This report describes the aim, scope, underlying literature and results of the research project "The Nexus between the Financial and the Real Sector". We studied the contribution of the financial sector as a whole and its individual segments (bank credits, the issuance of bonds and shares) to real economic growth in EU Member and Candidate Countries, the United States and Japan. We supplement existing approaches with the inclusion of the bond market and of foreign direct investment in the banking sector, wherein for the first time, we provide empirical evidence for slightly positive effects thereof. Methodically, we extend previous research by the production-function approach and document the importance of the market microstructure. We recommend to include liberalisation and integration effects, the bond and insurance sector, and effects of foreign bank entry and investment into future research on the Finance-Growth-Nexus. (author's abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

It is visible in the innovation literature the tendency to evolve the innovation process into a moreopen and flexible model where innovators of all types can interact freely. This fairly recentparadigm known as Open Innovation is a phenomenon with still a considerable amount of opengaps and challenges. Therefore the question of how integration is achieved between differenttypes of outside innovators remains unanswered. Many organizations, some in more extent thanothers, are already applying Open Innovation within networks; however there is still not a clearunderstanding or a formal theory that describes the mechanisms that can help integrate theinnovation activities with other actors. To address this challenge, we conducted an exploratorystudy in 7 different organizations representing two types of innovators (private firms andacademic institutions) and a nexus agency that acts as an integrator between them. The first partof the results consist of an extensive list of 27 integration mechanisms applicable in openinnovation projects later categorized in 5 new main categories for their practical study anddiscussion. More abstractly, as relationships between these integration mechanisms and interorganizationalnetworks have not been analyzed yet, we want to propose a framework that canprovide an initial notion of their role and interaction in Open Innovation Projects. Thisframework is valuable to consider the applicability of the proposed integration mechanismscategories in different OI settings and supports the understanding of how the harmonization ofOI efforts occurs with different types of innovators. Having a framework of this typeconsiderably extends the understanding of integration in the Open Innovation field and providesas well a guide for organizations to identify how to integrate open innovation efforts.

This dissertation analyzes the role of tourism within development process in the case of the role of Mawlana tourism in the urban development process of Konya, around the theoretical approaches about tourism and development such as new modernization school, global local nexus approach, glokalism, and TBD (Tourism Business District) approaches. The study finds out that Mawlawi tourism has been playing crucial roles in articulation of Konya to the global markets and urban identity building process. Mawlana tourism establishes a city trademark and international business connections, rather than taking place as a supplementary economic sector in the development process of Konya. Within the diversification in the global tourism, Mawlana tourism can be defined as cultural, religious, and spiritual tourism. Although Mawlana tourism is a limited sector compared to others, it is crucial for Konya to be articulated to the global markets with an urban identity and business connections through Mawlana and Mawlawi Order.

There is an urgent need for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to adapt to a rise in water and energy demands, prolonged periods of drought, climate variability, and resource scarcity. As population increases, minimizing the carbon and energy footprints of wastewater treatment, while properly managing nutrients is crucial to improving the sustainability WWTPs. Integrated resource recovery can mitigate the environmental impact of wastewater treatment systems; however, the mitigation potential depends on various factors such as treatment technology, resource recovery strategy, and system size. Amidst these challenges, this research seeks to investigate the environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) integrating resource recovery (e.g., water reuse, energy recovery and nutrient recycling) in different contexts (developing versus developed world) and at different scales (household, community, and city). The over-arching hypothesis guiding this research is that: Context and scale impact the environmental sustainability of WWTPs integrated with resource recovery. Three major research tasks were designed to contribute to a greater understanding of the environmental sustainability of resource recovery integrated with wastewater treatment systems. They include a framework development task (Chapter 2), scale assessment task (Chapter 3), and context assessment task (Chapter 4). The framework development task includes a critical review of literature and models used to design a framework to assess the environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment and integrated resource recovery strategies. Most studies used life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess these systems. LCA is a quantitative tool, which estimates the environmental impact of a system over its lifetime. Based on this review, a comprehensive system boundary was selected to assess the life cycle impacts of collection, treatment, and distribution over the construction and operation and maintenance life stages. Additionally, resource recovery offsets associated with water reuse, energy recovery, and nutrient recycling are considered. The framework’s life cycle inventory includes material production and delivery, equipment operation, energy production, sludge disposal, direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and nutrients discharged to the environment. Process-based LCA is used to evaluate major environmental impact categories, including global impacts (e.g., carbon footprint, embodied energy) and local impacts (e.g., eutrophication potential). This is followed by an interpretation of results using sensitivity or uncertainty analysis. The scale assessment task investigates how scale impacts the environmental sustainability of three wastewater treatment systems integrated with resource recovery in a U.S. context. Household, community, and city scale systems using mechanized technologies applicable to a developed world setting were investigated. The household system was found to have the highest environmental impacts due high electricity usage for treatment and distribution, methane emissions from the septic tank, and high nutrient discharges. Consequently, the life cycle impacts of passive nutrient reduction systems with low energy usage at the household level merit further investigation. The community scale system highlights trade-offs between global impacts (e.g., embodied energy and carbon footprint) and local impacts (e.g., eutrophication potential) where low nutrient pollution can be achieved at the cost of a high embodied energy and carbon footprint. The city scale system had the lowest global impacts due to economies of scale and the benefits of integrating all three forms of resource recovery: Energy recovery, water reuse, and nutrient recycling. Integrating these three strategies at the city scale led to a 49% energy offset, which mitigates the carbon footprint associated with water reuse. The context assessment task investigates how context impacts the environmental sustainability of selected community scale systems in both Bolivia and the United States. In this task, rural developing world and urban developed world wastewater management solutions with resource recovery strategies are compared. Less mechanized treatment technologies used in rural Bolivia were found to have a lower carbon footprint and embodied energy than highly mechanized technologies used in urban United States. However, the U.S. community system had a lower eutrophication potential than the Bolivia systems, highlighting trade-offs between global and local impacts. Furthermore, collection and direct methane emissions had more important energy and carbon implications in Bolivia, whereas treatment electricity was dominant for the U.S. community system. Water reuse offsets of embodied energy and carbon footprint were higher for the U.S community system, because high quality potable water is replaced instead of river water. In contrast, water reuse offsets of eutrophication potential were high for the Bolivia systems, highlighting the importance of matching treatment level to end-use application. One of the Bolivia systems benefits from the integration of water, energy, and nutrient recovery leading to beneficial offsets of both global and local impacts. This research can potentially lead to transformative thinking on the appropriate scale of WWTPs with integrated resource recovery, while highlighting that context lead to changes in the dominant contributors to environmental impact, appropriate technologies, and mitigation strategies.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and understand the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise projects in primary and secondary schools in the North of Sweden and to identify and analyse the driving forces and actors behind this process. In particular the influence and significance of education policy at supranational, national and subnational level for the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise in education are analysed. The main questions of the study have been: • How and why have entrepreneurship and enterprise education come to the schools in the northern region of Sweden, in particular within the framework of the PRIO1 project? • How were important stakeholders involved at the subnational level and how did they reason and act in relation to the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise in the schools? • How are the concepts of entrepreneurship and enterprise education presented in policy documents at different policy levels? The study wants to report on changes in education policy during recent years. Especially the emergence of international policy convergence and new forms of governance are among the factors that are considered. Drawing on a conceptual framework of structure and agency, the analyses in the empirical studies are informed by a combination of theoretical fields. Important contributions are rendered from the education policy literature. The first method consists of a policy study of documents produced by organisations at different levels (supranational, national and subnational). The purpose of this analysis is to capture the ideas and arguments that have been used but also to understand the context and driving forces for the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise in education. Starting from the supranational level, the analysis focuses mainly on two organisations, OECD and EU. These organisations were chosen because they are widely regarded as leading organisations in setting the supranational policy agenda for education. The document study consists of a selection of OECD documents that have been released during the period 1970 - 2006, as well as a selection of EU documents. The EU documents cover the last 15 years. Attention is paid to several documents at the national and subnational level as well. The second method is an interview study. The interview study aims to focus on some of the key stakeholders (agents/actors) that have been participating in the formation (initiation, financing and realisation) of a county wide project “PRIO1”, Priority Enterprise in Västerbotten, in the North of Sweden. In order to understand why and how these actors at the subnational level have become involved in the process, there exists a need to hear their arguments. The document study shows that there is interplay between the different levels, but intertextual aspects have also become visible. The policy drive and policy scope show the concatenation but also the complexity of the policy development. Education is increasingly related to economic policies, in particular through labour market policies. Although the concepts of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise have developed within the economic sector, they are penetrating the education and training systems of many countries. From the results presented in this study, it seems that lifelong learning has become the guiding principle for the amalgamation of education and the world of work, while learning is no longer equated with just schooling. The opening of the school towards the surrounding world is a characteristic development in all this, but it is also a process that certainly is stipulated by agencies and actors at different levels, as is shown in this study. The interviews with some stakeholders at the subnational level show that the promotion of entrepreneurship and enterprise in education is related to arguments for economic and societal development. The interviews also reveal some of the “bottom-up” aspects of the policy process. One of the important results of this study is that the education policy studies have to include the level beyond the national borders. The interplay between the different policy-levels (supranational, national and subnational) needs more attention in order to understand the transformation of the education system.

A avaliação da presença de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo em mangue na região entre a Estrada Rio-Santos e o Canal Bertioga ? São Paulo ? Brasil foi realizada através da análise de amostras de sedimento coletadas em testemunhos em épocas distintas (2001 e 2005). O rompimento de um oleoduto em outubro de 1983 derramou 3.000.000 litros de petróleo (também analisado) nesse local. Esse óleo desceu pelo Rio Iriri até atingir o Canal de Bertioga, espalhando-se por cerca de 60 quilômetros. Uma batalha jurídica teve início em 1985 e se encontra atualmente em fase de execução da sentença. Neste trabalho foram descritas algumas questões jurídicas envolvendo o derramamento ocorrido e as análises químicas para serem utilizadas como nexo causal. Os hidrocarbonetos foram analisados através da extração com solvente orgânico em sistema Soxhlet e por cromatografia a gás com detecção de ionização de chama (GC-FID) para n-alcanos e alcanos isoprenóides e com espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) para biomarcadores de petróleo e compostos policíclicos aromáticos (CPAs). Os resultados dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos somente permitiram avaliar a contribuição de origem petrogênica pela presença de mistura complexa não resolvida (UCM) em algumas amostras de sedimentos. Não foi possível avaliar a contribuição petrogênica nos sedimentos baseado nas concentrações de n-alcanos, de alifáticos totais e as relações pristano/fitano, pristano/n-C17 e fitano/n-C18. A relação entre os homólogos e isômeros dos biomarcadores de petróleo, entretanto, indicou a presença do petróleo derramado no mangue depois de duas décadas. As maiores concentrações dos biomarcadores de petróleo foram encontradas na região mais próxima do derramamento e nos topos dos testemunhos. As análises de CPAs nos sedimentos foram importantes para a identificação de compostos mutagênicos e carcinogênicos provenientes do petróleo derramado no mangue. / The evaluation of the presence of hydrocarbons of oil in mangrove in the region between the Rio-Santos Road and Bertioga Channel - São Paulo - Brazil was carried out through the analysis of sediment samples collected in cores in distinct times (2001 and 2005). The disruption of a pipeline in October of 1983 spilled 3,000,000 of liters of petroleum (also analyzed) in that area. That oil has gone down the Iriri River as far as the Bertioga Channel and has spread for about 60 kilometers. A judicial process has been started in 1985 and nowadays it is in the final phase when the sentence will be given by the law court. In this work some legal issues involving the occurred spilling and the chemical analyses have been described to be used as causal nexus. The hydrocarbons have been analyzed through an organic solvent extraction using Soxhlet apparatus and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) for n-alkanes and isoprenoids alkanes, and with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for petroleum biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The analysis of the aliphatic hydrocarbons allowed evaluating only the contribution of petrogenic origin through the presence of unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in some sediment samples. It has not been possible to evaluate the petrogenic contribution in the sediments based on the concentrations of n-alkanes, total aliphatic hydrocarbons and the ratios between pristane/n-C17 and phythane/n-C18. The ratio between petroleum biomarker homologous and isomers has indicated the presence of the oil spilled in the mangrove after two decades. The highest concentrations of the petroleum biomarkers have been found in the region next to the spilling and in the top-core samples. The analyses of CPAs in the sediments have been important to the identification of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds present in the petroleum spilled in the mangrove.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5271.pdf: 1740746 bytes, checksum: a43947bf28ad463a5d200712db1cf38d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work studies the oral manifestations of five years old children in activities of counting practice, where they are exposed to problem-situation involving the conceptual nexus of numbers in the legends context. The methodology is based in a qualitative perspective, specifically in one case study in which the peculiar case is a group of children of five years old inserted in a non-formal space of learning, that seeks to work toward a historical-cultural perspective. The analysis is based on an interpretative vision, the expressed manifestation of the children during four teaching activities. The manifestations have been divided in three units of significance where we present the episodes that represent the children dialog during the activities, transcribed from video-graphic records. Through the analysis of the children speech it became evident that some of them have used the conceptual nexus of numbers to answer to the proposed situations. The children also showed some influence of the school practices while answering the activities, given the difficulty of using diversified practice of counting. Ultimately, it was perceived that many times the children worried more about the legends and that they forgot the mathematical problems addressed in the activities. We realized that the Teaching Guiding Activity can be a fertile terrain to develop mathematical concepts with children in elementary school education. / Este trabalho busca analisar as manifestações de crianças de cinco anos, em atividades de ensino sobre práticas de contagem, em que são submetidas a situações-problema que envolvem os nexos conceituais do número no contexto de lendas. A metodologia fundamentase numa perspectiva qualitativa, mais especificamente em um estudo de caso, onde o caso particular é a turma de crianças de cinco anos que está inserida em um espaço não-formal de aprendizagem, que busca trabalhar em uma perspectiva histórico-cultural. A análise se baseia em uma visão interpretativa das manifestações expressas pelas crianças durante quatro atividades de ensino. As manifestações foram divididas em três unidades de significado, em que apresentamos episódios que representam os diálogos das crianças no decorrer das atividades, transcritos de registros videográficos. Pela análise das falas das crianças ficou evidente que algumas delas utilizaram-se dos nexos conceituais do número para responder às situações propostas. As crianças também demonstraram a influência de práticas escolares no momento de responder às atividades, dada a dificuldade de se utilizarem de práticas diversificadas de contagem. Por fim, percebemos que muitas vezes as crianças preocuparamse tanto com as lendas que se esqueceram dos problemas matemáticos abordados nas atividades. Percebemos que as Atividades Orientadoras de Ensino podem ser terreno fértil para desenvolver conceitos matemáticos com as crianças da Educação Infantil.

Atualmente a humanidade convive com a crise ambiental, que decorre da utilização desmedida dos recursos naturais para propiciar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Por tal motivo, a proteção ambiental é fundamental na atualidade e legado de bem-estar e saúde para as futuras gerações. As tentativas de proteção do meio ambiente englobam diversos mecanismos, dentre eles, o instituto da responsabilidade civil, que age como uma poderosa forma de intervenção e proteção no Direito Ambiental. Assim, o presente trabalho aborda os problemas do nexo causal na responsabilidade civil ambiental sob o enfoque da sociedade de risco, ao passo que os danos passam a ter novas formas e dimensões difusas, cujas consequências se refletem na mudança das bases tradicionais da responsabilidade civil ambiental. No contexto social do risco, as incertezas são a única certeza, e as decisões de riscos passam a integrar a observação das relações causais. Dessa forma, o trabalho expõe, inicialmente, os aspectos da tradicional responsabilidade civil na dogmática jurídica, mas dimensionados ao âmbito do dano ecológico. Abrange o estudo as teorias da causalidade e suas insuficiências perante o contexto da sociedade de risco. Destaca os problemas do nexo causal diante da complexidade das adversidades ambientais. Aborda, ainda, os motivos da crise da causalidade. Demonstra a influência da sociedade de risco no nexo causal e, no fim, apresenta as novas teorias relativizadoras do contexto causal como estratégias para gestão da crise da causalidade, com o anseio de adequar os novos contextos sociais e jurídicos com a efetiva responsabilização sobre o bem ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-23T17:34:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Graziela de O Kohler.pdf: 753961 bytes, checksum: 233627d56a39b6b3a65391b44f61c68c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-23T17:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Graziela de O Kohler.pdf: 753961 bytes, checksum: 233627d56a39b6b3a65391b44f61c68c (MD5) / Nowadays the humanity coexists with the environmental crisis that elapses from the excessive use of the natural resources to propitiate the socioeconomic development. In such a way, the environmental protection is basic in the present time and it is legacy of welfare and health to the future generations. The environment protection trials comprise mechanisms, among them, the liability´s institute that acts as a powerful protection and intervention form in the Environmental Law. Thus, the present study approaches the causal nexus´ problems in the environmental liability under the standpoint of the risk society, while the damages have new forms and diffuse proportions, whose consequences are shown in the environmental liability´s traditional bases change. The uncertainties are the only certainty and the risks decisions start to integrate the comment of the causal relations in the social context of the risk. Initially, this study displays the traditional liability´s aspects in the juridical dogmatic, but they are dimensioned to the ecological damage. The study encloses the causality´s theories and their insufficiencies before the context of the risk society. It detaches the causal nexus´ problems for the environmental adversities´ complexity. It approaches still the reasons of the causality´s crisis. It demonstrates the influence of the risk society in the causal nexus and, at the end, it presents the causal context s new theories as strategies to management of the causality´s crisis with the yearning of adjusting the new social and juridical contexts with the effective responsibility about the environment.

Orientador: Ildeberto Muniz de Almeida / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo geral descrever e discutir o processo de implantação da vigilância do câncer relacionado ao trabalho no município de Londrina-Paraná. Apoia-se no método de pesquisa-ação como estratégia para sensibilização e implantação da notificação do câncer relacionado ao trabalho. Realizou-se uma Oficina de Sensibilização em abril de 2011, que buscou identificar quais tipos de câncer constantes das Diretrizes para a Vigilância do Câncer Relacionado ao Trabalho do Ministério da Saúde teriam prioridades na notificação. Tomaram-se por base as características locais, a vivência dos atores e documentos técnicos para subsidiar as discussões entre a relação de nexo com a ocupação. Participaram 35 técnicos de diversos serviços e membros do Conselho Municipal de Saúde e da Comissão Intersetorial em Saúde do Trabalhador. O conteúdo temático foi compartilhado e suscitou amplo debate público, que corroborou para a validação social dos cânceres de bexiga e cabeça e pescoço para iniciar a notificação no SINAN. Além disso, gestores firmaram apoio e disponibilizaram hospital de referência para busca dos casos. A implantação da notificação se deu em hospital classificado como Centro de Assistência de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia do município. De 1º de abril de 2013 a 31 de dezembro de 2014 foram identificados 229 casos de câncer elegíveis para a anamnese ocupacional. Destes, em 130 (56,8%) casos foi possível estabelecer nexo epidemiológico e houve notificação no SINAN. A ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed at describing and discussing the implementation process of work-related cancer surveillance in Londrina–Paraná. It is based on the action research method as a strategy to raise awareness and build implementation of the notification process of work-related cancer. A sensitization workshop held in April 2011 sought to identify which types of cancers listed in the Ministry of Health Guidelines for Work-related Cancer Surveillance would have priority in the notification. This was based on the local characteristics, individuals’ experiences and technical documents to support the discussions between the nexus of association with the occupation. The workshop at issue was attended by 35 technicians of various services and members of the Municipal Council of Health and the Intersectoral Commission on Occupational Health. The thematic content was shared and aroused wide public debate, which corroborated for social validation of bladder, head and neck cancer to start reporting at SINAN, in addition, managers have signed agreement on mutual support and provided referral hospital to search for cases. The implementation of the notification took place in a hospital classified as Oncology High Complexity Assistance Center in the municipality. From 1 April 2013 to 31 December 2014, 229 cancer cases were identified as eligible for occupational history. Of these, in 130 cases (56.8%) an epidemiological link could be established and they were notified at SINAN. A search of patie... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Family language policy (FLP) focusses on how languages are dealt with within the home; typically how languages are used and how they are maintained or promoted by family members. The present study investigates families living in the UK, where one parent is a native English speaker, and the other a native speaker of another language, the minority language. By use of a mixed-methods design, utilising questionnaires, interviews and logs, this paper answers the questions: what are the reported language practices of children and parents in bi- or multilingual families, what ideologies about FLP do parents in these families possess and what strategies do families reportedly employ in their homes. Through a nexus analysis approach, the paper establishes connections between the historical bodies, the interaction orders and the DIP of the families in order to account for their language behaviours in the home. The nexus analysis suggests that although parents show positive attitudes towards minority language use, it is the macro-level societal factors that are most powerful in determining language use within the home. That is, space plays an important role in choice of language practices. This finding suggests that children need more minority language exposure outside the home, therefore this paper suggests that the UK government could promote and encourage minority language maintenance through the implementation of language policy.