Este trabalho aborda o Problema da Mochila Compartimentada que é uma variação do clássico problema da mochila e pode ser enunciado considerando-se a seguinte situação hipotética: um alpinista deve carregar sua mochila com possíveis itens de seu interesse. A cada item atribui-se o seu peso e um valor de utilidade (até aqui, o problema coincide com o clássico Problema da Mochila). Entretanto, os itens são de agrupamentos distintos (alimentos, medicamentos, utensílios, etc.) e devem estar em compartimentos separados na mochila. Os compartimentos da mochila são flexíveis e têm capacidades limitadas. A inclusão de um compartimento tem um custo fixo que depende do agrupamento com que foi preenchido, além de introduzir uma perda da capacidade da mochila. O problema consiste em determinar as capacidades adequadas de cada compartimento e como esses devem ser carregados, maximizando o valor de utilidade total, descontado o custo de incluir compartimentos. Neste trabalho propomos um modelo de otimização não linear inteiro para o problema e algumas heurísticas para sua resolução, para as quais apresentamos os resultados computacionais obtidos. Uma aplicação prática que surge no corte de bobinas de aço, sujeito à laminação é detalhada. / This work approaches the Compartmentalized Knapsack Problem which is a variation of the classical knapsack problem and it can be stated as the following hypothetical situation: a climber must load his/her knapsack with a number of items. Two numbers, an weight and a utility value are given for each item (so far, the problem coincides with the classical integer Knapsack Problem). However, the items are of different classes (food, medicine, utensils, etc.) and they have to be packed in separate compartments inside the knapsack. The compartments are flexible and have limited capacities. Each compartment has a fixed cost that depends on the class of items chosen to load it and, in addition, each new compartment introduces a loss of capacity of the knapsack. The Compartmentalized Knapsack Problem consists of determining suitable capacities of each compartment and how these compartments should be packed. The objective is to maximize a total utility value paid off the cost of the compartments. The problem can be modeled as an integer non-linear optimization problem and we have designed some heuristic methods for its solution, for which we present a computational study. A practical application arises in cutting steel rolls subject to a lamination process.

No description available.

Este trabalho aborda o Problema da Mochila Compartimentada que é uma variação do clássico problema da mochila e pode ser enunciado considerando-se a seguinte situação hipotética: um alpinista deve carregar sua mochila com possíveis itens de seu interesse. A cada item atribui-se o seu peso e um valor de utilidade (até aqui, o problema coincide com o clássico Problema da Mochila). Entretanto, os itens são de agrupamentos distintos (alimentos, medicamentos, utensílios, etc.) e devem estar em compartimentos separados na mochila. Os compartimentos da mochila são flexíveis e têm capacidades limitadas. A inclusão de um compartimento tem um custo fixo que depende do agrupamento com que foi preenchido, além de introduzir uma perda da capacidade da mochila. O problema consiste em determinar as capacidades adequadas de cada compartimento e como esses devem ser carregados, maximizando o valor de utilidade total, descontado o custo de incluir compartimentos. Neste trabalho propomos um modelo de otimização não linear inteiro para o problema e algumas heurísticas para sua resolução, para as quais apresentamos os resultados computacionais obtidos. Uma aplicação prática que surge no corte de bobinas de aço, sujeito à laminação é detalhada. / This work approaches the Compartmentalized Knapsack Problem which is a variation of the classical knapsack problem and it can be stated as the following hypothetical situation: a climber must load his/her knapsack with a number of items. Two numbers, an weight and a utility value are given for each item (so far, the problem coincides with the classical integer Knapsack Problem). However, the items are of different classes (food, medicine, utensils, etc.) and they have to be packed in separate compartments inside the knapsack. The compartments are flexible and have limited capacities. Each compartment has a fixed cost that depends on the class of items chosen to load it and, in addition, each new compartment introduces a loss of capacity of the knapsack. The Compartmentalized Knapsack Problem consists of determining suitable capacities of each compartment and how these compartments should be packed. The objective is to maximize a total utility value paid off the cost of the compartments. The problem can be modeled as an integer non-linear optimization problem and we have designed some heuristic methods for its solution, for which we present a computational study. A practical application arises in cutting steel rolls subject to a lamination process.

No description available.

<p><strong>AbstractIII-essay in political science by Christoffer Harnell, autumn -08. Supervisor: Malin Stegman-McCallion. ”Nuclear Disarmament - USA and the Soviet Union 1960-2002” </strong>This essay is about USA and the former Soviet Union and their nuclear disarmament. The purpose is to explain why and when the two states begun their nuclear disarmament, as well as what caused the start of the process. The essay investigates how well the two states have followed the NPT-Treaty’s article of nuclear disarmament. The article says that the states who have signed the NPT-treaty shall work for an disarmament of their nuclear weapons.          The arguments are that a state’s nuclear disarmament starts because of a previous action or happening, the new development of a disarmament-theory, the essay aims to proove this.Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union show evidence that they have started their nuclear disarmament after a previous action. USA started their nuclear disarmament in the period 1966-70 because of the former American minister of security Robert McNamara and his U-turn in the aggressive war politic and the former president Nixon and his ambition to lower the heat between USA and the Soviet union by signin the ABM-Treaty.          The Soviet Union started their nuclear disarmament many years later in the period of 1986-1987, the cause of this, it is believed, is the nuclear explosion in Chernobyl and the former president of the Soviet Union Michail Gorbatjov’s ambitions to end the war in the world and disarm the nuclear weapons, not just between USA and the Soviet Union, but in all states.          USA has followed the NPT-Treaty’s article of nuclear disarmament well, one reason for this is that, they started the disarmament before they signed the NPT-Treaty in 1968. The Soviet Union, however, has followed the NPT-treatys article of nuclear disarmament less well and did not start their nuclear disarmament until 1986-87, even though they signed up for the NPT-Treaty in 1968.           The NPT-Treaty will probably still be relevant in the future for the nuclear disarmament, but how well the world’s states will follow it, the future will tell. The nuclear disarmament in this two states has been caused by a previous action and the new developed disarmament-theory is avaliable for further disarmament research.</p>

The thesis deals with the problem of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in developing counties focused on Iran. In the first part, the nuclear politics of particular states are described and the motivation for nuclear armament or non-armament is identified. The second part is addressed to the development of nuclear technology in Iran and possible strategies of containing Iranian nuclear program are suggested.

In this study, an efficient coupling between Monte Carlo (MC) molecular simulation and Darcy-scale flow in porous media is presented. The cell-centered finite difference method with a non-uniform rectangular mesh were used to discretize the simulation domain and solve the governing equations. To speed up the MC simulations, we implemented a recently developed scheme that quickly generates MC Markov chains out of pre-computed ones, based on the reweighting and reconstruction algorithm. This method astonishingly reduces the required computational time by MC simulations from hours to seconds. In addition, the reweighting and reconstruction scheme, which was originally designed to work with the LJ potential model, is extended to work with a potential model that accounts for the molecular quadrupole moment of fluids with non-spherical molecules such as CO2. The potential model was used to simulate the thermodynamic equilibrium properties for single-phase and two-phase systems using the canonical ensemble and the Gibbs ensemble, respectively. Comparing the simulation results with the experimental data showed that the implemented model has an excellent fit outperforming the standard LJ model. To demonstrate the strength of the proposed coupling in terms of computational time efficiency and numerical accuracy in fluid properties, various numerical experiments covering different compressible single-phase flow scenarios were conducted. The novelty in the introduced scheme is in allowing an efficient coupling of the molecular scale and Darcy scale in reservoir simulators. This leads to an accurate description of the thermodynamic behavior of the simulated reservoir fluids; consequently enhancing the confidence in the flow predictions in porous media.

Bakgrunden till den här studien har varit ett skolutvecklingsprojekt med syfte att tillsammans med lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål undersöka vilka erfarenheter ett faktiskt samarbete mellan lärarkategorierna ger upphov till. Pragmatism har som teoretisk ansats influerat projektets utformning. Lärarnas samarbete har varit begränsat till ett temaarbete med utgångspunkt i läsning och bearbetning av ett skönlitterärt verk. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka möjliga samarbetsformer för lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål. Studien har genomförts i form av deltagande observation av planerings- och utvärderingsmöten med lärare kopplade till två olika skolor. För att kunna analysera lärarnas handlingar har inspiration hämtats från en aktionsteori som fokuserar hur deltagares handlingar möjliggör respektive hindrar implementeringen av nya praktiker – Normalization Process Theory (NPT). Lärarnas tal om samarbetet och det didaktiska innehåll som de planerar under mötena har spelats in och i efterhand analyserats med hjälp av ett växelspel mellan begrepp inspirerade av NPT och egna kategorier som har skapats med utgångspunkt i det empiriska materialet. Resultatet visar att lärarnas tal om syftet med samarbete mellan lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål kretsar kring möjligheter att stärka modersmålslärarnas position, att utöka det kollegiala lärandet samt att stötta elevernas lärande och välmående. Vidare visar resultatet att lärarnas tal om den didaktiska planeringen synliggör tre huvudsakliga samarbetsformer som jag har valt att kalla: spegelundervisning, komplementär undervisning och stödämnesfunktion. Dessa olika samarbetsformer har fördelar och nackdelar som bland annat är kopplade till möjligheterna till gemensam planering, utjämnande av ämnenas olika förutsättningar gällande tid samt stöttning av elevernas lärande. Huvudsakliga hinder för ett språkutvecklande samarbete mellan lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål är enligt resultatet tidsbrist som på olika plan ger upphov till svårigheter att formulera gemensamma mål för undervisningen i de två ämnena. / <p>Svenska</p>

No description available.

This thesis presents Monte Carlo methods for simulations of phase behaviors of Lennard-Jones fluids. The isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble and Gibbs-NPT ensemble are introduced in detail. NPT ensemble is employed to determine the phase diagram of pure component. The reduced simulation results are verified by comparison with the equation of state by by Johnson et al. and results with L-J parameters of methane agree considerably with the experiment measurements. We adopt the blocking method for variance estimation and error analysis of the simulation results. The relationship between variance and number of Monte Carlo cycles, error propagation and Random Number Generator performance are also investigated. We review the Gibbs-NPT ensemble employed for phase equilibrium of binary mixture. The phase equilibrium is achieved by performing three types of trial move: particle displacement, volume rearrangement and particle transfer. The simulation models and the simulation details are introduced. The simulation results of phase coexistence for methane and ethane are reported with comparison of the experimental data. Good agreement is found for a wide range of pressures. The contribution of this thesis work lies in the study of the error analysis with respect to the Monte Carlo cycles and number of particles in some interesting aspects.