This thesis seeks to account for Edgar Allan Poe's reception as an "American" author. Historically, it took time for Poe to become recognized as an American author rather than as an author who happened to also be American. This thesis argues that one major reason for this problem is that the American influences of his work are largely coded, but that Poe nevertheless was writing for an American audience and that his work did develop in response to national influences.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-07-13T19:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Jaciene de Andrade Santos.pdf: 726766 bytes, checksum: b1ecf00fc4ebc1cec769c70286b6a1aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T19:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Jaciene de Andrade Santos.pdf: 726766 bytes, checksum: b1ecf00fc4ebc1cec769c70286b6a1aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-13 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / In this paper we study the intertextuality in Machado de Assis?s work in the context of national literature, problematizing the processes of appropriation and resignification of the texts.For this purpose, we initially show the main topics related to nationality of Brazilian literature that were developed in the 19th century, focusing in the clash between universalistic and local tendencies. Hereinafter, we will discuss the machadiano critical thinking using the essay ?Instinto de nacionalidade? (1873), where we highlight Machado?s proposal of a literature that advances from the ?local color? towards a consciousness stage in which it is possible to use the relations between works from many different times and places fruitfully. Taking into account that the appropriation and resignification movements occur from the critical positioning of the text we analyzed, in the romance Mem?rias P?stumas de Br?s Cubas (1881), Br?s Cubas?s dislocations as a narrated being and as a narrator; a condition that provoke constant repositioning by the reader in the construction of meanings regardig the book. We also analysed the ironic construction in which Br?s Cubas articulates the interlacing of dissenting voices in the book. Finally, we discuss the multiplicity of the intertextual processes in Machado?s work, analysing tales that were elaborated from the perspective of inserting themselves in narratives established by tradition: a strategy that allows the redefinition of meanings in the aforementioned text as much as in its recreation, which highlights in Machado?s work a critic and problematizing consciousness of its own time. / Neste trabalho, estudamos a presen?a da intertextualidade em Machado de Assis no contexto de forma??o da literatura nacional, problematizando os processos de apropria??o e ressignifica??o de textos. Para isso, apresentamos inicialmente as principais quest?es relacionadas ? nacionalidade da literatura brasileira que foram desenvolvidas durante o s?culo XIX, enfocando o embate entre tend?ncias universalizantes e localistas. A seguir, discutimos o pensamento cr?tico machadiano utilizando o ensaio ?Instinto de nacionalidade? (1873), no qual destacamos a proposta de Machado para uma literatura brasileira que avan?asse da ?cor local? em dire??o a um est?gio de consci?ncia no qual pudesse se utilizar proveitosamente das rela??es com textos de diversos tempos e lugares. Considerando que os movimentos de apropria??o e ressignifica??o ocorrem a partir da tomada de posicionamentos cr?ticos no texto, analisamos, no romance Mem?rias p?stumas de Br?s Cubas (1881), os deslocamentos de Br?s Cubas como ser narrado e como narrador; condi??o em que provoca constantes reposicionamentos do leitor na constru??o de sentidos do livro. Analisamos ainda a constru??o ir?nica com a qual Br?s Cubas articula o entrela?amento de vozes dissonantes no livro. Por fim, discutimos a multiplicidade de efeitos dos processos intertextuais em Machado, examinando contos elaborados na perspectiva de se inserirem em narrativas estabelecidas pela tradi??o, estrat?gia que possibilita a redefini??o de sentidos tanto do texto citado, quanto de sua recria??o, e que evidencia em Machado uma consci?ncia cr?tica e problematizadora de seu pr?prio tempo.

This dissertation aims to investigate the shaping of a national literature within travel narratives written by William Bartram, Washington Irving, George Catlin, Thomas L. McKenney, Thomas Jefferson Farnham, and Francis Parkman. I focus attention on two issues: (1) National and racial identity, and (2) Territorial, cultural, and capitalist expansionism. National and racial identity construction is examined by clarifying how the narratives’ underlying voices—the National Symbolic and the Racial Symbolic—encourage the reading public to embrace the values vital in forging American collective identity. Identity invention is also seen in romantic representations of the American landscape and Native Americans. Between 1790 and 1850, the widespread trope of the Noble Savage and “distantiation” working in the Burkean aesthetics of the sublime were used as ideological frames for viewing “Others,” crucial in defining the American “self” by making the white Americans’ shift of association/dissociation with their primitivized Others possible. In order to analyze the narratives’ representation of expansionism as a national desire, this study investigates how romantic rhetoric and the appeal to morality (or the Law) were employed as decisive ideological foundations for rationalizing expansionism. Chapter I establishes the legitimacy of evaluating travel narratives as a significant part of America’s national literature. Chapter II reveals that democracy, masculine robustness, and the myth that Americans are a chosen people of progress are featured aspects in the portrayals of American pathfinders. Chapter III shows that the racial identity of “civilized whites” is forged in accordance with a miscegenation taboo informing negative portrayals of half-breeds and racial boundary crossing. Chapter IV illustrates that American freedom, simplicity, wholesome civilization, and youthfulness are presented as national characteristics through adapting the romantic tropes of the Noble Savage and the aesthetics of the sublime. Chapter V investigates the perverse mode of desiring in the iterative triangular relationship between romanticism, morality, and expansionism—the nation’s civilizing project par excellence. Chapter VI appraises the travel narratives’ roles in defining American selfhood and reflecting (and promoting) an imperialistic desire for expansion.

This project explores the phenomenon of National Theater in both Argentina and Mexico, specifically reevaluating the former's exemplarity and the latter's "failure." I propose that Fernando Ortiz's notion of contrapunteo is useful when thinking about the tensions found in National Theater, and I deploy this understanding to argue that, contrary to critical opinion, the "frivolous" Mexican theater scene was a key factor in the Mexican Revolution. / Romance Languages and Literatures

La Revista do Livro (Revue du Livre) fut publiée au Brésil entre les années 1956 et 1970, en tant que revue officielle de l’Instituto Nacional do Livro (Institut National du Livre), organe du gouvernement fédéral du Brésil responsable de la politique publique sur le livres et les bibliothèques entre 1938 et 1970. En 2002, la Revista do Livro fut reprise par le Departamento Nacional do Livro (Département national du livre), subordonné à la Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (Fondation bibliothèque nationale). Le projet conçu par le poète Augusto Meyer, avait attiré d’importants personnages de l’inteligentzia brésilienne au long des différentes étapes de sa publication. Chacune de celles-ci a correspondu à des différents moments politiques du pays. Dans sa première phase, la Revista do Livro fut publiée entre 1956 et 1961, période qui correspond à celle gouvernement du président Juscelino Kubistchek. La deuxième phase de publication, de 1964 jusqu’à 1970 correspond à la période de la dictature militaire au Brésil. La phase actuelle débuta en 2002, la même année de l’élection du président Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, le premier élu d’un parti de gauche à la tête du gouvernement au Brésil. Cette thèse se propose d’analyser, la première phase de publication de la Revista do Livro qui constitue son corpus. La présente thèse part de l’hypothèse que à travers la compréhension de l’action de la revue se dégage un projet politique, littéraire et culturel spécifique dont les objectives étaient d’imaginer et de sélectionner parmi les traditions brésiliennes celles qui devaient être la base de la formation d’une spécificité de la Littérature Brésilienne : la Littérature Brésilienne des « grands hommes ». / Published between the years 1956 and 1970, the Revista do Livro was the official organ of the Instituto Nacional do Livro. The Departamento Nacional do Livro - under the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional – had reclaimed the project in 2002. Conceived by the poet gaucho Augusto Meyer, the magazine gathered in their significant names in Brazilian intelligentsia pages at its various stages of publication, which coincided with different political moments Brazilians. Its first phase (1956-1961) comprises exactly the period of the Juscelino Kubitschek government and has 24 numbers divided into 20 volumes. Its second phase, from 1964 up to 1970, occurred during the period of military dictatorship in Brazil, with 19 issues published in 17 volumes. In addition, his third and current phase, begun in 2002, coincides with the election of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of the Workers Party to the presidency and retrieves the sequence number of the magazine. The last number released on July 23, 2015, was the 55, totaling 12 issues in 12 volumes. Given this proliferation of numbers, we decided to make a cut in research corpus setting for this thesis, focusing on the first phase of the magazine. Therefore, we will work with the 24 first issues published between the years of 1956 and 61, extending the look at their early stage, i.e. for the years of planning and creation of the Instituto Nacional do LIvro and its journal. This thesis supports the hypothesis that the Revista do Livro acted as a political project, literary and specific cultural, whose objectives were to imagine and select the traditions that were the basis for (re) found the National Literature from the Constitution a canon based on the great figures of literary historiography. / Publicada entre os anos de 1956 e 1970, a Revista do Livro era o órgão oficial do Instituto Nacional do Livro. Seu projeto foi retomado pelo Departamento Nacional do Livro – subordinado à Fundação Biblioteca Nacional – em 2002. Idealizada pelo poeta gaúcho Augusto Meyer, a revista reuniu em suas páginas nomes significativos da intelectualidade brasileira em suas diferentes fases de publicação, que coincidiram com diferentes momentos políticos brasileiros. Sua primeira fase, de 1956 a 1961, compreende exatamente o período do Governo de Juscelino Kubitschek e possui 24 números divididos em 20 volumes. Sua segunda fase, de 1964 a 1970, ocorreu durante o período da Ditadura Militar no Brasil, com 19 números publicados em 17 volumes. E sua terceira e atual fase, iniciada em 2002, coincide com a eleição de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, do Partido dos Trabalhadores para a Presidência da República e recupera a sequência numérica da revista. O último número lançado, em 23 de julho de 2015, foi o 55, totalizando 12 números em 12 volumes. Diante dessa proliferação de números e de “coincidências históricas”, optamos por realizar um recorte na definição do corpus de pesquisa para a presente tese, focando na primeira fase da revista. Assim sendo, trabalharemos com os 24 primeiros números, publicados entre os anos de 1956 e 61, ampliando o olhar para a sua fase embrionária, ou seja, para os anos de planejamento e criação do Instituto Nacional do Livro e da sua revista. A presente tese sustenta a hipótese de que a Revista do Livro atuou a partir de um projeto político, literário e cultural específico, cujos objetivos eram imaginar e selecionar as tradições que serviriam de base para (re)fundar a Literatura Nacional a partir da constituição de um cânone baseado nos grandes vultos da historiografia literária.

Este trabalho procura compreender a relação entre as culturas literárias do Novo Mundo e a tradição ocidental em termos de idiomas, espaços geográficos, unidades políticas, regiões culturais e centros de população. A partir dessa perspectiva, são analisadas as abordagens históricas do australiano Henry Green, do estadunidense Harold Bloom, do brasileiro Antonio Candido e do argentino Jorge Luis Borges em relação aos seus respectivos contextos intelectuais: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo e Buenos Aires. Ao fim, se propõe um projeto para elaborar uma história da literatura no Novo Mundo a partir da comparação das perspectivas de várias regiões dos Novos Mundos latino e anglófono. / This study aims to comprehend the relationship between the literary cultures of the New World and the Western tradition in terms of languages, geographical spaces, political units, cultural regions and population centres. On the basis of this perspective, it compares the historical approaches of the Australian Henry Green, the US American Harold Bloom, the Brazilian Antonio Candido and the Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges in relation to their respective intellectual contexts: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo and Buenos Aires. Finally, it proposes the elaboration of a history of literature in the New World on the basis of the comparison of perspectives from different regions of the Latin and Anglophone New World.

Este trabalho procura compreender a relação entre as culturas literárias do Novo Mundo e a tradição ocidental em termos de idiomas, espaços geográficos, unidades políticas, regiões culturais e centros de população. A partir dessa perspectiva, são analisadas as abordagens históricas do australiano Henry Green, do estadunidense Harold Bloom, do brasileiro Antonio Candido e do argentino Jorge Luis Borges em relação aos seus respectivos contextos intelectuais: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo e Buenos Aires. Ao fim, se propõe um projeto para elaborar uma história da literatura no Novo Mundo a partir da comparação das perspectivas de várias regiões dos Novos Mundos latino e anglófono. / This study aims to comprehend the relationship between the literary cultures of the New World and the Western tradition in terms of languages, geographical spaces, political units, cultural regions and population centres. On the basis of this perspective, it compares the historical approaches of the Australian Henry Green, the US American Harold Bloom, the Brazilian Antonio Candido and the Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges in relation to their respective intellectual contexts: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo and Buenos Aires. Finally, it proposes the elaboration of a history of literature in the New World on the basis of the comparison of perspectives from different regions of the Latin and Anglophone New World.

Este trabalho procura compreender a relação entre as culturas literárias do Novo Mundo e a tradição ocidental em termos de idiomas, espaços geográficos, unidades políticas, regiões culturais e centros de população. A partir dessa perspectiva, são analisadas as abordagens históricas do australiano Henry Green, do estadunidense Harold Bloom, do brasileiro Antonio Candido e do argentino Jorge Luis Borges em relação aos seus respectivos contextos intelectuais: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo e Buenos Aires. Ao fim, se propõe um projeto para elaborar uma história da literatura no Novo Mundo a partir da comparação das perspectivas de várias regiões dos Novos Mundos latino e anglófono. / This study aims to comprehend the relationship between the literary cultures of the New World and the Western tradition in terms of languages, geographical spaces, political units, cultural regions and population centres. On the basis of this perspective, it compares the historical approaches of the Australian Henry Green, the US American Harold Bloom, the Brazilian Antonio Candido and the Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges in relation to their respective intellectual contexts: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo and Buenos Aires. Finally, it proposes the elaboration of a history of literature in the New World on the basis of the comparison of perspectives from different regions of the Latin and Anglophone New World.

Ce travail se propose de reconstruire une page peu connue de l'histoire de la diaspora de l'époque du Risorgimento, écrite autour d'un journal littéraire publié à Paris entre les mois de mai et octobre 1836, «L’Italiano. Foglio letterario».Conçu en Suisse par Mazzini et certains de ses compagnons d'exil, «L’Italiano» vit le jour grâce à la collaboration d'un groupe d'exilés italiens résidant dans la capitale française.Par rapport à l'idée d'origine née au sein de la Jeune Italie, le journal dut se confronter à des intellectuels aux parcours culturels et politiques divers qui collaborèrent pour « inaugurer une nationalité, soit-elle littéraire ».Contrairement à son prédécesseur parisien, «L'Exilé» (1832-1834), qui avait l'ambition d'offrir au public italien et français une histoire de la littérature italienne, «L'Italiano» proposait un programme de « critique éducatrice » en s'adressant principalement aux intellectuels de la péninsule.Outre le partage d'une conception éthique et civique de la littérature, le socle culturel sur lequel reposait le journal se fondait sur l'adhésion à une philosophie spiritualiste qui, tout en se revendiquant exclusivement italienne, était alimentée par la rencontre avec certains penseurs français de la Restauration, comme Pierre Leroux et Philippe Buchez.Le programme littéraire du journal s'appuyait sur le théâtre dramatique et sur le mélodrame, considérés comme des dispositifs de mobilisation politique aptes à transposer l'idée de nation sur un plan émotif et symbolique mais aussi à toucher les classes populaires sans avoir recours à la médiation de la parole écrite. / The research aims at reconstructing a neglected episode in the cultural life of the Italian exiles in the Age of the Risorgimento and is centered on a literary magazine published in Paris, from May to October 1836: «L'Italiano. Foglio letterario».«L'Italiano» was envisaged by Mazzini in Switzerland, together with his companions ofexile, and was eventually published with the aid of a group of Italian refugees in Paris. The journal was originally conceived within the context of the «Giovine Italia», but had to face up to a number of intellectuals whose cultural and political background was extremely various and whose intent was to cooperate in order to «principiare una nazionalità, sia pure letteraria».While «L’Exilé» (1832-1834) – the nearest antecedent of this magazine – aspired to provide an history of Italian literature for the Italian and French readers, «L'Italiano» presented rather a program of «critica educatrice» and it was especially addressed to the Italian intellectuals.The circle which arised around the journal was cemented not only by an ethic and engaged conception of literature, but also by a spiritualist philosophy: even if the proponents defended the Italian character of this philosophy, it was developed through a continuous exchange with French Philosophers of the Age of Reaction, such as Pierre Leroux and Philippe Buchez.The journal's proposal was centered on dramatic theatre and melodrama, insofar as theywere considered as instruments for political mobilization, apt to set on an emotional and symbolic dimension the idea of nation, as well as to affect the working-class, without the need for written words. / Questo lavoro si propone di ricostruire una pagina poco nota della diaspora risorgimentale, sorta attorno a un giornale letterario che si pubblicò a Parigi tra il maggio e l'ottobre del 1836, «L’Italiano. Foglio letterario». Concepito in Svizzera da Mazzini e da alcuni suoi compagni d’esilio, «L’Italiano» vide finalmente la luce grazie alla collaborazione di un gruppo di esuli italiani residenti nella capitale francese. Rispetto all’idea originaria, sorta in seno alla Giovine Italia, il giornale dovette confrontarsi con intellettuali dai percorsi culturali e politici assai diversi tra loro, che si trovarono a cooperare per «principiare una nazionalità, sia pure letteraria».Diversamente dal suo precedente parigino, «L'Exilé» (1832-1834), che ambiva a offrire al pubblico italiano e francese una storia della letteratura italiana, «L'Italiano» proponeva, invece, un programma di «critica educatrice» rivolto principalmente agli intellettuali della penisola. Oltre alla condivisione di una concezione etica e civile della letteratura, il sodalizio culturale sorto attorno al giornale si fondava sull’adesione a una filosofia di stampo spiritualista che, pur rivendicando un’origine tutta italiana, si alimentava grazie al confronto con alcuni pensatori francesi della Restaurazione, come Pierre Leroux e Philippe Buchez.La proposta letteraria del giornale poggiava sul teatro drammatico e sul melodramma, in cui riconosceva dei dispositivi di mobilitazione politica che, oltre a proiettare l’idea di nazione su un piano emotivo e simbolico, potevano raggiungere le classi popolari senza la mediazione della parola scritta.