Design is about understanding a space. It is about integration of light and air in building design. It is about light, shadow, reflection. It is about wind, its movement and escape. Through designing this project I was able to explore how sun, wind and light can be used effectively in a building design, in my project, in an office environment. The fire, the Light; the energy is the inspiration behind the origin of Architecture. Energy brings architecture into the world of processes and life and Architecture brings together Fire and Shelter, Chaos and Organization. Day lighting or the use of natural light in a building is one of the fundamental elements used to bring an essential experience of visual comfort and outside world environmental stimulation for all building occupants. The History of Architecture, said Le Corbusier, is a history of the struggle for light, the struggle for the window. This thesis assembles the research, conceptualization and final development of the office building design with an integration of light and wind. / Master of Architecture

Increasing energy use has caused many environmental problems including global warming. Energy use is growing rapidly in developing countries and surprisingly a remarkable portion of it is associated with consumed energy to keep the temperature comfortable inside the buildings. Therefore, identifying renewable technologies for cooling and heating is essential. This study introduced applications of steel sheets integrated into the buildings to save energy based on existing technologies. In addition, the proposed application was found to have a considerable chance of market success. Also, satisfying energy needs for space heating and cooling in a single room by using one of the selected applications in different Köppen climate classes was investigated to estimate which climates have a proper potential for benefiting from the application. This study included three independent parts and the results related to each part have been used in the next part. The first part recognizes six different technologies through literature review including Cool Roof, Solar Chimney, Steel Cladding of Building, Night Radiative Cooling, Elastomer Metal Absorber, and Solar Distillation. The second part evaluated the application of different technologies by gathering the experts’ ideas via performing a Delphi method. The results showed that the Solar Chimney has a proper chance for the market. The third part simulated both a solar chimney and a solar chimney with evaporation which were connected to a single well insulated room with a considerable thermal mass. The combination was simulated as a system to estimate the possibility of satisfying cooling needs and heating needs in different climate classes. A Trombe-wall was selected as a sample design for the Solar Chimney and was simulated in different climates. The results implied that the solar chimney had the capability of reducing the cooling needs more than 25% in all of the studied locations and 100% in some locations with dry or temperate climate such as Mashhad, Madrid, and Istanbul. It was also observed that the heating needs were satisfied more than 50% in all of the studied locations, even for the continental climate such as Stockholm and 100% in most locations with a dry climate. Therefore, the Solar Chimney reduces energy use, saves environment resources, and it is a cost effective application. Furthermore, it saves the equipment costs in many locations. All the results mentioned above make the solar chimney a very practical and attractive tool for a wide range of climates.

Thesis (MEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH: The design, construction and testing of a passive thermal system, a roof solar chimney, for a loft is considered. Unlike conventional solar chimneys the solar collector is constructed from corrugated iron roof sheets with the aim that it can be integrated into existing buildings at a lower cost or used in low cost housing developments. The main objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of such low-cost design to regulate thermal conditions in a loft, that is heating the loft during winter and enhancing natural ventilation during summer, by carrying out an experimental and analytical study. The results obtained from the experimental study showed that for winter the solar chimney, having a channel width, depth and length of 0.7 m, 0.1 m and 1.8 m respectively and with a peal solar radiation of 850 W/m², heated the room air 5°C higher than the ambient temperature during the hottest periods of the day, which is only marginally better than a loft with conventional roof insulation. At night, it was found that reverse airflow occurred through the chimney, cooling the loft down to ambient temperature, due to radiation heat loss from the roof collector to the night sky. For summer operation, the experimental data showed that the chimney was able to maintain the loft at ambient temperature and the analytical study found that the chimney was able to enhance natural ventilation effectively, reaching air exchange rate of 6.6 per hour for the 4.6 m³ volume space. It was also found that the chimney’s performance dropped rapidly and significantly during periods of low solar radiation and at night. A sensitivity analysis illustrated that for both summer and winter operation, the size, tilt angle and absorptivity of the roof collector greatly effected the efficiency and mass flow rates of the system, agreeing well with other literature. These results prove that this low cost solar chimney cooling design was feasible to enhance natural ventilation mainly during hot summer conditions with high solar radiation. Compared to a loft with only conventional roof insulation, the chimney did not perform effectively during the winter to heat the loft up, meaning that winter operation for this specific design is not feasible. Possible improvements to the design include using construction materials with higher thermal capacities to retain heat energy and ensure continued operation during periods of low solar radiation, as well as using selective absorber coatings on the collector surface. It is recommended that further work on the project include the integration of these improvements into the present design and to use the findings obtained from the sensitivity analysis to improve system efficiencies. CFD analysis of the test-rig will be insightful as an additional means to validate and compare with the analytical and experimental data obtained in this report. With the continuation of these studies, this low-cost solar chimney design can be optimised, validated on a commercial scale and built into existing and new housing developments. Incorporating such a passive thermal device will aid homeowners in air regulation and thermal comfort of their living space as well as saving on energy requirements. / Sponsored by the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University

Σημαντική παράμετρος στο σχεδιασμό των σύγχρονων κτιρίων αποτελεί η ορθολογικότερη διαχείριση της ενέργειας. Η ορθολογικότερη διαχείριση ενέργειας επιτυγχάνεται με το σχεδιασμό κατάλληλων ενεργειακών συστημάτων. Για την αποτελεσματική σχεδίαση αυτών των συστημάτων λαμβάνονται υπόψιν τα μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα, όχι μόνο τα τρέχοντα αλλά και τα προγνωστικά. Τα αριθμητικά πρότυπα πρόγνωσης καιρού παρέχουν εκτιμήσεις των διαφόρων μετεωρολογικών παραμέτρων σε δεδομένα σημεία του χώρου κοντά στην επιφάνεια του εδάφους αλλά και σε διάφορα ύψη. Οι εκτιμήσεις αυτές αποκλίνουν αρκετά από τα πραγματικά δεδομένα γεγονός που παρέχει ένα σημαντικό περιθώριο βελτίωσης της πρόγνωσης. Στην εργασία αυτή προτείνεται μία μέθοδος βελτίωσης της πρόγνωσης μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων με στόχο την αξιοποίηση τους για βελτιστοποίηση της ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης κτιρίου. Η μέθοδος αναπτύχθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας μετρήσεις της ταχύτητας του ανέμου από το μετεωρολογικό σταθμό του Εργαστηρίου Φυσικής της Ατμόσφαιρας του Τμήματος Φυσικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών (ΕΦΑΠ2), καθώς και προγνώσεις του ΕΦΑΠ2 μέσω του αριθμητικού προτύπου πρόγνωσης καιρού WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) στο πλησιέστερο δυνατό πλεγματικό σημείο. . Η μέθοδος που προτείνεται, αξιοποιεί τα τεχνητά νευρωνικά δίκτυα και όντας ανεξάρτητη της φύσης της εισόδου μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τη βελτίωση της πρόγνωσης μετεωρολογικών παραμέτρων. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε η συνεισφορά της μεθόδου στον ακριβέστερο υπολογισμό της ροής αέρα, η οποία υπολογίζεται για ένα πειραματικό θάλαμο δοκιμών, ο οποίος έχει υιοθετηθεί από την Ευρωπαϊκή επιτροπή για την εναρμονισμένη μελέτη ενεργειακών συστημάτων κτιρίων υπό πραγματικές συνθήκες. / An important consideration in the design of modern buildings is the rational use of energy. The rational energy management is achieved by designing appropriate energy systems. For efficient design of these systems we should take into account the meteorological data, not only current but also predictive.Numerical weather prediction models provide estimates of various meteorological parameters to data points of space near the surface and at various heights. These estimates differ considerably from the actual data which provides a significant margin improvement of prognosis. In this work we propose a method of improving the prediction of meteorological data to exploit them to optimize energy consumption in building management systems. The method was developed using measurements of wind speed, from the meteorological station of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics of the Department of Physics of the University of Patras (LAPUP), and prognostications LAPUP through numerical weather prediction model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) to the closest possible lattice point. The proposed method utilizes the artificial neural networks and being independent of the nature of the inputs it can be used to improve forecasting meteorological parameters. Furthermore, we studied the contribution of the method to accurately calculate the air flow of an experimental test chamber, which has been adopted by the European Committee for the study of building management systems under real conditions.

La performance d’un système doit être bien définie, atteignable et surtout mesurable. Ce n’est pas le cas aujourd’hui pour la ventilation. D’une part, les performances des systèmes de ventilation sont habituellement exprimées sur des considérations énergétiques ou tout simplement sur une estimation trop approximative des débits de ventilation. Les performances liées au confort thermique et à la qualité de l’air intérieur sont abordées séparément à travers des outils d’évaluation dédiés. D’autre part, les outils d’évaluation existants sont aujourd’hui limités dans leur mise en pratique pour des mesures in situ, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit de ventilation naturelle et mixte. L’objectif de cette thèse est alors d’examiner et d’expérimenter les techniques expérimentales existantes à échelle réelle afin de proposer des améliorations sur les méthodes d’évaluation et de commissionnement. La thèse aborde la performance de la ventilation en prenant en compte l’efficacité de ventilation comme performance intrinsèque et le confort thermique comme performance globale.La première partie est consacrée à l’évaluation in situ des performances intrinsèques de ventilation (taux de ventilation, âges moyens de l’air et efficacité de renouvellement d’air), en se basant sur des techniques de gaz traceurs. Après une analyse théorique des différents indicateurs de performance de ventilation et de leurs techniques de mesure correspondantes, une étude expérimentale a été menée dans une salle de cours sous différentes stratégies de ventilation (mécanique, naturelle et mixte). Les analyses ont démontré l’importance de la mise en application des techniques de décroissance de gaz traceurs sur l’incertitude des taux de renouvellement d’air avec notamment une forte influence des temps de mesure et des concentrations de gaz utilisées. Une méthodologie a été adaptée puis testée pour la mesure de l’efficacité de renouvellement d’air en ventilation mécanique, naturelle et mixte en s’affranchissant de mesures en bouches d’extraction (technique habituellement utilisée et préconisée par les normes).La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’évaluation expérimentale in situ du confort thermique sous différentes configurations de ventilation. Différentes méthodes, standards et techniques d’évaluation ont été testés et comparés avec la perception des occupants. Les résultats ont démontré la présence de plusieurs inadéquations lors de la mise en pratique des méthodes et normes existantes. Principalement, il s’agit de l’inadéquation des méthodes statiques (PMV PPD) pour l’évaluation du confort en présence de conditions thermiques fluctuantes, y compris en ventilation mécanique. Les analyses d’incertitudes liées aux erreurs de mesure ont démontré l’incohérence des normes actuelles dans la classification des catégories de confort. / The performance of a system must be well defined, attainable and above all measurable. This is not the case today for ventilation. On the one hand ventilation performance is usually declined on energy efficiency considerations or simply on a rough estimation of ventilation rates. The performance related to thermal comfort and IAQ are addressed separately through dedicated evaluation tools. On the other hand, the existing evaluation tools today are nowadays limited in their practical applications for in situ measurements, in particular in the case of natural and mixed ventilation. The aim of the present thesis is to examine the existing experimental technics, at full scale building in order to propose improvements on evaluation methods and commissioning protocols. The present thesis deals with ventilation performance taking into account ventilation efficiency as intrinsic performance and thermal comfort as overall performance.The first part is devoted to the in situ assessment of intrinsic ventilation performance (ventilation rates, mean age of air, and air exchange efficiency), based on decay tracer gas techniques. After a theorical analysis of the various performance indexes and their corresponding measurement techniques, an experimental study was carried out in a classroom under different ventilation strategies (mechanical, natural & mixed mode). The analysis proved the importance of the application of the tracer gas decay on ventilation rates accuracy with in particular a strong influence of measurement times and used tracer gas concentration. A methodology has been adapted and tested for the measurement of the air exchange efficiency in natural and mixed mode ventilation, by avoiding measurements in exhaust vents (a technique usually used and advocated by current standards).The second part is devoted to in situ assessment of thermal comfort under different ventilation strategies. Different methods, standards and evaluation techniques were tested and compared with occupants’ perception. The results demonstrated the presence of several inadequacies during the implementation of existing methods and standards. Mainly, it concerns the inadequacy of static methods (PMV PPD) for thermal comfort assessment in the presence of fluctuating thermal conditions, even with mechanical ventilation. Uncertainty analysis related to measurement errors has demonstrated the incoherence of current standards in the classification of comfort categories.

O emprego da ventilação e da iluminação natural nas construções minimiza os impactos ambientais e possibilita uma maior harmonia entre o entorno e o edifício. Isso pode ser ilustrado através das obras do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé, que proporcionam o uso racional da energia elétrica, conforto aos usuários e humanização dos espaços. Este trabalho evidencia as metodologias de projeto de Lelé e sua equipe na elaboração de um edifício mais confortável. Posteriormente, identifica as estratégias de conforto térmico e ventilação natural utilizadas por ele, por meio da comparação e avaliação de dois hospitais da Rede Sarah, localizados nas cidades de Salvador - BA e do Rio de Janeiro - RJ. A análise se divide em duas etapas: primeiramente a qualitativa, através da identificação e caracterização dessas estratégias. Em seguida, é efetuada a análise quantitativa, por meio de medições in loco das variáveis ambientais temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do ar e dos níveis de iluminância e através de ensaios no túnel de vento. A análise dos resultados é baseada em entrevistas; pesquisas de campo; nas normas ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 e NBR/ABNT 5413; na comparação da velocidade do vento em cada hospital analisado nos ensaios no túnel de vento e nos parâmetros adquiridos em literatura especializada. As análises apresentadas neste trabalho demonstram a preocupação de Lelé na incorporação dos aspectos bioclimáticos desde a concepção do projeto, destacando a importância de suas experiências profissionais. Além disso, destaca-se que a principal evolução que ocorreu no Sarah Rio foi à estrutura e a geometria da cobertura em sheds. / The use of natural ventilation and lighting by buildings reduces the environmental impacts and allows a better harmony between the building and its surroundings. It can be seen in the work of the architect João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé, which provides a rational use of electricity, comfort to the users and the humanization of the spaces. This work shows Lelés design methodology for the conception of a more comfortable building. After that, this research identifies thermal comfort and natural ventilation strategies used by this architect through the evaluation of two Sarah Network Rehabilitation hospitals, which are located in the Salvador - BA and Rio de Janeiro - RJ. The analysis is divided in two steps: initially a qualitative analysis based on the identification and characterization of these strategies. Then it was done the quantitative analysis based on field research of environmental variables as temperature, humidity and air velocity, lighting levels and also through wind tunnel experiments. The analysis of the results was based on interviews, field research, the ASHRAE 55-2004 and NBR/ABNT 5413 standards, the comparison of the air velocity variables in each hospital analyzed in the wind tunnel, and the data obtained in specialized literature. The analysis presented in this work shows the Lelés concern about the incorporation of bioclimatic aspects since the design conception, highlighting the importance of his professional experiences. Furthermore, the results indicated that the main evolution occurred in the Rio de Janeiro Sarah Hospital was about structure and geometry of the sheds on the roofing.

Nos últimos anos, devido à crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade, foram despendidos mundialmente grandes esforços para a redução do consumo de energia pelos sistemas prediais. Em países tropicais como o Brasil, a ventilação natural é uma maneira efetiva e econômica para melhorar o conforto térmico dentro de habitações. Ela contribui para diminuir o uso do condicionamento de ar e renovar o ar da edificação, ajudando a reduzir as chances de se ter a Síndrome do Edifício Doente (Sick Building Syndrome SBS) e melhorando a qualidade do ar interno (Indoor Air Quality IAQ). Para tirar proveito destas vantagens da ventilação natural, o comportamento do fluxo de ar dentro da edificação deve ser analisado considerando o clima local. Existem diversos códigos computacionais baseados na Dinâmica de Fluidos Computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD) que podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade, no entanto, o CFD é um campo que requer conhecimentos altamente especializados e experiência prática para se obter bons resultados e este conhecimento geralmente está além da formação da maioria dos engenheiros e arquitetos. Com base nas dificuldades listadas e na necessidade de complementar a formação de engenheiros e arquitetos nesta área do conhecimento, este trabalho está focado em dois objetivos: o primeiro é implementar um simulador numérico computacional baseado no algoritmo Solution Algorithm for Transient Fluid Flows SOLA e as condições de contorno necessárias para a simulação da ventilação, sendo que a validação do simulador foi realizada por comparação com resultados numéricos e experimentais existentes na literatura. O segundo objetivo é propor uma ferramenta prática para a análise da ventilação natural na fase de projeto, com uma abordagem baseada na teoria de sistemas nebulosos, para identificar as melhores configurações de aberturas para um dado leiaute. Para isto, adotou-se a idéia utilizada por Givoni em seu estudo experimental: o espaço interno de uma sala é dividido em subdomínios onde a velocidade média do ar, sob diversas configurações de aberturas, é registrada. Como as velocidades médias refletem bem a eficácia da ventilação no subdomínio, elas formam a base para a definição espacial da função de pertinência para boa circulação de ar dentro da sala, considerando cada configuração de abertura. No entanto, ao invés de usar resultados experimentais, uma série de simulações computacionais baseadas em CFD, foram executadas para compor um banco de dados para avaliação das funções de pertinência. Por outro lado, temos o leiaute, que é produzido durante a concepção do projeto. Na medida em que o leiaute provê as informações para elaborar os requisitos do fluxo de ar, a função de pertinência relacionada ao fluxo de ar em cada subdomínio deve ser avaliada baseada no leiaute e nos requisitos do usuário. Acertando os requisitos providos pelo leiaute com a eficácia do fluxo de ar provido pela configuração de abertura, pode ser identificada a configuração que melhor se adapta ao leiaute. Nos casos analisados neste trabalho, o método mostrou-se promissor, indicando a configuração típica que melhor atende aos requisitos de projeto com uma boa conformidade com os resultados obtidos pela simulação da sala completa, incluindo a mobília. / In the last years, due to the concerns on sustainability, a great effort in energy saving of building systems is being carried out worldwide. In tropical countries such as Brazil, the natural ventilation is an effective and economical option to improve thermal comfort inside the dwellings, to avoid the use of costly HVAC systems, and to renew the indoor air, contributing to mitigate the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and to improve the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). In order to take advantage of the natural ventilation, the behaviors of the airflow inside the buildings must be analyzed considering the local climate. There are many computer simulation codes based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) that may be adopted for this purpose, however, CFD is a field that requires highly specialized knowledge and experience to achieve good results and this expertise, which is needed to obtain reliable numerical results, is generally beyond the formation of the most part of architects and engineers. Owing to these difficulties and on the necessity to form engineers and architects in this area of knowledge, this work is focused in two main objectives: The first one is to implement a numeric computational simulation program based on Solution Algorithm for Transient Fluid Flows (SOLA) and the boundary conditions needed to simulate ventilation. The validation of the code is made by comparing the numerical results with results obtained using numerical or experimental methods published by other authors. The second objective is to propose a practical tool for the analysis of natural ventilation in the design of dwellings, with an approach based on the concepts of the Fuzzy Systems Theory to identify the best configurations of the openings for a given layout. For this, the idea used by Givonis experimental study is adopted: the inner space of a room is divided in sub-domains whose mean air velocities under different opening configurations are recorded. As the mean velocities reflect very well the effectiveness of the ventilation in the sub-domain, they form the basis for the definition of spatial distribution of the membership function for good air circulation inside the room concerning each opening configuration. However, instead of the experimental ones, a series of computer simulations were carried out to build a database for the assessment of the membership functions. On the other hand, we have the sketch of the layout, which is produced during the conceptual stage of design. As the layout provides the information about the requirements for the airflow, the membership function regarding the desirable air flow for each sub-domain might be assessed based on the layout and considering the user\'s requirements. By matching the requirements provided by the layout with the effectiveness of the airflow provided by the opening configurations, the opening configuration that best fits the layout can be identified. In the cases analyzed in this work, the method shows promising results. The typical configuration that best fits the design requirements with a good conformity with the results was obtained by full room simulation, including the furniture.

Face à la nécessité de réduire les consommations énergétiques ainsi que les émissions de CO2 dans le secteur du bâtiment, nous voyons se succéder des réglementations thermiques de plus en plus strictes. Ainsi, en 2020, tous les bâtiments neufs devront être à énergie positive. Le recours à des stratégies passives, exploitant les ressources de l'environnement, est un point clé pour atteindre cet objectif.En climat méditerranéen, caractérisé des étés chauds et secs, la ventilation naturelle peut apporter un confort thermique acceptable si celle-ci est utilisée intelligemment. Son efficacité est cependant très dépendante des conditions météorologiques locales et peut varier grandement d'un site à l'autre. Malgré la simplicité de ce type de système, sa gestion peut également s'avérer complexe si l'utilisateur ne dispose pas d'informations suffisantes et n'est pas présent en permanence dans le bâtiment. Cela met en avant l'intérêt de disposer d'outils adaptés à son étude, ainsi que de proposer un pilotage simple et optimisé du bâtiment, basé sur le confort de l'occupant.Afin d'évaluer le potentiel de la ventilation naturelle sans avoir recours à une lourde campagne expérimentale ou à une phase de modélisation complexe, nous proposons tout d'abord des indicateurs climatiques permettant d'obtenir une première vue du site étudié.À partir d'une approche expérimentale et numérique en conditions réelles, nous nous intéressons ensuite à la problématique de la mesure dans les bâtiments ventilés naturellement et notamment à celle du débit d'air. L'instrumentation d'un bâtiment résidentiel de l'IESC, situé sur le site de l'Université de Corse et du CNRS, permet le développement et le test de différents modèles simplifiés et adaptés au cas d'étude. La partie aéraulique est traitée à l'aide d'outils statistiques tandis la partie thermique repose sur une modélisation par analogie électrique. Un cas d'application du modèle thermo-aéraulique ainsi développé est finalement proposé pour illustrer ses possibilités d'utilisation sur différents modes de gestion de la ventilation naturelle. / The need to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings leads to more and more stringent thermal regulations succeeding one another. In 2020, all new buildings should be positive energy buildings producing more energy than they use. Passive strategies, exploiting the resources of the environment, are a key point to meet this objective.In Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot and dry summers, natural ventilation can provide thermal comfort when used wisely. However, its efficiency is highly dependent on local weather conditions and can vary greatly from one site to another. Despite the simplicity of this type of system, its operation can be complex if the user does not have sufficient information and is not always present in the building. This shows the interest of developing appropriate tools for its study and implementing a simple and optimized control on the building, based on occupant comfort.To assess the potential of natural ventilation without the need of complex experimental measurement or modelling, we propose first of all several climate indicators which can give a first view of a site.Then, based on full-scale experimentations and numerical studies, we focus on the problem of measurement in naturally ventilated buildings with particular attention to the airflow rate. The instrumentation of a residential building at IESC (University of Corsica and CNRS) allows to develop and to test simplified models adapted to the case study. The airflow rate is obtained by statistical tools and the thermal model is based on an electrical analogy. Finally, an application of the coupled thermal and airflow model is proposed to highlight its possibilities on different natural ventilation control modes.

Em algumas capitais da costa do nordeste do Brasil, a verticalização de áreas de orla marítima representa uma barreira em potencial contra a passagem da ventilação natural ao interior destas cidades. Na cidade de São Luís/MA, inicia-se um processo de verticalização nas proximidades da Avenida Litorânea, localizada na praia do Calhau, com 5,3km de extensão. Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar a relação entre esta iminente verticalização e a ventilação natural. Para isto, foram construídos cinco diferentes cenários de verticalização neste bairro, variando-se o gabarito, os afastamentos laterais e a tipologia dos edifícios propostos, em lotes voltados para a avenida mencionada. Em seguida, estes cenários foram simulados no Ansys CFX Software e comparados com a situação atual. Foram monitorados 24 pontos distribuídos em seis quadras, observando-se a influência de cada cenário sugerido nos padrões de velocidade e direção do vento e pressão no nível do pedestre. Concluiu-se que os cenários de verticalização propostos influenciam significativamente nos padrões do vento. Portanto, este trabalho traz uma grande contribuição para o planejamento urbano de São Luís, auxiliando o planejador na pré-determinação dos impactos de novos edifícios nos padrões de ventilação natural em áreas de orla já ocupadas. / In some of the coastal capitals of the Brazilian northeast states, the building verticalization of seaside areas represents a potential barrier to the air flow through the built environment, towards the inner city areas. In São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão (MA), the verticalization process has begun along Litorânea Avenue, which is a 5,3km long street located in Calhaus Beach district. In this context, the objective of this research work is to investigate the relationship between this imminent verticalization and the natural ventilation. In order to fulfill such objective, there were created five different fictional scenarios of verticalization among the sites placed in Litorânea Avenue, which were gathered according to the height, distances between buildings and buildings typology. These scenarios were simulated in Ansys CFX Software and compared with the areas current situation. Along six blocks of the avenue, 24 points were distributed and monitored, observing the influence of each proposed scenario in the wind velocity and direction patterns, also considering the pressure in the pedestrian level. As a conclusion to this study, the pointed scenarios of verticalization have proved to result in significant influence in the wind pattern, distinguished from each other. Contributing to the urban planning of the city of São Luís, this research anticipates the impact of new buildings in the air flow of already occupied seaside areas.

Os programas computacionais de simulação do desempenho termoenergético de edificações têm adquirindo cada vez mais importância devido às possibilidades que apresentam para a avaliação dos projetos. No entanto, há dificuldades para o seu uso nas fases iniciais de projeto, por demandarem tempo, técnicos especializados, orçamentos elevados e um projeto detalhado. Atualmente, existem ferramentas computacionais simplificadas, mas que apresentam limitações quanto às possibilidades de uso, não oferecendo resultados precisos como os dos métodos mais complexos. Portanto, este trabalho propõe avaliar as possibilidades de simplificação das zonas térmicas no programa de simulação EnergyPlus, sem comprometer os resultados das simulações. Esta simplificação auxiliaria o uso dessas ferramentas computacionais nas fases iniciais do projeto. O edifício estudado é uma habitação de interesse social (HIS) naturalmente ventilada, térrea e isolada, simulada para três cidades do Brasil (Curitiba, Manaus e São Paulo). Esta HIS é modelada no EnergyPlus de duas formas: como um modelo multizona (MuZ) e como um modelo monozona (MoZ), em que toda a habitação é considerada apenas como uma única zona térmica. O impacto da simplificação das zonas térmicas é avaliado em dois estudos que consideram: 1) vários horários para abertura e fechamento de portas internas, e 2) diferentes geometrias e distribuições internas para os ambientes. Em ambos os estudos, os resultados mostram que a diferença absoluta horária da temperatura entre os modelos MoZs e MuZs é significativamente baixa para todos os casos considerados, estando abaixo de 0,4ºC mais de 50% do tempo. As maiores diferenças encontradas entre os MoZs e MuZs são obtidas nos modelos simulados nos climas mais frios, nos modelos nos quais as portas internas são consideradas fechadas e nos ambientes menores com uma exposição à radiação solar mais reduzida. As diferenças anuais mínimas e máximas da temperatura interna do ar entre os MoZ e MuZ são notadamente elevadas. No entanto, estes valores são observados num dia e uma hora específica, sendo a média anual significativamente baixa para todos os casos. / Building thermal and energy performance simulation programs are gaining more and more importance due to the possibilities they present for a project evaluation. However, there are difficulties for its use in the early stages of the project, because they demand time, specialized technicians, high budgets and a detailed project. Currently, there are simplified computer tools, but they present limits to the possibilities of its use, since they do not offer accurate results as more complex methods. Therefore, this work proposes to evaluate the possibilities of simplification of the thermal zones in EnergyPlus simulation program without compromising the results of the simulations. This simplification would help the computational tools use in the early design of the project. The studied building is a naturally ventilated single-story isolated social house, simulated for three cities of Brazil (Curitiba, Manaus and São Paulo). This building is modeled in two ways: as a multizone model (MuZ) and as a monozone model (MoZ), where the entire floorplan is considered as one thermal zone. The impact of the thermal zones simplification is evaluated in two studies considering: 1) several schedules for internal doors opening and closing, and 2) different building geometries and floorplans. In both studies, the results show that the absolute difference of temperature between the MoZs and MuZs models is significantly low for all of the cases, being below 0.4ºC more than 50% of the time. The maximum differences found between MoZs and MuZs are obtained in models simulated in colder climates, in models where internal doors are considered closed and in smaller rooms with reduced exposure to solar radiation. The minimum and maximum annual differences of the air temperature between the MoZ and MuZ are considerably high. However, these values are observed in a specific day and hour, with the annual average being significantly low for all cases.