Pasaulio pažinimo pamokoms (ypač gamtamokslinėms) ypatingai svarbu, kad mokinys stebėdamas ir analizuodamas, tyrinėdamas ir įsitikindamas, svarstydamas su draugais ir pan. gautų naują informaciją ir su ja dirbtų. Taip gauta informacija geriau bus suprasta, greičiau susiformuos sąvokos, o kartojimas padės greičiau atsirasti vaizdiniams. Rostoko projekto autoriai įsitikinę, kad aštuonmečiai, priklausomai nuo jų ankstesnės patirties ir esamų žinių, gali abstrakčiai mąstyti, net jei jie formuluoja atsakymus ir mintis sava kalba. Siekdami tai patvirtinti ar paneigti analizavome mokymo proceso (organizuoto pagal projekto autorių metodiką ir bandomą keliose Europos valstybėse) rezultatą – mokinių žinias ir gebėjimą formuluoti sąvokas, jomis operuoti. Mokslinius teorinius faktus apie gamtamokslinių sąvokų interiorizavimą jungiant holistine samprata buvo atskleisti gamtamokslinių sąvokų formavimo modelio pagrindu laikytini teiginiai. Remiantis teorinėmis prielaidomis, parengtas pradinių klasių mokinių gamtamokslinių sąvokų interiorizacijos modelis. Teorinis ir empirinis tyrimas parodė, kad pradinių klasių mokinių gamtamokslinių sąvokų interiorizavimui būdingos tam tikros pagrindinės ypatybės,apibrėžtos pagrindinės jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus gamtamokslinių sąvokų raidos veiksmingumo kryptys. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia manyti, kad modulio Vanduo metodika gali būti sėkmingai taikoma siekiant ugdymo kokybės Lietuvos mokyklose, jeigu mokymo efektyvumu bus suinteresuotas kiekvienas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The article presents the results of the research in adoption of the content of the programme “Water” developed by the scientists from the University of Rostock. The sample of the research included school learners from the 2nd to 4th forms. The data of three testings were analysed and the evaluated change in the school learners’ knowledge development proved that application of the methodology of the programme “Water” significantly improved the respondents’ knowledge of water, its structure, states, the water cycle, the mechanism of water treatment and self-cleaning. This knowledge includes and expands not only learning about the environment but also develops school learners’ ecological attitude to nature and natural resources. However, only well-established long-term knowledge (which is the focus of the programme under discussion) will ensure the application of this knowledge in further process of natural science education. The article also presents the analysis of school learners’ reflections on learning, which shows that the respondents, involved in the investigation of the discussed object (i.e. water in this case) demonstrated a better acquisition of the presented material since visual aids, motivation and active involvement of learners are as relevant as the presented information itself. The conducted research allowed to evaluate the role of the programme “Water” in long-term knowledge adoption, that is, learning and internalisation of concepts. The change in test... [to full text]

4 The Abstrakt: The main target of the thesis is to complete and check the materials of inquiry- based education on the topic of 'water in human life'. This thesis has been based on the ESTABLISH project and it is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the characteristics of inquiry-based education, its benefits and history. It introduces us to the national and foreign project and works that treat this type of education. The main passage of the thesis deals with the compilation and verification of materials for the inquiry-based activities within the thematic unit of 'water in human life'. Part of the materials is methodical handbook for teachers and worksheets for individual activities. Further on this thesis includes the results of a questionnaire for students. The feedback reflected verification of the activities and course of materials content and suitability assessment. Consequently, the thesis also includes the application of the questionnaire for educators which evaluated the awareness of the inquiry-based education and its existing usage by biology teacher on Prague grammar schools. Practical part contains the analysis of the exercises focused on water in relation to humans in selected biology and natural science teaching books. The Keywords: Education,...

In the school subject of the natural sciences it is imperative that the students are given opportunities to ”talk science”, since the dialogues that occur in the classroom have a significant importance for the students’ abilities to engage in meaning-making in their learning process. Hence, the student and teacher interaction in the classroom and the feedback given there play a significant role in the students’ learning process. The aim of this study is to contribute to the development of formative assessment tools that can mediate the students’ meaning-making in natural sciences subjects in upper-secondary school. I have designed and tested a method of oral peer-assessment that enables dialogue-interaction in the natural science-classroom where the students, under supervision of the teacher, get to use each other as learning-resources in groups. The oral formative peer-assessment has been conducted in form of a design-based study in two upper-secondary school classes where each teacher taught natural sciences. The data collected include conversations in small groups, between groups and with the teacher. Data was analysed based on different types of talk (exploratory, cumulative and disputational talk) and type and level of feedback that was given in the classroom. The results showed that the students were given different opportunities for meaning-making, where the lack of subject-knowledge, difficulties with peer-assessment and physical artefacts were seen to significantly affect the learning process. The analyses of the interaction in the classroom showed that the teachers, in both studies, gave a direct feedback, where the students got the opportunity to compare and support their results in a dialogue with each other and the teacher. This type of feedback is considered highly efficient for learning. This study shows that the oral formative peer-assessment is a tool that teachers can use, and adapt to their practices, in order to create interactions in the classroom that can increase the students’ meaning-making. / I de naturvetenskapliga ämnena är det viktigt att eleverna ges förutsättningar att ”prata naturvetenskap” eftersom talet som sker i klassrummet har en mycket stor betydelse för elevernas möjligheter att skapa mening i det naturvetenskapliga lärandet. Interaktionen i klassrummet och den återkoppling som ges har därför stor betydelse för elevernas inlärning. Med syfte att bidra till utveckling av redskap för formativ bedömning som kan mediera elevernas meningsskapande i naturvetenskaplig undervisning på gymnasiet, har jag designat och testat en metod som möjliggör dialogisk interaktion i det naturvetenskapliga klassrummet där eleverna under ledning av läraren gruppvis får använda varandra som läroresurser i en muntlig kamratbedömningsövning. Den muntliga formativa kamratbedömningen har genomförts i form av en designbaserad studie i två gymnasieklasser där ämnesområden i naturkunskap behandlades av lärarna. Datainsamlingen inkluderar samtal som har förts inom grupper, mellan grupper och med läraren. Data analyserades utifrån olika typer av samtal (exploratory, cumulative och disputational talk) och typ samt nivå på den återkoppling som gavs i klassrummet. Elevsamtalen inom grupperna visade att delaktigheten var stor men att typen av kommunikation gav eleverna olika förutsättningar till meningsskapande där bristen på ämneskunskaper, ovana vid kamratbedömning och fysiska artefakter kan anses vara av stor betydelse för läroprocessen. Analysen av interaktionen i klassrummet visade att läraren i de båda studierna använde direkt återkoppling som gav eleverna möjlighet att jämföra och motivera sina resultat i en dialog med varandra och läraren, vilken anses vara en typ av återkoppling som är mycket effektfull för inlärningen. Studien visar att den muntliga formativa kamratbedömningsövningen i sin ursprungliga form är ett redskap som lärare kan använda och anpassa till sina praktiker för att skapa interaktioner i klassrummet som kan öka elevernas meningsskapande.

In educational research to date, many studies have tried to explain how to reduce the gap between theory and practice in science education. Parts of this research have been conducted through the medium of didactic models. Didactic models are frameworks which can help teachers make their didactic choices explicit for themselves as well as in communication with colleagues. Organizing purposes is one of these didactic models, a model which focuses on educational learning progression. In action research methodology we set out to find how a teacher’s learning progression practice could be affected by an implementation of organizing purposes. We used observations and interviews during a pilot study and three design cycles to collect out data. During our study we got to see how the didactic model organizing purposes could be useful for a teacher by giving structure to their work with learning progression in science education. We also saw what changed in the teacher’s teaching during the implementation of organizing purposes. Lastly, we found what factors the teacher saw as important and necessary for the didactic model to work. These were all linked to collaborative engagement. / I skolans värld har det gjorts flera undersökningar om hur man kan minska på gapet mellan teori och praktik i NO-undervisningen. Några av dessa undersökningar har gjorts med fokus på didaktiska modeller. Didaktiska modeller ger lärare en begreppsram som hen kan använda både när läraren strukturerar sin undervisning och när hen ska kommunicera sina didaktiska val i diskussion med kollegor. Organiserande syften är en didaktisk modell som är skapad så att läraren kan spetsa till sitt arbete med lärandeprogression. I denna undersökning användes aktionsforskning för att ta reda på hur en lärare kan använda sig av organiserande syften för att arbeta med lärandeprogression. Vi använder oss av observation och intervju för att under en pilotstudie samt tre designcykler samla data om hur läraren införlivar organiserande syften i sin undervisning. I resultat ser vi hur den didaktiska modellen organiserande syften hjälper läraren att få ett mer strukturerat arbetssätt för att uppnå lärandeprogression i NO-undervisningen. Vi har också sett vilka förändringar införlivningen av den didaktiska modellen i praktiken fått för lärarens undervisning. Slutligen har vi kunnat konstatera vilka faktorer läraren ser som viktiga för att den didaktiska modellen ska kunna fungera i praktiken.

The diploma thesis is focused on the development of natural science literacy of pre-school age children and pupils of younger school age. The aim of this thesis is didactic processing of materials which will enable teachers/lecturers/parents to develop natural science literacy of children, without themselves having to have education in chemistry for correct understanding of the experiment, and thanks to which, at the same time, they could pass on the correct information to children in such way that prevents from the occurrence of natural science misconceptions to a maximum possible extent. The theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to child ontogenesis in pre-school and early school age, which is subsequently reflected in the creation of materials for development of natural science literacy of this target age category of children. The theoretical work includes also the characterisation of the term natural science literacy as a possible tool for increasing interest in the study of natural sciences. It states the expected positives, but also possible negatives, especially in the form of resulting misconceptions which can be associated to the introduction of natural science education for younger children. In the subsequent part, an analysis of syllabus of natural science-focused subjects at...