Este estudo trata de questões referentes às línguas nacionais (línguas bantu) e suas implicações sócio-históricas no Sistema nacional de Educação em Moçambique. A escolarização somente em uma língua estrangeira, portuguesa, em detrimento das línguas nacionais da maioria dos moçambicanos foi a motivação desta pesquisa. Para este estudo tomou-se como base o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso fundada por Pêcheux, e outros autores, para identificar efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelo sujeito-professor em seu processo de significação na/pela língua, mediante a realidade que o cerca cotidianamente. Assim toma-se a língua (gem) como modo de produção social discursiva, de o sujeito se relacionar e de desenvolver o mundo. A concretização do estudo foi viabilizada a partir das entrevistas semi-abertas (gravadas e transcritas) a seis professores de uma escola primária completa dos arredores da Cidade de Maputo. Depois das transcrições realizarmos os recortes discursivos que tendiam aos objetivos propostos no estudo e a nossa análise. Constatamos os efeitos de sentidos nos dizeres do sujeito-professor que remetem a seu posicionamento discursivo sobre as línguas nacionais no sistema do ensino, tendo em vista a realidade que o rodeia. Destarte, constatou-se a existência de posições identitárias de acordo com processo histórico-social-político do país; as filiações discursivas (ou não) tendentes à teoria moderna de uma nação homogênea, unificada através de língua comum (padrão), com uma única cultura, catalisando deste modo o abafamento da heterogeneidade, das diferenças, o que na nossa óptica promove uns e coloca os outros à margem. Visualizaram-se também processos de filiações em diferentes formações discursivas, resultado do próprio processo heterogêneo de formação das identidades lingüísticas em curso no país. / This study of subjects references to National Languages (Bantus Languages) and their partner-historical implications in the National system of education in Mozambique. The education only in a foreign language (Portuguese), detriment the national languages of most of the Mozambican, was the motivation of this research. For this study, it was taken as the base of theoretical-methodological reference of the speech analysis founded by “PÊCHEUX” and other authors to identify effects of senses produced by teacher-subject in his/her significance process for language by the daily reality that surrounds it. Thus language (gem) is taken as way of discursive social production, linking the subject and developing the world. The materialization of the study was made possible starting from the half-open (recorded and transcribed) interviews by six teachers of a complete elementary school of the surrounding of Maputo city. After the transcription we accomplish the discursive cutting that tends to the objectives proposed in the study and our analysis. We verified the effects of senses in teacher’s subject, says that, sending to his/her discursive positioning on the national languages in system of teaching, tends in view the reality that surrounds. Like this, the existence of equal positions was verified in agreement with historical-social-political process of the country; the filiations discursive (or not) tendency to modern theory of homogeneous nation, unified through common (standard) language, with a single culture, catalyzing the stuffiness of heterogeneity this way, of differences, which it promotes some in our optical one and it puts the other ones to margin. They were also visualized process of filiations in different discursive formations, result of the own heterogeneous process of formation of the linguistic identities in the country course.

The thesis deals to using stratification layers of a national language in advertisement. The theoretical part introduces a history and development of advertising, points out legislative adjustments and describes a marketing comunication. The part devoted on vocabulary focuses on changes and nowadays progress. In next part there are introduced other vocabulary layers and there are showed mistakes on specific advirtisment too. The empirical part introduces a project for elementary school students and a research complied from questionare. Results are subjected to analisys a compared with defined hypothesis in advance. All thesis focuses on perception of individual parts of and national language by adolescents and adult recipients too.

Este estudo trata de questões referentes às línguas nacionais (línguas bantu) e suas implicações sócio-históricas no Sistema nacional de Educação em Moçambique. A escolarização somente em uma língua estrangeira, portuguesa, em detrimento das línguas nacionais da maioria dos moçambicanos foi a motivação desta pesquisa. Para este estudo tomou-se como base o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso fundada por Pêcheux, e outros autores, para identificar efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelo sujeito-professor em seu processo de significação na/pela língua, mediante a realidade que o cerca cotidianamente. Assim toma-se a língua (gem) como modo de produção social discursiva, de o sujeito se relacionar e de desenvolver o mundo. A concretização do estudo foi viabilizada a partir das entrevistas semi-abertas (gravadas e transcritas) a seis professores de uma escola primária completa dos arredores da Cidade de Maputo. Depois das transcrições realizarmos os recortes discursivos que tendiam aos objetivos propostos no estudo e a nossa análise. Constatamos os efeitos de sentidos nos dizeres do sujeito-professor que remetem a seu posicionamento discursivo sobre as línguas nacionais no sistema do ensino, tendo em vista a realidade que o rodeia. Destarte, constatou-se a existência de posições identitárias de acordo com processo histórico-social-político do país; as filiações discursivas (ou não) tendentes à teoria moderna de uma nação homogênea, unificada através de língua comum (padrão), com uma única cultura, catalisando deste modo o abafamento da heterogeneidade, das diferenças, o que na nossa óptica promove uns e coloca os outros à margem. Visualizaram-se também processos de filiações em diferentes formações discursivas, resultado do próprio processo heterogêneo de formação das identidades lingüísticas em curso no país. / This study of subjects references to National Languages (Bantus Languages) and their partner-historical implications in the National system of education in Mozambique. The education only in a foreign language (Portuguese), detriment the national languages of most of the Mozambican, was the motivation of this research. For this study, it was taken as the base of theoretical-methodological reference of the speech analysis founded by “PÊCHEUX” and other authors to identify effects of senses produced by teacher-subject in his/her significance process for language by the daily reality that surrounds it. Thus language (gem) is taken as way of discursive social production, linking the subject and developing the world. The materialization of the study was made possible starting from the half-open (recorded and transcribed) interviews by six teachers of a complete elementary school of the surrounding of Maputo city. After the transcription we accomplish the discursive cutting that tends to the objectives proposed in the study and our analysis. We verified the effects of senses in teacher’s subject, says that, sending to his/her discursive positioning on the national languages in system of teaching, tends in view the reality that surrounds. Like this, the existence of equal positions was verified in agreement with historical-social-political process of the country; the filiations discursive (or not) tendency to modern theory of homogeneous nation, unified through common (standard) language, with a single culture, catalyzing the stuffiness of heterogeneity this way, of differences, which it promotes some in our optical one and it puts the other ones to margin. They were also visualized process of filiations in different discursive formations, result of the own heterogeneous process of formation of the linguistic identities in the country course.

The final thesis is focused on a linguistics analysis of the debut Pestré vrstvy (Colourful layers; 1999) by Ivan Landsmann. The attention is also payed to specific linguistics forms and their function in the text. The theoretical part deals with a short characterization of functional style of artistic literature and textual and linguistics composition. The part about differentiation and stratification of national language follows. The practical part deals with an analysis which is done at four linguistics levels: phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical. The attention is especially payed to marked phenomena which are different from standard, neutral or unexpressive phenomena. The modes how to enrich the vocabulary of the characters seem to be also a component of this part. The result of the final thesis is considered to be the characterization of Ivan Landsmann?s language and style in the prose Colourful layers.

Este estudo trata de questões referentes às línguas nacionais (línguas bantu) e suas implicações sócio-históricas no Sistema nacional de Educação em Moçambique. A escolarização somente em uma língua estrangeira, portuguesa, em detrimento das línguas nacionais da maioria dos moçambicanos foi a motivação desta pesquisa. Para este estudo tomou-se como base o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso fundada por Pêcheux, e outros autores, para identificar efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelo sujeito-professor em seu processo de significação na/pela língua, mediante a realidade que o cerca cotidianamente. Assim toma-se a língua (gem) como modo de produção social discursiva, de o sujeito se relacionar e de desenvolver o mundo. A concretização do estudo foi viabilizada a partir das entrevistas semi-abertas (gravadas e transcritas) a seis professores de uma escola primária completa dos arredores da Cidade de Maputo. Depois das transcrições realizarmos os recortes discursivos que tendiam aos objetivos propostos no estudo e a nossa análise. Constatamos os efeitos de sentidos nos dizeres do sujeito-professor que remetem a seu posicionamento discursivo sobre as línguas nacionais no sistema do ensino, tendo em vista a realidade que o rodeia. Destarte, constatou-se a existência de posições identitárias de acordo com processo histórico-social-político do país; as filiações discursivas (ou não) tendentes à teoria moderna de uma nação homogênea, unificada através de língua comum (padrão), com uma única cultura, catalisando deste modo o abafamento da heterogeneidade, das diferenças, o que na nossa óptica promove uns e coloca os outros à margem. Visualizaram-se também processos de filiações em diferentes formações discursivas, resultado do próprio processo heterogêneo de formação das identidades lingüísticas em curso no país. / This study of subjects references to National Languages (Bantus Languages) and their partner-historical implications in the National system of education in Mozambique. The education only in a foreign language (Portuguese), detriment the national languages of most of the Mozambican, was the motivation of this research. For this study, it was taken as the base of theoretical-methodological reference of the speech analysis founded by “PÊCHEUX” and other authors to identify effects of senses produced by teacher-subject in his/her significance process for language by the daily reality that surrounds it. Thus language (gem) is taken as way of discursive social production, linking the subject and developing the world. The materialization of the study was made possible starting from the half-open (recorded and transcribed) interviews by six teachers of a complete elementary school of the surrounding of Maputo city. After the transcription we accomplish the discursive cutting that tends to the objectives proposed in the study and our analysis. We verified the effects of senses in teacher’s subject, says that, sending to his/her discursive positioning on the national languages in system of teaching, tends in view the reality that surrounds. Like this, the existence of equal positions was verified in agreement with historical-social-political process of the country; the filiations discursive (or not) tendency to modern theory of homogeneous nation, unified through common (standard) language, with a single culture, catalyzing the stuffiness of heterogeneity this way, of differences, which it promotes some in our optical one and it puts the other ones to margin. They were also visualized process of filiations in different discursive formations, result of the own heterogeneous process of formation of the linguistic identities in the country course.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att, utifrån olika exempel på ungdomsspråk, undersöka gymnasieelevers och svensklärares attityder till samt användning av ungdomsspråk i och utanför gymnasieskolans verksamhet med ett fokus på muntlig språkproduktion i svenskämnet. Vidare utreder uppsatsen om det finns likheter och skillnader mellan gymnasieelevers och svensklärares användning av ungdomsspråk samt vad för attityder de har till det. Uppsatsen visar också på om och hur gymnasieelevers prestationer i svenskämnet påverkas av deras användning av ungdomsspråk. Dessutom undersöks gymnasieelevers och svensklärares uppfattning om det ovanstående och om motpartens användning av ungdomsspråk. Två underliggande faktorer, det vill säga kön och ålder, undersöks också i koppling till de ovannämnda målgrupperna. Två enkäter distribuerades till gymnasielever och svensklärare vid en gymnasieskola där de fick besvara kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor angående attityder till och användning av ungdomsspråk. Resultatet visade att gymnasieelever använder ungdomsspråk mer än svensklärare, både i och utanför gymnasieskolans verksamhet, exempelvis genom slang, svordomar och diskurspartiklar. Båda målgrupperna har olika attityder till ungdomsspråk där svensklärare kan se det som begränsande medan gymnasielever anser att det skapar gemenskap. Svensklärare och gymnasieelever har också varierande åsikter om huruvida elevers användning av ungdomsspråk påverkar deras prestationer i svenskämnet. Dock anser majoriteten av dem att det har en negativ inverkan. Likaså finns det både likheter och skillnader hos båda målgruppernas uppfattning av motpartens användning av ungdomsspråk. Det visas till exempel genom att svensklärarna anser att ungdomsspråk kan vara innovativt medan gymnasielever uttrycker att det är pinsamt om deras lärare försöker använda ungdomsspråk i klassrummet. / The purpose with this essay is to, based on different examples of youth language, examine upper secondary students’ and Swedish teachers’ attitudes to and usage of youth language in and outside upper secondary school with a focus on oral language production in the school subject of Swedish. This essay will also focus on if and how upper secondary students’ accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish are affected by their usage of youth language as well as what kind of view that upper secondary students and Swedish teachers have about this and about the opposite group’s usage of youth language. Two underlying factors, as in gender and age, will also be examined in relation to the previously mentioned target groups. Two surveys were handed out to upper secondary students and Swedish teachers. They got to answer qualitative and quantitative questions about attitudes to and usage of youth language. The result showed that upper secondary students use youth language more than Swedish teachers, both in and outside upper secondary school, for example through slang, curse words and discourse markers. Both of the target groups have different attitudes to youth language where Swedish teachers consider that it is limited while upper secondary students believe that it creates solidarity. Swedish teachers and upper secondary students also have different opinions about the fact that students’ usage of youth language might affect their accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish. However, the majority of both target groups believe that it has a negative influence. There are also similarities and differences between both target groups’ views on the counterpart’s usage of youth language. For example, the Swedish teachers believe that youth language can be innovative while upper secondary students express that it is embarrassing if their teachers try to use youth language in the classroom.

This thesis deals with the reception of a German-language elucidarium in the Czech and subsequently Ukrainian literary environments. It acquaints the reader with the history of the work, which originates from the Latin theological tract Elucidarium by Honorius Augustodunensis from the end of the 11th century. It deals with the conception of the German Lucidarius, which was created as one of the first medieval works in the national language at the end of the 12th century and is considered to be the first German-language encyclopedia. This thesis presents the Lucidarius as an originally produced compilation created via the translation and adaptation of several Latin treatises from the fields of theology, philosophy, cosmology, geography, and history. In the Czech environment, Lucidář, translated from German, appears at the latest in the mid-15th century and is a work that enjoyed the interest of lower classes of readers until as late as the early 19th century. The Czech Lucidář carries significance in terms of inter-Slavic literary ties - via translation, a Croatian elucidarium (15th century) and Ukranian elucidarium (16th -17th century) were created. This thesis presents the Ukrainian Lucidarij as one of several works that was translated from Czech into the Ukrainian-Belarusian (or more precisely...

This paper examines issues that emerge in the attempts that have been made to develop the national language terminology in kenya by committees, Kiswahili enthusiasts and Kiswahili scholars. Attention is drawn to the fact that the problematic national language policy that emerges from the national language`s social history is an important backround to the issues that are discussed. The issues emerging in these attempts are examined in the prism of an encompassing terminology development framework that is synthesised from terminology development literature from different areas of the world. This framework views terminology development as a process that entails: formation of a language institute, setting up of goals, the actual engineering of the terms, the mode of dissemination and evaluation. The case of Kenya demonstrates that the attempts have so far consisted of isolated steps of terminology development rather than the whole set of required action.

The frame for this critical interpretation of the Kiswahili popular love song “Pili Mswahili” by Moreno Batamba et L’Orchestre Moja One (1981) is the discussion on African contributions to the making of modern Africa. The argument is that “Pili Mswahili” is an instance of the mwananchi’s, common person’s, agentive contribution to the establishment of Kiswahili as a national language in Kenya. The song is read as an urging of non-Swahili Kenyans to accept Kiswahili – which, in spite of its being an important lingua franca in Kenya, was, after all, the language of one ethnic group in a multi-ethnic state where “tribalism” is a major political factor – as their national language. It is shown that “Pili Mswahili” complemented the efforts of the makers and executors of government policy that had nation formation as the ultimate objective. Nation formation is understood to be a key strategy in the African appropriation of the African nation-state that started life as a colonial invention.

La présente étude conduit les traditions fragmentées de la culture littéraire de Trieste vers les préoccupations contemporaines de la littérature mondiale à l’époque actuelle où la mondialisation est largement perçue comme le paradigme historique prédominant de la modernité. Ce que j’appelle la « littérature globalisée » renvoie à la refonte de la Weltliteratur – envisagée par Goethe et traduite comme « world literature » ou la « littérature universelle » – par des discours sur la culture mondiale et le post-nationalisme. Cependant, lorsque les études littéraires posent les questions de la « littérature globalisée », elles sont confrontées à un problème : le passage de l’idée universelle inhérente au paradigme de Goethe entre le Scylla d’un internationalisme relativiste et occidental, et le Charybde d’un mondialisme atopique et déshumanisé. Les spécialistes de la littérature mondiale qui tendent vers la première position acquièrent un fondement institutionnel en travaillant avec l’hypothèse implicite selon laquelle les nations sont fondées sur les langues nationales, ce qui souscrit à la relation entre la littérature mondiale et les littératures nationales. L’universalité de cette hypothèse implicite est réfutée par l’écriture triestine. Dans cette étude, je soutiens que l’écriture triestine du début du XXe siècle agit comme un précurseur de la réflexion sur la culture littéraire globalisée du XXIe siècle. Elle dispose de sa propre économie de sens, de sorte qu’elle n’entre pas dans les nationalismes littéraires, mais elle ne tombe pas non plus dans le mondialisme atopique. Elle n’est pas catégoriquement opposée à la littérature nationale; mais elle ne permet pas aux traditions nationales de prendre racine. Les écrivains de Triestine exprimaient le désir d’un sentiment d’unité et d’appartenance, ainsi que celui d’une conscience critique qui dissout ce désir. Ils résistaient à l’idéalisation de ces particularismes et n’ont jamais réussi à réaliser la coalescence de ses écrits dans une tradition littéraire unifiée. Par conséquent, Trieste a souvent été considérée comme un non-lieu et sa littérature comme une anti-littérature. En contournant les impératifs territoriaux de la tradition nationale italienne – comme il est illustré par le cas de Italo Svevo – l’écriture triestine a été ultérieurement incluse dans les paramètres littéraires et culturels de la Mitteleuropa, où son expression a été imaginée comme un microcosme de la pluralité supranationale de l’ancien Empire des Habsbourg. Toutefois, le macrocosme projeté de Trieste n’est pas une image unifiée, comme le serait un globe; mais il est plutôt une nébuleuse planétaire – selon l’image de Svevo – où aucune idéalisation universalisante ne peut se réaliser. Cette étude interroge l’image de la ville comme un microcosme et comme un non-lieu, comme cela se rapporte au macrocosme des atopies de la mondialisation, afin de démontrer que l’écriture de Trieste est la littérature globalisée avant la lettre. La dialectique non résolue entre faire et défaire la langue littéraire et l’identité à travers l’écriture anime la culture littéraire de Trieste, et son dynamisme contribue aux débats sur la mondialisation et les questions de la culture en découlant. Cette étude de l’écriture triestine offre des perspectives critiques sur l’état des littératures canoniques dans un monde où les frontières disparaissent et les non-lieux se multiplient. L’image de la nébuleuse planétaire devient possiblement celle d’un archétype pour le monde globalisé d’aujourd’hui. / The present study brings the fragmented traditions of Triestine literary culture to bear on contemporary preoccupations with world literature at a time when globalization is widely perceived as the predominant historical paradigm that informs modernity. What I am calling “global literature” refers to the refashioning of Weltliteratur – envisioned by Goethe and translated as “world literature” or “littérature universelle” – by discourses on global culture and post-nationalism. However, when literary studies take on questions of global literature they are faced with a problem, navigating the universal idea of Goethe’s paradigm between the Scylla of a relativist, occidental internationalism and the Charybdis of a dehumanized, atopian globalism. Proponents of world literature who lean towards the former position gain an institutional foothold by working with the implicit hypothesis that nations are based in language, which underwrites the relationship between world literature and national literatures. The universality of this implicit hypothesis is what Triestine writing disproves. In this study, I argue that Triestine writing in the first decades of the twentieth century acts as a precursor to thinking about global literary culture for the twenty-first century. It has its own economy of sense, whereby it doesn’t fit into literary nationalisms, but it doesn’t fall into atopian globalism either. It is not emphatically opposed to national literature; rather it does not admit national traditions to take root. Triestine writers expressed a desire for a sense of unity and belonging, as well as a critical conscience that undoes that desire. It resists the idealization of its particularities, and never successfully coalesces into a unified literary tradition. Consequently, Trieste has often been thought of as a non-place and its literature as antiliterature. In bypassing the territorial imperatives of the Italian national tradition – as the case of Italo Svevo illustrates – Triestine writing was later caught up in the literary-cultural parameters of Mitteleuropa, where its literary expression was imagined as a microcosm of the former Habsburg Empire’s supranational plurality. However, the projected macrocosm of Trieste is not a unified image, like a globe; but instead it is a nebula – as Svevo had imagined it – where no universal idealizations could gain a foothold. This study interrogates the image of the city as a microcosm and as a nowhere and how that relates to the macrocosm of the atopias of globalization, in order to demonstrate that Triestine writing is global literature ante litteram. The unresolved dialectics of doing and undoing literary language and identity through the act of writing that animates Triestine literary culture plays out in globalization debates and the questions of culture that arise from it. Triestine writing offers critical perspectives on the status of canonic literatures in a world of disappearing borders and placeless places, where the nebula is a master image for today’s world.