Notre mémoire cherche à identifier les traces du cinéma de “l’âge d’or” dans le cinéma mexicain des années quatre-vingt-dix. Au Mexique, l’apogée que le cinéma industriel a connu entre 1935 et 1955 a établi les principaux genres et normes du cinéma national. Le cinéma produit durant cette période, abondamment diffusé par la télévision et la vidéo et apprécié de la critique, continue d’influencer la production contemporaine. En concentrant notre analyse sur deux films en particulier, Danzón (1991) de María Novaro et La ley de Herodes (1999) de Luis Estrada, nous étudions d’une part, comment le cinéma des années quatre-vingt-dix rend hommage au cinéma de l’âge d’or et, d’autre part, comment on l’utilise pour commenter les nouvelles tendances dans la politique et la production culturelle. La diffusion continue du cinéma de l’âge d’or nous permet d’expliquer en partie son influence sur les cinéastes mexicains contemporains. Par ailleurs, le contexte de néolibéralisme et de globalisation des années quatre-vingt-dix nous permet d’avancer d’autres hypothèses concernant les raisons qui ont amené ces cinéastes à récupérer des éléments de la culture “nationale-populaire”. Nous pensons que ce contexte pourrait expliquer autant l’hommage que la critique que font les films contemporains du cinéma de l’âge d’or. Notre analyse des références au cinéma de l’âge d’or dans le cinéma des années quatre-vingt-dix s’appuie sur la théorie de l’intertextualité dans le cinéma. / This thesis studies the traces of the so-called “golden age” of Mexican cinema in films produced in the nineties. In Mexico, the upsurge of cinematic production between 1935 and 1955 established the principal norms and genres of a national cinema. The cinema of this era, critically acclaimed and widely diffused through television and video, continues to influence contemporary filmmaking. Focusing our analysis on two films, María Novaro’s Danzón (1991) and Luis Estrada’s La ley de Herodes (1999), we study how films from the nineties at once render homage to golden age cinema and use it to comment upon new trends in Mexican politics and cultural production. The continued diffusion of golden age cinema allows us to partially explain its influence on Mexican filmmakers working in the nineties. The nineties’ historical context, strongly marked by neoliberalism and globalization, allows us to propose further hypotheses as to why contemporary filmmakers have recuperated elements of “national-popular” cinema. We believe that this context explains both the homage and the criticisms that today’s films direct towards the cinema of the golden age. Our analysis of the dialogue between the films produced in these two periods borrows from theories of filmic intertextuality. / Nuestra memoria busca identificar las huellas del cine de la llamada “época de oro” en el cine mexicano de los años noventa. En México, el auge de la producción cinematográfica que tuvo lugar entre 1935 y 1955 estableció las normas y los géneros principales del cine nacional. El cine de esta época, altamente difundido por la televisión y el video, y apreciado por los críticos, sigue influyendo en la producción contemporánea. Concentrando nuestro análisis en dos películas en particular, Danzón (1991) de María Novaro y La ley de Herodes (1999) de Luis Estrada, estudiamos cómo el cine de los noventas rinde homenaje al cine de la época de oro, por un lado, y cómo se refiere a ese cine para comentar las nuevas tendencias en la política y en la producción cultural, por otro. La difusión continua del cine de la época de oro a través el tiempo nos permite explicar en parte su influencia en los cineastas mexicanos de los años noventa. Por otra parte, el contexto de neoliberalismo y de globalización de los años noventa nos permite avanzar otras hipótesis en cuanto a las razones que empujaron a los cineastas a recuperar elementos de la cultura “nacional-popular”. Pensamos que ese contexto explica tanto el homenaje como la crítica que las películas contemporáneas hacen hacia el cine de la época de oro. Nuestro análisis del diálogo entre las películas producidas en estas dos épocas se apoya en la teoría de la intertextualidad en el cine.

O presente texto encerra apontamentos oriundos da pesquisa de mestrado sobre a vida e a obra de Antonio Gramsci. Intenta-se demonstrar como se chegou à metáfora vida- obra e como ela serviu para delimitar esta incógnita: explorar a intersecção entre filosofia, política e literatura nos Cadernos e nas Cartas do Cárcere. Utilizou-se como balizas o estudo das categorias tradutibilidade e nacional-popular, que ajudaram a entender pensamento e ação, filosofia e política como aspectos tradutíveis de um mesmo fenômeno no pensamento de Gramsci, e a filosofia traduzida em política pela filosofia da práxis como instrumento de produção revolucionário para os subalternos que através dela tomam consciência do mundo e da sua condição no mundo. Busca-se demonstrar como a vida-obra de Gramsci encerra a metafórica fronteira entre filosofia, política e literatura: a própria filosofia da práxis. Identificou-se, na obra de Gramsci, a projeção de uma figura histórica que conseguiu em sua obra e em sua vida, encarnar uma filosofia, elevá-la ao seu momento mais crítico - catártico. Tenta-se demonstrar como a literatura de Gramsci constituiu instrumento de produção que expressa em seus interstícios a delimitação simbólica de um sujeito político capaz de forjar na realidade objetiva o fenômeno político-cultural do sujeito histórico revolucionário que se opôs frontalmente ao regime fascista de Mussolini. Constata-se que a tradução recíproca das linguagens científicas e filosóficas compõe a trama principal da sua vida-obra que, tecida a partir da concepção de mundo comunista, não poderia deixar de ser questionadora e revolucionária da realidade objetiva que pretende elevar ao patamar de uma Nuova civiltà comunistica. / This text contains notes coming from the master's research on the life and work of Antonio Gramsci. It intends to demonstrate how the metaphor life-work came to life and how it served to demarcate this variable: exploring the intersection between philosophy, politics and literature in books and in the Prison Letters. The study of translatability and national-popular categories were used as beacons, which helped to understand thought and action, philosophy and politics as translatable aspects of the same phenomenon at the thought of Gramsci, and philosophy translated into policy by the philosophy of praxis as a revolutionary production tool for the underlings, which take the world of consciousness and their condition in the world through it. It is sought to show how the life-work of Gramsci closes the metaphoric border between philosophy, politics and literature: the very philosophy of praxis. It was identified in the work of Gramsci the projection of a historical figure who succeeded in his work and in his life to embody a philosophy, raising it to its most critical moment - cathartic. The text tries to demonstrate how Gramsci's literature constituted production instrument expressed in its interstices the symbolic demarcation of a political subject able to forge in the objective reality the political and cultural phenomenon of the revolutionary historic subject that was opposed frontally to the fascist regime of Mussolini. It is noted that the reciprocal translation of scientific and philosophical languages composes the main plot of his life- work that, woven from the communist world view, it could not stop being questioning and revolutionary of the objective reality that it is intended to be raised to the level of a Nuova civilta comunistica. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Esta dissertação traz uma abordagem das questões sócio-históricas e culturais que nortearam a formação de inúmeras conceituações acerca da cultura brasileira durante as décadas de 1960 e 1970, e tem como objeto de pesquisa a vida e a obra do poeta Solano Trindade, suas atividades intelectuais, poéticas e teatrais. No aporte teórico do trabalho, as manifestações da cultura popular e as suas relações com as práticas culturais autenticadas pelos meios de comunicação de massa foram investigadas, com o intuito de trazer à luz as conseqüências desse encontro, os debates sobre as políticas culturais que surgiram na tentativa de controlar tais expressões, os focos de resistências e a configuração social pautada pela modernidade capitalista. A idéia de contribuir para uma noção de cultura, e como ela perpassou inúmeras definições na sociedade brasileira, atravessou a maioria das indagações durante as leituras e análise de dados que guiaram a redação. Revisar um período conturbado em termos de novos horizontes sociais e políticos no Brasil, nos permitiu avaliar uma realidade nem sempre clara para a maioria dos grupos sociais. / This dissertation brings socio-historical and cultural issues that guided the formation of many conceptualizations about the Brazilian culture during the 1960s and 1970s in Brazil, and aims to research the poet Solano Trindade\'s life and work, his intellectual, poetic and theatrical activies. In support of theoretical work, the popular culture manifestations and its relations with the cultural practices certified by the mass media were investigated in order to bring to light for the consequences of this meeting, the discussions about the cultural politics that have emerged in attempt to control such expression, the focus of resistance and social configuration lined by capitalist modernity. The idea of contributing to a sense of culture, and how it permeates many settings in Brazilian society, it crossed most of the inquiries during the readings and data analysis that guided the writing. To review a confused period in terms of new social and political horizons in Brazil allowed us to evaluate a fact not always clear to most social groups.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la France, affaiblie politiquement et économiquement, développe une politique culturelle extérieure qui utilise les manifestations artistiques, et en particulier les tournées théâtrales, pour assurer le rayonnement de sa culture et de sa langue. Par l’intermédiaire de l’Association française d’action artistique (AFAA), elle envoie de par le monde ses plus grandes compagnies, la Comédie-Française, le Théâtre national populaire de Jean Vilar, et la Compagnie Renaud-Barrault qui devient théâtre national en 1959. Dans un monde façonné par la Guerre Froide, les tournées les plus prestigieuses ont lieu aux États-Unis, en Union Soviétique et en Amérique latine. Le but de cette thèse est de déterminer dans quelle mesure les compagnies théâtrales, instrumentalisées par la diplomatie culturelle française, utilisent aussi ces tournées pour leur propre statut dans le champ culturel français, pour leur économie, ou pour l’affermissement de leur propre identité. La première partie explore les origines et le développement du cadre politique et institutionnel qui a permis la naissance de tournées théâtrales subventionnées et fait du théâtre français un produit d’exportation. Le deuxième mouvement se concentre sur la caractérisation de ce théâtre envoyé à l’étranger, sur son économie et son répertoire. Le troisième temps analyse les différents impacts du déplacement du théâtre à l’étranger. Quelles sont les conséquences possibles de cette situation sur la représentation elle-même et les attentes du public étranger ? Au-delà de la question de la réception, c’est la dimension politique, l’impact esthétique et le rôle symbolique des tournées qui seront mis en lumière. / After World War II, a politically and economically weakened France develops a cultural foreign policy that uses artistic manifestations, and in particular theatrical tours, in order to ensure the influence of its culture and language. Thanks to the French Association for Artistic Action (AFAA), which was directly supported by the ministry of Foreign Affairs, France sends its greatest theatre companies all over the world, the Comédie-Française and the National Popular Theatre of Jean Vilar, as well as the Renaud-Barrault Company that becomes a national theatre in 1959. In a world shaped by the Cold War, the most prestigious tours take place in the United States, the Soviet Union, and Latin America. This thesis aims at determining to what extent these theatrical companies are not only exploited by the French government for cultural diplomacy, but manage themselves to benefit from the touring system, be that for their own status within the French cultural field, for their own economic solvency, or for the strengthening of their own identity. The first part explores the origins and development of the political and institutional frame that enabled the birth of this system of subsidized, international theatrical tours that made an export out of French theatre. The second part focuses on the characterization of French theatre abroad, on its economy and its repertory. The third section analyses the different impacts of the displacement of theatre abroad. What are the possible consequences on the performance itself and on the expectations of the international audience? Beyond the question of reception, the thesis will shed light on the political consequences, the aesthetic impact and the symbolic role of the tours.