterials are very interesting from the perspective of obtaining a reduction of the elastic modulus, which together with good mechanical properties, avoid the problems of stress shielding that, induce bone reabsorption. The obtaining process of these alloys is complex because the refractory elements that are normally used to stabilize the beta phase (Nb, Ta, Mo). Powder metallurgy is a relatively simple technology that allows the design of custom alloys, presenting ease in alloy modification, but this technique also presents some disadvantages, such as porosity, lack of diffusion or lack of grain size and phase transformation control. This thesis proposes the development of new alloys using conventional powder metallurgy techniques. The main objective is the study of the effect of the iron content on a Ti35Nb10Ta alloy (% wt.) on the beta phase stability and the final properties obtained, when the alloys are obtained by powder metallurgical techniques. The effect of small iron additions on porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties has been evaluated. It is also studied the behavior of these alloys in corrosion and the possibility of applying severe plastic deformation (SPD) to powder metallurgic beta alloys, as a means of microstructural control and improvement of mechanical properties. For the microstructural study, optical microscopy has been used to evaluate the porosity, and electron microscopy, both scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM), to determine the phase distribution and the interaction between them. The orientation of the crystals is determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and by automatic crystal orientation measurements (ACOM) in transmission electron microscopy when the nanometric characterization of the phases is required after the application of severe plastic deformation that has been performed by high-pressure torsion (HPT). The mechanical properties are determined by bending, compression and hardness tests. The elastic modulus, which can be estimated in the bending and compression tests, has been determined by nanoindentation and by ultrasounds. The corrosion resistance of the developed alloys, and therefore the effect of the iron addition on the Ti35Nb10Ta base alloy, has been performed by electrochemical corrosion tests with a three-electrode system using a simulated body fluid electrolyte (SBF). The results show that the iron produces an increase of the porosity that has a negative influence on the final mechanical properties. Complete stabilization of the beta phase is achieved, although there is an increase in grain size. The bending mechanical resistance decreases with the addition of iron, although it maintains the compression resistance. However, in spite of the greater stabilization of the beta phase, the addition of iron produces an increase in the elastic modulus of the studied alloys. The corrosion resistance is similar for all alloys studied, showing little influence with the variation of the iron content of the alloy. Finally, it has been possible to obtain a nanostructured material with the application of SPD by high-pressure torsion with different iron contents, which involves a smaller grain size and an increase of the mechanical properties with a smaller elastic modulus, which is very promising for future researches. / Las aleaciones de titanio beta para su uso como biomateriales resulta muy interesante desde la perspectiva de obtener una disminución del módulo elástico que, junto con unas buenas propiedades mecánicas, evite los problemas de apantallamiento de tensiones que inducen la reabsorción ósea. La obtención de estas aleaciones es compleja debido a que los elementos que normalmente se utilizan para estabilizar la fase beta (Nb, Ta, Mo) son refractarios. La pulvimetalurgia es una tecnología relativamente sencilla que permite el diseño de aleaciones a medida, presentando facilidad en la modificación de la aleación, pero esta técnica también presenta algunos inconvenientes, como la porosidad, falta de difusión o falta de control en el tamaño de grano y la transformación de fases. En esta tesis se propone el desarrollo de nuevas aleaciones mediante técnicas convencionales de pulvimetalurgia. Siendo el objetivo principal el estudio del efecto del contenido de hierro en una aleación Ti35Nb10Ta (% en peso) en la estabilidad de la fase beta y las propiedades finales obtenidas, cuando las aleaciones se obtienen mediante técnicas pulvimetalúrgicas. Se ha evaluado el efecto de pequeñas adiciones de hierro en la porosidad, microestructura y propiedades mecánicas. También se estudia el comportamiento de estas aleaciones respecto a la corrosión y la posibilidad de aplicar deformación plástica severa (SPD, Severe Plastic Deformation) a aleaciones beta de origen pulvimetalúrgico, como medio de control microestructural y para mejora de las propiedades mecánicas. Para el estudio microestructural se ha utilizado microscopía óptica, para evaluar la porosidad, y electrónica, tanto de barrido (SEM) como de transmisión (TEM), para determinar la distribución de las fases y la interacción entre ellas. La determinación de la orientación de los cristales se realiza mediante difracción de electrones retrodispersados (EBSD, Electron Backscatter Diffraction) y mediante un sistema automático de medida de la orientación cristalina (ACOM, Automatic Crystal Orientation Measurements) en Microscopía electrónica de transmisión cuando se requiere la caracterización nanométrica de las fases tras la aplicación de deformación plástica severa que se ha realizado mediante torsión a alta presión (HPT, High-Pressure Torsion). Las propiedades mecánicas se determinan mediante ensayos de flexión, y compresión, así como la determinación de la dureza. El módulo elástico, que puede estimarse en los ensayos de flexión y compresión, se ha determinado por nanoindentación y mediante ultrasonidos. La resistencia frente a la corrosión de las aleaciones desarrolladas, y por tanto el efecto de la adición de hierro en la aleación base Ti35Nb10Ta, se ha realizado mediante ensayos de corrosión electroquímica, con un sistema de tres electrodos, utilizando un electrolito de fluido corporal simulado (SBF, Simulated Body Fluid). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el efecto del hierro produce un incremento de la porosidad que presenta una influencia negativa en las propiedades mecánicas finales. Se consigue una estabilización completa de la fase beta, aunque también se produce un incremento del tamaño de grano. La resistencia mecánica a flexión disminuye con la adición de hierro, aunque mantiene la resistencia en compresión. Sin embargo, pese a la mayor estabilización de la fase beta, la adición de hierro produce un incremento en el módulo de elasticidad de las aleaciones estudiadas. La resistencia a la corrosión es semejante para todas las aleaciones estudiadas, mostrando poca influencia con la variación del contenido de hierro de la aleación. Finalmente, se ha conseguido obtener una nanoestructuración del material con la aplicación de SPD mediante la técnica de torsión a alta presión con diferentes contenidos de hierro, que implica un menor tamaño de grano y un aumento de las propiedades mecánicas con un menor m / Els aliatges de titani beta per a utilitzar-los com biomaterials resulta molt interessant des de la perspectiva d'obtindre una disminució del mòdul d'elasticitat que, juntament amb unes bones propietats mecàniques, evite els problemes d'apantallament de tensions que indueixen la reabsorció òssia. L'obtenció d'aquests aliatges és complexa degut a que els elements que normalment s'utilitzen per estabilitzar la fase beta (Nb, Ta, Mo) son refractaris. La pulvimetal¿lúrgia és es una tecnologia relativament senzilla que permet el disseny d'aliatges a mesura, presentant la facilitat de modificació de l'aliatge, però aquesta tècnica també presenta alguns inconvenients, com la porositat, falta de difusió o falta de control en el tamany del gra i la transformació de les fases. En aquesta tesi es proposa el desenvolupament de nous aliatges mitjançant tècniques convencionals de pulvimetal¿lúrgia. Sent l'objectiu principal l'estudi de l'efecte del contingut de ferro en un aliatge Ti35Nb10Ta (% en pes) en l'estabilitat de la fase beta i les propietats finals obtingudes, quan els aliatges s'obtenen mitjançant tècniques pulvimetal¿lúrgiques. S'ha avaluat l'efecte de xicotetes addicions de ferro en la porositat, microestructura i propietats mecàniques. També s'estudia el comportament d'aquests aliatges front a la corrosió i la possibilitat d'aplicar deformació plàstica severa (SPD, Severe Plastic Deformation) a aliatges beta d'origen pulvimetal¿lúrgic, com mitjà de control microestructural i per millorar les propietats mecàniques. Per a l'estudi microestructural s'ha utilitzat microscòpia òptica, per avaluar la porositat, i electrònica, tant d'escombratge (SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope) com de transmissió (TEM, Transmision Electron Microscope), per a determinar la distribució de les fases y la interacció entre elles. La determinació de l'orientació dels cristalls es realitza mitjançant difracció d'electrons retrodispersats (EBSD, Electron Backscatter Diffraction) i mitjançant un sistema automàtic de mesura de l'orientació cristal¿lina (ACOM, Automatic Crystal Orientation Measurements) en microscòpia electrònica de transmissió quan es requereix la caracterització nanomètrica de les fases després de l'aplicació de deformació plàstica severa que s'ha realitzat mitjançant torsió a alta pressió (HPT, High-Pressure Torsion). Les propietats mecàniques es determinen amb assajos de flexió, compressió i durea. El mòdul elàstic, que pot estimar-se amb els assajos de flexió i compressió, s'ha determinat per nanoindentació i mitjançant ultrasons. La resistència front a la corrosió dels aliatges desenvolupats, i per tant l'efecte de l'addició de ferro en l'aliatge base Ti35Nb10Ta, s'ha realitzat mitjançant assajos de corrosió electroquímica, amb un sistema de tres elèctrodes, utilitzant un electròlit de fluid corporal simulat (SBF, Simulated Body Fluid). Els resultats obtinguts mostren que l'efecte del ferro produeix un increment de la porositat que presenta una influència negativa en les propietats mecàniques finals. S'aconsegueix una estabilització completa de la fase beta, encara que també es produeix un increment del tamany del gra. La resistència mecànica a flexió disminueix amb l'addició de ferro, encara que manté la resistència a compressió. No obstant açò, malgrat la major estabilització de la fase beta, l'addició de ferro produeix un increment en el mòdul d'elasticitat dels aliatges estudiats. La resistència a la corrosió es semblant per a tots els aliatges estudiats, mostrant poca influència amb la variació del contingut de ferro de l'aliatge. Finalment, s'ha aconseguit obtenir una nanoestructuració del material amb l'aplicació de SPD mitjançant torsió a alta pressió amb diferents continguts de ferro, que implica una menor grandària de gra i un augment de les propietats mecàniques amb un menor mòdul d'elasticitat, la qual cosa resulta molt p / Amigó Mata, A. (2017). Influencia de las adiciones de Fe en las aleaciones de Ti-Nb-Ta obtenidas mediante tecnología de polvos, para aplicaciones biomédicas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/80618 / TESIS

The subject of the diploma thesis are procedures in EPS network related to the operation of mobile terminals. In the introduction of my work I described the EPS system, including the quality of services and bearers. The following section focuses on control procedures in the EPS system such as attach network procedure, detach procedure, service request, handover or tracking area procedure. Further, three technologies for Internet of Things were described, namely EC-GSM-IoT, LTE-M and NB-IoT. All the procedures mentioned above were also captured in the experimental VUT EPS network and analyzed by TravelHawk using software M5 and Wireshark. Theoretical and practical findings were subsequently used out for setting of laboratory task for subject MKPM.

The diploma thesis focuses on the description of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technologies for use in IoT (Internet of Things) communication scenarios. The theoretical part compares communication technologies operating in the license-exempt frequency band, i.e. Sigfox and LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network). Furthermore, technologies using the licensed frequency spectrum are discussed, specifically, attention is focused on NB-IoT (Narrow Band IoT). Emphasis is placed on LoRaWAN technology and the properties of the unlicensed frequency band below the 1 GHz, which is utilized by this technology. The practical part of the thesis consists of the evaluation of simulation scenarios using an integrated module in the simulation environment NS-3 (Network Simulator 3). Attention is focused mainly on the analysis of data transmission success using selected communication parameters of LoRaWAN technology. The obtained simulation outputs with a focus on mMTC (massive Machine-Type Communication) communication scenarios confirm the relationship between the number of end devices and gateways, communication distance and transmission reliability, or the limit value for the duty cycle.

The unveiling of small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene regulatory pathways has profoundly shaped our understanding of the complexity of gene regulation. In eukaryotes, sRNAs have been found to control cellular metabolism, growth and differentiation, to maintain genome integrity, and to combat viruses and mobile genetic elements. To gain insight into the roles of small RNAs in apple and peach, we conducted sRNA-seq, computational analysis and molecular experiments to genome-widely characterize their microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways. We identified totally 75 miRNAs or families, including 23 conserved, 10 less-conserved and 42 apple-specific ones, and 118 miRNA target genes in apple. Two classical trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways, miR390-TAS3 and miR828-TAS4, were characterized with similar but unique tasiRNA biogenesis profiles and target specificities. Importantly, miR159, miR828 and miR858 can collectively target up to 81 MYB genes potentially involved in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. In contrast to the location of the miR159 target site in a sequence-divergent region, the target sites of miR828 and miR858 are located in the region encoding the conserved R3 repeat domain of MYB proteins. 10 out of the 19 miR828-targeted MYBs undergo the biogenesis of various phased siRNA (phasiRNA), which potentially regulate diverse genes outside the MYB family. In peach, totally 94 miRNAs or families and 80 target genes were identified. Similar pathways of tasiRNA (miR828-TAS4 and miR390-TAS3) or phasiRNA (miR828-MYB-siRNA) processing were also characterized in peach. Taking advantage of reverse computation and public available deep-sequencing data, we demonstrated that the miRNA-TAS-PPR-siRNA pathway is a highly dynamic and widespread feature of eudicots. Nine eudicot plants, representing six different plant families, have evolved similar tasiRNA pathways to instigate phasiRNA production from PPR �genes, which are triggered by different 22-nt miRNAs, including miR7122, miR1509, and fve-PPRtri1/2 and through distinct mechanistic strategies, like miRNA direct-targeting or indirect-targeting through TAS-like genes, one-hit or two-hit, or even two layers of tasiRNA-TAS interactions. We found that the MIRNA genes of these miRNA triggers show great identity with the Arabidopsis MIR173, implying a common origin of this group of miRNAs (super-miR7122). Combined results from phylogenetic analyses and conservation extent profiling revealed that the super-miR7122 was potentially evolved from another miRNA superfamily (super-miR4376), which probably originated from the miR390. Additionally, the miR482/2118-NB-LRR-siRNA pathway was found to be conserved, but evolved with distinct features, in apple and peach. Taken together, widespread and complex miRNA and tasiRNA regulatory networks have been adapted in apple and peach. They add another crucial layer of regulation on gene activity and stability, and must exert essential functions in all aspects of plant life. / Ph. D.

Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) has emerged as a promising technology to support applications that generate infrequent data. One requirement on these applications, often battery-powered devices, is low energy consumption to enable extended battery life. Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a promising technology for IoT due to its low power consumption, which is essential for devices that need to run on battery power for extended periods. However, the current battery life of NB-IoT devices is only a few years, which is insufficient for many applications. This thesis investigates the impact of energy-saving mechanisms standardized by 3GPP on battery life of NB-IoT devices. The main research objective is to classify and analyze existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT and examine their limitations, to study the impact of standardized energy-saving mechanisms on the battery life of NB-IoT devices, both in isolation and combined, and to provide guidelines on how to configure NB-IoT devices to reduce energy consumption efficiently. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of energy-saving mechanisms and best practices to balance energy efficiency and performance of NB-IoT devices. Applying the proposed solutions makes it possible to achieve a battery life of 10~years or more for CIoT devices.

The vision of the Smart City and Internet of Things is gradually becoming areality. Many cities around the world have initiated a modernization processtowards more intelligent and ecient management systems and Stockholm isnot an exception. This work is chiey devoted to public lighting; owing toits ubiquitous nature, it may certainly play a major role driving this transformation.It addresses the main concerns of the Trac Oce, in charge of thisinstallation, in relation with the architecture, underlying protocols, opportunities,and available systems in the market, among others.The lack of a unied standard as well as legal, human and security issueshave initially hampered the maturing process of this new paradigm. The existenceof multiple alternatives leads to the overchoice phenomenon and oftendiscourages industries and governments to adopt IoT solutions. Therefore, anextensive survey has been conducted to analyze the suitability of dierent protocolswith the requirements of the installation. Solutions have been classiedin three main categories, and one instance of each, namely IEEE 802.15.4,NB-IoT and LoRa, have been evaluated to illustrate an example architectureand calculate capacity and cost metrics.The demands of such deployment have been identied by agreeing on a basicset of services. As a result, two scenarios (worst-case and optimistic) havebeen proposed to model system's trac. A mathematical methodology hasbeen used to establish a soft limit on the maximum amount of devices servedby a single gateway that should be considered by implementers. In case of NBIoT,the capacity depends entirely upon the network operator, consequentlythe comparative is based on a third model (minimum trac) focused on reducingthe operation cost. In this way, this thesis provides the Trac Ocewith an initial approach to the matter and an unbiased reference frameworkto decide the future development of street lighting in Stockholm. / La vision de la Ciudad Inteligente y el Internet de las Cosas esta cada vezmas cerca de convertirse en una realidad. Una gran cantidad de municipiospor todo el mundo han comenzado un proceso de modernizacion hacia sistemasde gestion mas ecientes y ecaces y Estocolmo no es una excepcion.Este trabajo esta principalmente dedicado al area de la iluminacion publica,puesto que su presencia ubicua la convierten en uno de los entes principalesque impulsan esta transformacion. Mas concretamente, responde a las dudasdel departamento de Traco de la ciudad sobre la posible infraestructura,protocolos de comunicacion, oportunidades y disponibilidad de sistemas en elmercado, entre otros asuntos.La falta de un estandar unicado junto con la aparicion de diferentes cuestioneslegales y problemas de seguridad ha dicultado la maduracion de estenuevo paradigma de comunicaciones. De la misma manera, la existencia demultiples alternativas en el mercado ha generado cierta reticencia del sectorgubernamental e industrial debido a la indecision provocada por el exceso deoferta. Por este motivo, se ha realizado un estudio cualitativo sobre la idoneidadde las diferentes soluciones para los requerimientos que imponen este tipode instalaciones. Se han identicado tres principales categoras y se ha analizadoel protocolo mas representativo de cada una de ellas para ejemplicarla arquitectura del sistema y obtener medidas orientativas sobre su coste ycapacidad.Una vez identicados los servicios basicos que deberan proporcionarse, se hanplanteado dos escenarios que modelan el traco en la red para una situaciondesfavorable y otra optimista. A traves de un desarrollo matematico se haobtenido la cantidad maxima de dispositivos que pueden conectarse a unmismo Gateway para cada tecnologa, con el n de proporcionar un datoorientativo para la entidad encargada del dise~no del sistema. En el caso detecnologas celulares, la infraestructura depende por completo del operador,por lo que se ha determinado mas provechoso estudiar el coste de operacioncon un tercer modelo orientado a la reduccion del mismo. De esta forma,este trabajo provee al departamento de Traco de un primer acercamiento alproblema y un marco de referencia para tomar con coherencia futuras decisionessobre la modernizacion del servicio de alumbrado publico en Estocolmo. / Visionen om den Smarta Staden och Internet of Things blir gradvis en realitet. Många städer runt om i världen har startat en moderniseringsprocess mot intelligenta och mer effektiva system och Stockholm är inget undantag. Den här avhandlingen är främst ägnad åt offentlig belysning eftersom den säkert kan spela en viktig roll för att driva på omvandlingen, på grund av sin allestädes närvarande natur. Den behandlar trafikkontorets, myndigheten som ansvarar för belysningen, största bekymmer i samband med bland annat arkitektur, underliggande protokoll, möjliga och tillgängliga system på marknaden. Bristen på en enhetlig standard och juridiska, mänskliga samt säkerhetsfrågor har inledningsvis hindrat mognadsprocessen för detta nya paradigm. Förekomsten av flera alternativ leder till övervalsfenomen och avskräcker ofta industrier och regeringar för att anta IoT-lösningar. Därför har en omfattande undersökning genomförts för att analysera lämpligheten för olika protokoll med krav för installationen. Lösningar har klassificerats i tre huvudkategorier, och ett exempel av var, nämligen IEEE 802.15.4, NB-IoT och LoRa, har utvärderats för att illustrera en exempelarkitektur och beräkna kapacitets- och konstandsmått. Kraven på sådan utplacering har identifierats genom att komma överens om en grundläggande uppsättning tjänster. Två scenarier (värsta fall och optimistisk) har föreslagits för att påvisa systemets trafik. En matematisk metod har använts för att fastställa en mjukgräns för de maximala mängder anordningar som betjänas av en enda gateway vilken bör övervägas av implementatörer. NB-IoT kapaciteten beror på nätoperatören, därför grundas jämförandet med en tredje modell (minsta trafik) fokuserad på att minska driftskostnaden. Det här examensarbetet tillför sålunda trafikkontoret ett första tillvägagångssätt och en saklig referensram för att bestämma den framtida utvecklingen av gatubelysningen i Stockholm.

The microstructure of steel is well known to affect hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility by having certain heterogeneities serving as effective hydrogen trap sites. A consensus on whether or not fine-scale niobium carbide (NbC), nitride (NbN) and carbonitride (Nb(C,N)) precipitates can behave as effective hydrogen traps has yet to be established. The H-trapping capacity of Nb precipitates in a Fe-C-Mn-Nb model steel was investigated with the goal of minimizing embrittlement effects and improving the design of X70 pipeline grade steel for sour service oil and gas applications. First, a heat treatment was applied to the model steel to change the Nb-based precipitate size distribution, which was subsequently characterized via transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography. The experimental heat treatment increased the number of fine-scale precipitates (<15 nm) that are ideal for APT characterization. NbN and NbC precipitates of various stoichiometries were confirmed within the steel. Further, a custom electrolytic H-charging device was designed, fabricated, and validated using thermal desorption spectroscopy. Additionally, the extent of galvanic corrosion between NbC and NbN and the steel matrix was determined using custom scaled-up particle matrix specimens. Potentiodynamic polarizations conducted using active and passivating electrolytes revealed the relative nobility of the materials. Both NbC and NbN particles were more noble than the steel matrix; thus, possessing driving force for galvanic corrosion, with the particles serving as cathodes. Future studies involving electrolytic charging of the steel in a D-based electrolyte coupled with atom probe tomography will facilitate the direct observation of H-trapping sites relative to various Nb-based precipitates and contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms governing HIC. / Thesis / Master of Science in Materials Science and Engineering (MSMSE)

IoT är en marknad som har växt fort under de senaste åren och skapat sig en egen industri. Kärnan i IoT är internetanslutningen och i många fall är mobil kommunikation den bästa lösningen för en IoT-produkt. Problemet är att det inte finns något självklart val av mobil kommunikation för användning i en IoT-produkt. Den mobila kommunikationsbranschen har reagerat på det nya behovet av mobil kommunikationsstandard för IoT och 2016 släppte 3GPP en ny standard av typen LPWAN kallad NB-IoT. Flera företag verkar för att implementera denna standard, och det finns ett behov av att undersöka hur applikationer kan utnyttja standarden på ett effektivt sätt. Denna uppsats presenterar en jämförelse mellan två applikationer som använder olika ALP, HTTP och CoAP, i en LPWAN-kontext. Resultaten av denna jämförelse visar att det finns mycket att vinna på att välja CoAP istället för HTTP, speciellt i en IoT-miljö som applikationerna presenterade i denna uppsats. Uppsatsen presenterar även en samling egenskaper som en applikation bör ha för att utnyttja en LPWAN-kommunikationsstandard effektivt. / The Internet of Things (IoT) is a market that has grown very fast in the last few years,creating an industry of its own. The core of IoT is the Internet connectivity and many times, the best solution for an IoT device is to use some form of mobile connection to solve this. The problem is that there is no obvious choice of mobile communication standard for use in an IoT device. The mobile communications industry has reacted to this newly emerged need of amobile communications standard designed for the IoT domain and in 2016 the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) released a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) type of standard named Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). Several companies are working on implementing this standard, and there is a need to investigate how applications can utilize the standard effectively. This thesis presents a comparison between two applications using different ApplicationLayer Protocol (ALP)s, Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), in an LPWAN context. The results of this comparison shows that there is a lot to gain by choosing CoAP over HTTP, especially in an IoT environment such as the applications presented in this thesis. The thesis also presents a collection of properties that applications should have to use an LPWAN effectively.

Recent accomplishments in link-level and radio technologies have significantly improved the performance of wireless links. Wireless mobile ad hoc networks, however, typically only take limited advantage of these enhancements. In this research, the medium access control protocol and ad hoc routing protocol are extended to take advantage of radios offering multi-user interference cancellation and direct-sequence spread-spectrum functionality, by encouraging multiple simultaneous connections and adaptively changing communication parameters on a per-packet basis. Through its environment characterization techniques, the adaptive direct sequence spread spectrum MAC protocol for non-broadcast multiple access networks (ADIM-NB) improves several aspects of the wireless mobile ad hoc network performance, including throughput, delay, stability, and power consumption, through its use of spread-spectrum multiple access and four different adaptive algorithms. The four adaptive algorithms change processing gain, forward error correction coding rate, transmit power, and number of simultaneous connections. In addition, the ad hoc routing protocol is extended with the clustering algorithm for mobile ad hoc network (CAMEN). With ADIM-NB in mind, CAMEN discourages the use of broadcast messages, supplements ADIM-NB's functionality at the network level, and improves the network scalability by aggregating nodes into clusters. Both protocols are intended to lead to more powerful and flexible communication capabilities for wireless nodes. Simulation models have been developed and simulated to verify the performance improvements of both protocols at the network-level as well as provide a means to perform trade-off analysis. Results indicate that the network capacity is increased between 50% in a moderately loaded network to 100% in a heavily loaded network over a non-adaptive MAC protocol. The delay also improve significantly in most scenarios of interest. / Ph. D.