Asociacijos laisvės principas pripažįstamas ne tik daugumos valstybių nacionalinės teisės, bet ir priskiriamas prie pagrindinių žmogaus teisių ir laisvių, kurios garantuojamos valstybių įsipareigojimais. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 35 straipsnyje, laiduojama teisė piliečiams laisvai vienytis į bendrijas. 2009 metais įsigaliojusi Kredito unijų įstatymo redakcija įtvirtino teisinio reguliavimo principą, pagal kurį kredito unijų veikla galima tik toje savivaldybėje, kurioje kredito unija turi registruotą buveinę, bei su ja besiribojančių savivaldybių teritorijoje. Analizuojant Kredito unijos įstatymą ir Konstitucijoje nustatytas normas susiduriama su dilema – ar įstatyme įtvirtintas ribojimas gali būti taikomas. Ar valstybė užtikrina laisvą asmenų jungimasi į asociacijas. Atsižvelgiant į sparčią kreditų unijų plėtrą ir siekiant teigiamos veiklos teikiami įstatymų projektai, kurie neigiamai vertina įsigaliojusį ribojimą. Taip pat darbe aptariama kokiais principais remiamasi sprendžiant nacionalinės bei tarptautinės teisės normų taikymo susikirtimą. Kaip sprendžiamas klausimas dėl asociacijos laisvės principo užtiktinimo nacionalinėje teisėje. Magistrinio darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai yra išanalizuoti teritorinio ribojimo svarbą valstybėje ir kokį poveikį pasikeitęs reglamentavimas atlieka kredito unijoms. Apibendrinus asociacijos laisvės principo turinį įvertinti principo taikymą sąveikaujant nacionalinės bei tarptautinės teisės normoms. Ar asociacijų laisvės principo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The principle of freedom of association is recognized not only just for the majority of national legal systems, but it is also attributed to the fundamental human rights and freedoms as guaranteed by states. In the article 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, states the right of citizens freely to unite to ensure communities. In 2009, the credit unions Act entered into force which laid the legal version of the regulatory principle that credit unions can be only in the municipality in which the Credit Union has its registered office, and with the municipalities which territory is bordering. When we are analysing Credit Unions Act and Constitution established norms together there we face with a dilemma – whether entrenched norm for restriction may be applied. In this case do state ensures freedom of association mergers? The main problem of the credit unions are establishment of new more complicated procedures to found a credit union. For example establishing more restrictive common bond criteria. In general credit unions may unite members upon the following criteria: professional, geographical, work in one company or membership in one organization. Before 2009 credit unions had an ability to chose 2 of these 4 criteria. Now there are not such a possibility. There we have a clash between established restrictive common bonds for credit unions and fundamental principle - the principle of freedom of association In international law the right of everyone to join a... [to full text]

Employant des salariés pour exécuter les missions de sécurité et de défense que peuvent leur confier des Etats, des organisations internationales ou des entités non étatiques. Cette forme particulière de production de la sécurité n’est pas entièrement appréhendée par les conventions internationales et les législations internes des Etats. De cela résulte une absence de statut juridique international de ces acteurs qui sont de plus en plus présents dans la gestion des conflits armés et dans les opérations de maintien de l’ordre. Les obligations particulières de leurs clients ne sont pas non plus déterminées. Ce défaut d’encadrement spécifique avéré ne signifie pas qu’il y ait un vide juridique dans ce secteur d’activité. Certaines règles internationales et les droits nationaux peuvent effectivement s’appliquer aux activités des SMSP et aux contractants de ces dernières. Seulement, l’efficacité que devaient avoir de telles normes face à des situations qui n’ont pas été prises en compte lors de leurs adoptions, ne saurait être acquise. D’où un processus de régulation internationale et de règlementation nationale initié depuis quelques années par les Etats mais aussi par les organisations internationales. Les sociétés elles mêmes se sont senties concernées par la production de règles encadrant leurs activités et se sont lancées dans la mise en place de code conduite. L’imperfection guette toutes ces nouvelles règles spécifiques destinées à corriger les lacunes des conventions internationales et des lois internes. Ce qui nécessite la proposition de solutions envisageables dans le but de mieux prendre en compte les intérêts des SMSP et la protection de ceux qui s’exposent aux risques que procurent les prestations privées de sécurité militaire. / Private military and security companies are legal persons of private law with employees to perform security missions and defense that can give them some states, international organizations or non-state entities. This particular form of production safety is not fully understood by international conventions and domestic laws States. Result of this lack of legal status of these international actors is increasingly involved in the management of conflicts and peacekeeping operations order. Specific obligations of their clients are not determined. This lack of specific guidance proved does not mean that there is a legal vacuum in this sector. Certain international standards and national laws may actually apply to the activities of PMSCs and contractors thereof. Only efficiency that would have such standards in situations that have not been taken into account when adopting them cannot be acquired. Hence a process of international regulation and national regulation initiated in recent years by states but also by international organizations. The companies themselves have felt involved in the production of rules governing their activities and have engaged in the implementation of code of conduct. The imperfection watching all these new rules designed to correct specific deficiencies in international conventions and laws. This requires the proposal of possible solutions in order to better take into account the interests of PMSCs and the protection of those who are exposed to risks that provide private benefits of military security.

This diploma thesis deals with the obligations for implementing the construction project in the Slovakia and its taxation. At first is defined basic terminology, concept of single market of the European Union and the harmonization process of direct and indirect taxation. In the analytical part of the thesis are relevant sources of international, union and national law analyzed. The practical part is focused on specification construction contract, accomplishment all obligations and an exemplary taxpayer's tax liability is calculated.

La société internationale promeut l’État de droit notamment depuis le début des années 1990, en particulier en Haïti. En quête d’une démocratie introuvable et ravagé par des crises politiques et humanitaires, cet État fait constater les difficultés de l’action internationale. Interdisciplinaire, la thèse, centrée sur l’accès à la justice, examine comment et dans quelles mesures les normes utilisées pour la promotion de l’État de droit peuvent constituer une obligation juridique de l’État et un moyen de changement. Invoquant le droit international protégeant la personne, États, organisations internationales et acteurs non étatiques brandissent l’État de droit dans des circonstances variées, concourant à son élasticité au coeur d’une institutionnalisation évolutive aux niveaux national et international. Le cas haïtien montre que le droit international contribue à une structuration et une consolidation de l’État de droit par la recherche d’un meilleur encadrement de l’État dont les compétences sont limitées par un droit interne conforme au droit international et des institutions solides, protégeant les droits et libertés dont le respect est surveillé par divers mécanismes et institutions. Néanmoins, articulation entre droit interne et droit international, État de droit et immunités, souveraineté, relations entre État et membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, faiblesses structurelles entravant une culture favorable à la primauté du droit, ce sont autant de limites à l’accès effectif à la justice. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de réorienter les actions menées par des réformes transversales pour de meilleures pratiques au sein de l’État valorisant la personne. / Since the beginning of the 90’s, international community bosltered the Rule of Law, particularly in Haiti. Looking in vain to establish a democracy and devastated by humanitarian and political crises, this State emphasizes the difficulties of acting at the international level. This interdisciplinary thesis focuses on access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms. It examines how and to what extent the norms used to promote the Rule of Law can be considered as States’ legal duties and as a mean of change. Appealing to international human rights law, States, international organizations and non-state actors use different legal sources of the Rule of Law in various circumstances and contribute to its elasticity in the context of progressive institutionalization at the national and international levels. The Haitian example shows that by being internationalized, the Rule of Law becomes structured and consolidated through improved State guidance, the exercise of its competences being part of a national law that respects international law, and because of strong institutions protecting rights and freedoms of which the respect is monitored by various mechanisms and institutions. Nonetheless, the relationships between national and international law, the Rule of Law and immunities, sovereignty, relations between State and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as structural weaknesses impeding the development of a culture favorable to the Rule of Law restrain individuals’ effective access to justice. Therefore, it seems necessary to reorient actions through transversal reforms that should result in better practices of valuing human beings.

I dag är det vanligt att EU-medborgare företar en gränsöverskridning med sin familj inom EU. Samkönade par har möjlighet att ingå äktenskap i fem medlemsstater, men eftersom äktenskapet inte erkänns i övriga 22 medlemsstater riskerar det samkönade paret att mottagarstaten ser äktenskapet som ogiltigt i rättslig mening vid en gränsöverskridning inom EU. Samkönade par som redan är gifta kan dock erhålla visst skydd för de fall en medlemsstat föreskriver samkönat registrerat partnerskap. EU-rätten föreskriver inga minimikrav för hur registrerat partnerskap bör utformas i medlemsstaters nationella rättssystem. Det har i sin tur vilket lett till att rättskyddet för samkönat registrerat partnerskap ser olika ut bland medlemsstaterna. Samkönade civilstånd är därför rättsosäkert vid gränsöverskridningar sett ur ett helhetsperspektiv. Familjerätten är ett rättsområde där medlemsstaterna har suveränitet. Medlemsstaterna har därför själva rätten att besluta hur familjerätten utformas i det nationella rättssystemet, men det finns vissa restriktioner. Medlemsstaternas utövande av sin suveränitet måste ske i konformitet med etablerade EU-principer och annan relevant EU-rätt. Kommissionen har kommit med ett förslag om ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar och uppsatsens syfte är därför att utreda om ett automatiskt erkännande är kompatibelt med gällande EU-rätt. För att besvara syftet i uppsatsen utreds gällande EU-rätt med direkt eller indirekt inverkan på samkönade relationer. Vidare utreds förslaget om ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar i kommissionens grönbok om minskad byråkrati för medborgarna tillsammans med de yttranden som grönboken mottagit från olika organisationer. Genom att ställa ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar mot gällande EU-rätt leder slutsatsen fram till vilka hinder och möjligheter som föreligger vid genomförandet av förslaget. De hinder och möjligheter som föreligger talar för att ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar är genomförbart. EU-rätten ställer vissa krav på medlemsstaterna även om medlemsstaterna har suveränitet inom familjerätten. Följden blir att EU måste samarbeta med medlemsstaterna för att säkerställa rättssäkerheten av civilståndshandlingar när EU-medborgare vidtar gränsöverskridningar inom EU. / Today it’s common for EU-citizens to move across borders with their families within the EU. Same-sex couples have access to marriage in five Member States, but because their marriage is not recognized in the other 22 Member States the same-sex marriage might be void in a legal sense in another Member State. Same-sex couples who are already married may benefit from some protection in the event that a Member State provides same-sex registered partnership. EU law does not provide a minimum requirement when Member States develop legal protection for same-sex couples through registered partnership in their legal system. This in turn has led to the differences among the Member States when it comes to same-sex registered partnership. Therefore, a same-sex civil status doesn’t provide a legal certainty in cross-border situations when looked upon from a broader perspective. Family law is an area of law where Member States have sovereignty. Therefore, the Member States have the right to shape the family law themselves in their national legal system, although there are some restrictions. When Member States exercise their sovereignty they must still exercise it in conformity with established EU principals and other relevant EU law. The Commission has now proposed an automatic recognition of civil status records and the purpose for this thesis is therefore to analyze whether an automatic recognition of civil status record are compatible with existing EU law. In order to answer the purpose in the thesis, EU law with direct or indirect impact on same-sex relationships is analyzed. Furthermore, the proposal of an automatic recognition of civil status records in the Commissions Green Paper on less bureaucracy for citizens is analyzed together with the opinions the Green Paper received from different organizations. When looking at the compatibility of an automatic recognition of civil status records and existing EU law, the conclusion highlights the obstacles and opportunities that exist with the implementation of the proposal. The obstacles and opportunities that exist suggest that an automatic recognition of civil status records is achievable. EU law imposes certain requirements on Member States, although Member States have sovereignty over their national family law. The previous suggests that the EU must work together with the Member States in order to ensure the legal certainty of civil status records when EU-citizens cross the borders within the EU.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-MariadaGloriaAquino.pdf: 3535193 bytes, checksum: d6fa3018b98f4433417a29fca8640dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / This thesis aims at studying the Public Politics of the Brazilian Law Power and its focal point lies in the investigation of the political avaliation of the public politics of the unjudicialization of the interest conflicts, from the determinations established by the CNJ n° 125/2010 Resolution, which defined a new agreement in the performance of the Brazilian law activity, because of the implementation of consensual mechanisms of solution of litigations like the conciliation and the mediation The matter is analyzed from the historical perspective of the mutations of the state in its several structural versions. Moreover it influenced the functioning of the state political institutions. In the same scientific-historical chain it is analyzed the political function exerted by the state organs, focusing especially the political-institutional performance of the Law Power. In this point it is scrutinized the several classic paradigms which justify the separation of the state political powers and also intend the re-dimensionship of the functions exerted by the state. It is examined the political descentralization of the state powers in order to understand how those classic theories influenced the move of expansion of the Law Power in the structure of the Contemporary State, so enabling the exercise of the precipuons functions of the judging according to the laws, which are elaborated and created by the Legislative Power, but which themselves conditioned and submitted to the constitutional supremacy. It is made a field research from the intensification of the law performance, from the enlarged participation of the Law Power in the decisory processes in the contemporary democratic societies, in order to justify how that move promoted the judicalization and effective law activity. It is investigated the historical course of the intensification process of the law activity in Brazil, so making clear the law monopoly, moreover from the process of redemocratization of the land, whose milestone was determined through the promulgation of the Constitution of the Brazilian Federal Republic of 1988. It is presented the causes of the crisis of the Brazilian law function, emphasized by the broad processual congestion passed from the enlarged access to justice; and also the consequences fighted by the Law Power because of the problem of the excessive processual litigation and the frequent slowness of the law services, which are reflected in the determination and results obtained in the Court Reports in their numbers presented by the Law National Council. Avaliation of the originary precedents, of the formulation and the fundamentals of the public politics ofadequated treatment of interest conflicts, like a way of overcoming the mechanism of the adjudicated solution of the conflicts and aspiration to the reduction of the traditional processual demand, so enabling gradually the unjudicialization of the conflict. Equally, it is avaliated the framework of politics and the determination of their actors, included the receivers of the politics, the institutional subjects, and get the other involved in the process. It is analyzed the structure of the Permanent Uncleuses of Consensual Methods of Conflict Solution and also Citizenship, as well as its compositions, selection criteria, ways of implantation, goals and established directives by politics. Finally, it is developed an analysis on the politics perspectives, considering then the need of the redimension of the performance of the Law Power, having as basis the statistical indicators, those one more recent published by the National Council of Justice. This one enables the building of a new politics, motivated by its continuing construction and by its permanent reavaliation, so in order to make possible to get a more democratic process and involved by a precise law order, which can get a way more and more enlarged by law; and also can find pointed in an agile procedure, quick and, above all, prone to reduct the law demand, including the satisfaction of the involved ones and the modification of the social reality. / Esta tese tem como objeto o estudo da Política Pública do Poder Judiciário Brasileiro, e seu escopo se centraliza na investigação da avaliação política da política pública de desjudicialização dos conflitos de interesses, a partir das determinações estabelecidas pela Resolução CNJ n° 125/2010, que definiu um novo arranjo na atuação da atividade judiciária brasileira em razão da implementação de mecanismos consensuais de solução de litígios, como a conciliação e a mediação. A questão é analisada a partir da perspectiva histórica das mutações do Estado, em suas diversas versões estruturais que, sobremaneira, influenciaram o funcionamento das instituições políticas estatais. No mesmo encadeamento histórico-científico, analisa-se a função política exercida pelos órgãos estatais, com enfoque especial na atuação político-institucional do Poder Judiciário. Nessa seara, perscrutam-se os diversos paradigmas clássicos que justificam a separação dos poderes políticos estatais e que pretendem o redimensionamento das funções exercidas pelo Estado. Examina-se a descentralização política dos poderes estatais para compreender como essas teorias clássicas influenciaram o movimento de expansão do Poder Judiciário na estrutura do Estado contemporâneo, possibilitando o exercício da função precípua de julgar de acordo com as leis, as quais são elaboradas e criadas pelo Poder Legislativo, mas que se encontram sempre condicionadas e subordinadas à supremacia constitucional. Pesquisa-se a intensificação da atividade judicial a partir da participação ampliada do Poder Judiciário nos processos decisórios nas sociedades democráticas contemporâneas, para justificar como esse movimento promoveu a judicialização e um efetivo ativismo judicial. Percorre-se a trajetória histórica do processo de intensificação da atividade judiciária no Brasil, evidenciado pelo monopólio jurisdicional, sobretudo a partir do processo de redemocratização do país, cujo marco se determinou pela promulgação da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Apresentam-se as causas da crise da função jurisdicional brasileira, evidenciada pelo largo congestionamento processual decorrente do acesso ampliado à Justiça e as consequências enfrentadas pelo Poder Judiciário em razão do problema da excessiva litigiosidade processual e da frequente morosidade da atividade judiciária, as quais se encontram refletidas nas determinações e resultados obtidos nos Relatórios Justiça em Números do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ). Avaliação dos antecedentesoriginários, da formulação e dos fundamentos da política pública de tratamento adequado dos conflitos de interesses, como meio de superação do mecanismo da solução adjudicada dos conflitos e com aspiração à redução da demanda processual tradicional, ensejando, gradativamente, a desjudicialização do conflito. Igualmente, avalia-se o arcabouço da política e as determinações de seus atores, incluindo os destinatários da política, os sujeitos institucionais e, ainda, os demais envolvidos no processo. Analisa-se a estruturação dos Núcleos Permanentes de Métodos Consensuais de Solução de Conflitos e dos Centros Judiciários de Solução de Conflitos e Cidadania, bem como suas composições, critérios de seleção, forma de implantação, objetivos e diretrizes estabelecidas pela política. Finalmente, desenvolve-se uma análise das perspectivas da política, considerando a necessidade do redimensionamento da atuação do Poder Judiciário, tendo como base os indicadores estatísticos mais recentes divulgados pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), que enseja a edificação de uma nova política motivada por sua contínua construção e por sua constante reavaliação, de modo a viabilizar um processo mais democrático e envolto em uma ordem jurídica justa, que possibilite o acesso cada vez mais ampliado à justiça, e que se encontre pautado num procedimento ágil, célere e, acima de tudo, tendente à redução da demanda judicial, à satisfação dos envolvidos e à modificação da realidade social.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / By definition, homelessness refers to general understanding of people without a home or a roof over their heads. As consequences of a number of factors, homelessness has become a serious problem especially in cities throughout the United States. Homeless people are usually most visible on the streets and in settings like shelters due to the fact that their presences and activities in public spaces are considered illegal or at least “unwanted” by city officials and by members of the public. In response to this issue, activists throughout the country have worked tiresly on behalf of homeless people to demand policy changes, an effort that resulted in the passage of the homeless bill of rights in three states, namely Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Illinois. As I discovered through my fieldwork, in Indiana, the homeless, themselves, are currently lobbying for passage of a similar measure. Locating my fieldwork on homelessness in Indianapolis in two sites, the Indianapolis Marion County Public Library (the Central Library) and the IUPUI Library, I examine the use of library buildings as alternative temporary shelters and spaces where the homeless can organize for political change. As an Indonesian ethnographer, I utilized an ethnographic approach, which helped me to reveal “Western values” and “American culture” as they play out in the context of homelessness. In this thesis, I show that there is a multi-sited configuration made up of issues, agents, institutions, and policy processes that converge in the context of the use of library buildings by the homeless. Finally, I conclude that public libraries and university libraries as well can play a more important role beyond their original functions by undertaking tangible actions, efforts, engagements, and interventions to act as allies to the homeless, who are among their most steadfast constituencies. By utilizing public university library facilities, the homeless are also finding their voices to call for justice, for better treatment, and for policies that can help ameliorate the hardship and disadvantages of homelessness.