<p>This essay will investigate the cause of <em>shifts – changes made when translating – in the Swedish version of Enid Blyton‟s <em>Five on a Treasure Island. It should be seen as a direct sequel to <em>The Little Girl is Missing – a bachelor degree project written at Stockholm University. In said degree project the methods used when making the shifts was described, but now the reasons <em>why the shifts were made and <em>how they have affected the plot will be presented. To do so a number of theories concerning both gender studies and translation studies will be used. </em></em></em></em></em></p><p>The working hypothesis is that the shifts were made to rid the translated text of the original text‟s sexist content – to create "equality between women and men" (Lpo 94: 3) and making the translation fit the target culture i.e. today‟s Sweden. This claimed sexist content will be determined mainly with the help of the Swedish compulsory school system‟s curriculum, Lpo94, and Berit Ås‟s master suppression techniques. The intention is to bring the translation phenomenon of ideologically influenced translations into the limelight and start a debate. Besides that, this essay will also provide a didactic model for teachers wanting to work with translation dilemmas in class.</p>

This essay will investigate the cause of shifts – changes made when translating – in the Swedish version of Enid Blyton‟s Five on a Treasure Island. It should be seen as a direct sequel to The Little Girl is Missing – a bachelor degree project written at Stockholm University. In said degree project the methods used when making the shifts was described, but now the reasons why the shifts were made and how they have affected the plot will be presented. To do so a number of theories concerning both gender studies and translation studies will be used. The working hypothesis is that the shifts were made to rid the translated text of the original text‟s sexist content – to create "equality between women and men" (Lpo 94: 3) and making the translation fit the target culture i.e. today‟s Sweden. This claimed sexist content will be determined mainly with the help of the Swedish compulsory school system‟s curriculum, Lpo94, and Berit Ås‟s master suppression techniques. The intention is to bring the translation phenomenon of ideologically influenced translations into the limelight and start a debate. Besides that, this essay will also provide a didactic model for teachers wanting to work with translation dilemmas in class.

The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge on how the didactic model Communicative Approaches can be used as support for analysing and design-ing chemistry education. Which gives students opportunities to explore their own and others' ideas in relation to the ideas of sciences and come to be more involved in the chemistry content. In this study we have used action research and made didactic modelling. We have exemplified how the didactic model Communicative Approaches can be used as support in the planning, implemen-tation, and evaluation of teaching in the subject of chemistry. Based on the didactic model, two teaching cycles with the same content were planned and carried out. In the teaching cycles, we worked with four diverse types of Com-municative approaches. In the planning, the dialogical/interactive communi-cation has mainly been prominent, but other approaches were noticed. For the students to explore a dialogical communication, we chose the concept of air and its properties. The collection of empirical data for the analysis and evalu-ation of the teaching design took place through video recording and on-site observations during the two teaching cycles. The result shows how the didactic model communicative approach became a support for increasing students' participation in chemistry education. The con-ceptual apparatus of the model gives structure to the analysis. Our conclusion is that the didactic model communicative approach can be a support for teach-ers to develop the teaching participation in the subject of chemistry in an orga-nized way in the earlier years of primary school.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The study of didactic models may represent a useful tool to reflect on educational planning, it allows to establish a link between the theoretical aspects of the teaching and learning process and the intervention in the classroom itself. This study was based on didactic models proposed by Garcia Perez (2000) in his studies, they are: traditional, technological, the spontaneist and research at school (alternative). The main objective of the research was to find out what the teaching models used by biology teachers from public schools and their importance in the cognitive development of students. We have the following questions: Will have teachers a teaching / educational reference model? If so, which ones? Are these teaching models being used in the classroom allow students to take ownership of knowledge? As a theoretical framework, we try to address the main characteristics of the teaching models proposed by García Pérez, because this researcher is a world reference in this subject. We also approach on the implementation of educational models in the teaching of biology; on motivation for learning; about developments in the teaching of biology; teacher training; educational planning; and educational evaluation, citing authors such as: Garcia Perez; Myriam Krasilchik, Develay, Carvalho and Gil-Pérez, Libâneo, Bachelard, Charlot, Luckesi, among others. The methodology used is to qualitative research, which has a descriptive character of a case study. The following techniques and collection instruments were used: exploratory research; semi structured interview; observation and questionnaires. For this purpose, were used as research subjects six Biology teachers from two schools of the state of Aracaju. It was observed using the collected data that many of the teachers had knowledge about teaching models and these are present in the syllabus of these teachers. As for the schools surveyed, it was observed lack of some resources and infrastructure for the development of educational practices of these teachers. Regarding the pedagogical procedures, we found a similarity of teaching models used by them, especially when they working in the same school teachers. It can be concluded from this that all models have importance in the teaching practices and that they are not used in full in the teaching of these teachers. / O estudo dos modelos didáticos pode representar um instrumento útil para refletir sobre o planejamento de ensino, pois permite estabelecer um vínculo entre os aspectos teóricos relativos ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem e a intervenção em sala de aula propriamente dita. O presente trabalho baseou-se nos modelos didáticos propostos por Garcia Pérez (2000) em seus estudos, são eles: o tradicional, o tecnológico, o espontaneísta e o de investigação na escola (alternativo). O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi o de descobrir quais são os modelos didáticos utilizados pelos professores de Biologia das escolas públicas e sua importância no desenvolvimento cognitivo dos alunos. Como problemática temos as seguintes questões: será que os professores têm um modelo pedagógico/didático de referência? Se sim, qual ou quais? Esses modelos didáticos que estão sendo utilizados na sala de aula permitem aos alunos se apropriarem do conhecimento? Como referencial teórico, procuramos abordar as principais características dos modelos didáticos propostos por García Pérez, visto que este pesquisador é referência mundial neste tema. Abordamos também sobre a aplicação dos modelos didáticos no ensino de Biologia; sobre a motivação para a aprendizagem; sobre a evolução no ensino da Biologia; formação docente; planejamento de ensino; avaliação de ensino; citando autores, como: Garcia Pérez; Myriam Krasilchik, Develay, Carvalho e Gil-Pérez, Libâneo, Bachelard, Charlot, Luckesi, dentre outros. A metodologia utilizada trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que possui um caráter descritivo do tipo estudo de caso. Para isso foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas e instrumentos de coletas: pesquisa exploratória; entrevista semiestruturada; observação e questionários. Para esse fim foram utilizados como sujeitos da pesquisa seis professoras de Biologia de duas escolas da rede estadual de Aracaju. Observou-se quanto aos dados coletados que boa parte das professoras tinha conhecimento sobre modelos didáticos estando estes presentes no plano de ensino dessas professoras. Quanto às escolas pesquisadas, observou-se falta de alguns recursos e falta de estrutura para o desenvolvimento das práticas educativas dessas docentes. Em relação ao fazer pedagógico dessas professoras, verificou certa semelhança dos modelos didáticos utilizados por elas, principalmente quando se tratava de professores da mesma escola. Pode-se concluir com isso, que todos os modelos têm sua importância no fazer pedagógico dessas professoras e que os mesmos não são utilizados de forma integral na didática dessas docentes.

Disertacijos tikslas yra teoriškai apibrėžti kolegijos studentų inžinerijos anglų kalbos ugdymo(si) sistemą, optimizuojančią funkcinių gebėjimų plėtrą, edukacinių sistemų kaitos sąlygotos didaktikos kontekste. Modernistinė didaktika ir funkcinė sisteminė lingvistika sudaro konstruktyvistinio, į kalbos funkcinius gebėjimus orientuoto, ugdymo(si) modelio pagrindą, kurio esminiais segmentais tampa interakcija, kalbos diskursai, bendras reikšmės konstravimas ir pedagoginė parama. Empirinėje darbo dalyje, taikant kokybinio ir kiekybinio tyrimo būdus, pagrindžiamos inžinerijos anglų kalbos funkcinių gebėjimų ugdymo(si) sistemos didaktinės sąlygos ir veiksniai kolegijose. Tyrimo rezultatų analizė įrodo, kad inžinerijos profesinėje veikloje reikalingų anglų kalbos gebėjimų ugdymo(si) sistema yra sėkmingiau modeliuojama, kai yra grindžiama interaktyvios besimokančiųjų veiklos didaktika. Disertacinio darbo mokslinį naujumą sudaro pirmą kartą išsamiai tiriamas inžinerijos anglų kalbos mokymo(si) procesas kolegijose, didaktinių modelių taikymo diagnostika, profesinėje aplinkoje inžinerijos specialistų anglų kalbos gebėjimų turinio identifikavimas ir empirinis funkcinių gebėjimų ugdymo(si) modelio pagrindimas. Darbo praktinį reikšmingumą sudaro rekomenduojamas inžinerijos anglų kalbos funkcinių gebėjimų ugdymo(si) didaktinis modelis, kurio praktinis taikymas leis modernizuoti edukacinį procesą, laiduos funkcinių gebėjimų plėtrą bei padės kuriant ir tobulinant vykdomas studijų programas. / The aim of the dissertation is to define theoretically the system of Engineering English development for college students ensuring the expansion of functional abilities in reference to the didactic context determined by the change of educational systems. The modernistic didactics and functional systemic linguistics form the basics of the educational model the essential segments of which are the interaction, language discourse, joint meaning construction and pedagogical scaffolding. The empirical part of the work via the application of Qualitative and Quantitative Research ways determines the didactic conditions and factors of the development system of Engineering English functional abilities in colleges. The analysis of the research results reveals the fact that modelling of the education of English abilities necessary for professional environment is more successful when the process is didactically based on the interactive activity of the learners. The scientific novelty of the dissertation comprises the first exhaustive investigation of the development process of Engineering English at college, the diagnostics of didactic model application practice, the identification of English abilities for professional use on the bases of engineering practitioners’ experience and the empirical substantiation of the model for functional ability development. The practical significance of the work covers the recommended model for the development of Engineering English functional abilities... [to full text]

The purpose of the study is to examplify how to use the didatic model communicative approaches to support an proffessional experimental approach in the classroom when teaching science in primary school. This way of teaching science will lead to a more student active and dialogic communicative way of teaching. In this study the research approach didatic modeling was used with the inspiration of the cyclical process from action research. I have designed, implemented and evaluated two teaching cycles and designed a third cycle with the same content. In the study communicative approaches in my design were combined with Concept Cartoons. Furthermore, the didatic model can be used as a support in the implementation and evaluation of teaching science in order to analyse and revise the way of teaching science. In the evalutation the results show how the students get the chance to express themselves and devolope their thoughts in interaction with eachother when consciously using dialogic communicative and student active teaching. This study has exemplified how communictive approaches can be used in the science classroom to support and develop a more dialogic and student active teaching.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om hur Organiserande syften kan användas som stöd för didaktisk analys och design av kemiundervisning i förskolan som tar utgångspunkt i faktaböcker. Som forskningsansats har vi använt oss av aktionsforskning och inom ramen för detta gjordes en didaktisk modellering där vi exemplifierat hur den didaktiska modellen Organiserande syften kan användas som stöd i planering, genomförande samt utvärdering av undervisning i förskolan. Utifrån detta har vi i vår studie genomfört två undervisningscyklar och påbörjat en tredje där vi systematiskt har planerat, agerat, observerat och reflekterat med hjälp av begrepp som kopplas till den didaktiska modellen Organiserande syften: övergripande syfte, närliggande syfte och kontinuitet. Datainsamlingen skedde genom observation under undervisningsaktiviteterna. Aktiviteternas huvudfokus var vattnets olika faser och riktade sig till barn i åldern tre – fem år. I resultatet kunde vi se att när den didaktiska modellen Organiserande syfte användes som ett didaktiskt verktyg var denna ett stöd i utvecklingen samt förbättringen av undervisningen. Modellen hjälpte oss vid planering av aktiviteterna och synliggjorde genom övergripande och närliggande syften på vilket lärandeobjekt eller område som skulle vara i fokus. Analysen av undervisningscyklarna visade på vilka förbättringar som behövde göras inför nästkommande cykel för att det skulle utgå från barnens livsvärld samt utmana till nya upptäckter. Slutsatsen i denna studie påvisar att organiserande syften kan vara ett stöd för pedagoger i förskolan att designa, analysera samt utveckla undervisningens kvalité. / The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how the didactic model organizing purposes can be used in preschool, as support in didactic analyzis and design of chemistry teaching based on non-fictional books. As a research approach, we utilized action research and within this structure didactic modeling was done. We exemplified how organizing purposes can be used as support in planning, implementation and evaluation of preschool teaching. Within this systematically planned, acted, observed and analysed two teaching cycles and planned a third by using the concepts that are linked to the model organizing purposes: ultimate purposes, proximate purposes and continuity. Data was collected through observation of the teaching activities that were carried out. The activities refer to different phases of water and was aimed at children aged three to five years. The results of this study show that using the didactic model organizing purposes as a didactic tool supports the improvement and development of teaching in a preschool environment. The model supported us in the planning of the activities by bringing light to which learning objects or area should be in focus, through the concepts ultimate and proximal purposes. Our analysis of the teaching cycles showed what improvements needed to be made. Improvements that would make the activities better based on children’s knowledge as well as challenge them to make new discoveries. The conclusion of this study shows that organizing purposes can act as support for preschool educators when designing, analyzing and developing the quality of teaching.

Syftet med denna studie är att exemplifiera hur kombinationen av de didaktiska modellerna naturvetenskapliga kunskapsintressen och växelverkan, kan användas av lärare som stöd för att ge elever i årskurs 1–3 förutsättningar för att skapa naturvetenskaplig mening av kemiinnehållet i undersökande arbete. En didaktisk modellering har utförts, där vi har använt exemplifiering med inspiration av aktionsforskning som forskningsansats för att visa hur kombinationen av de didaktiska modellerna kan användas som stöd för att planera, genomföra och utvärdera undervisningen. Med ett cykliskt arbetssätt har vi med utgångspunkt i de didaktiska modellerna genomfört en didaktisk design och didaktisk analys. Modellerna har gett oss stöd för att planera och analysera undervisningen, där vi genomfört två undervisningscykler, med en tredje cykel påbörjad. Under genomförandet av undervisningen samlades data in med hjälp av ljudinspelning, som sedan transkriberades och analyserades. I resultatet presenteras vilka didaktiska val vi gjort samt vilka konsekvenser dessa val gett. Utfallet av de didaktiska analyserna visar hur kombinationen av de didaktiska modellerna hjälpte oss att göra didaktiska val samt reflektera över hur vi kunde ge eleverna stöd i att skapa naturvetenskaplig mening. Exemplifieringen visar att kombinationen av de två didaktiska modellerna kan ge lågstadielärare stöd i att planera, genomföra och utvärdera undervisning i undersökande arbete i kemi. / The purpose of this study is to exemplify how the combination of the didactic models Scientific knowledge interests and Interaction can be used by teachers to create conditions for pupils in grades 1–3 that can support their scientific meaning making of the chemistry content in inquiry-based learning. A didactic modeling has been carried out, where we have used exemplification inspired by action research as a research approach to show how the combination of the didactic models can be used as support for planning, implementing, and evaluating the teaching in inquiry-based learning. We have used the didactic models to perform a didactic design and didactic analysis, which helped us to plan and analyze teaching through a cyclic process where we completed two teaching cycles, with a third cycle started. During the lessons, data was collected using audio recording, which was later transcribed and analyzed. In the results we present the didactic choices we made and the consequences of these choices. The outcome of the didactic analyses shows how the combination of the didactic models helped us make didactic choices and reflect on how we could support the pupils in creating scientific meaning. The exemplification shows that the combination of the two didactic models can give lower primary school teachers support in planning, implementing, and evaluating the teaching in inquiry-based learning in chemistry.

The inherent complexity of development of a new human being, especially when related to a lack of teaching-learning resources, makes the process of teaching-learning in the area of Human Embryology often difficult and abstract. The possibility of using and/or producing three-dimensional concrete models is recognized as an alternative capable of promoting the understanding of the different stages of human embryogenesis. Trying to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the educational potential of such macroscopic tools, three-dimensional models were used as intervention in Human Embryology lessons concerning the discipline taught to the second semester of undergraduate Biological Sciences, at Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), RS. To collect data, a knowledge test with illustrated and, in most of cases, closed questions was applied three times, what consisted in a pre-test, a post-theory test and a post-intervention test. The knowledge test and the models used were referring to the first four weeks of human embryogenesis. The pre-test helped in the first moment to survey the prior knowledge of the sample on the topic and, in a second moment, as a reference for comparison with the results of subsequent applications. Qualitative analysis of the tests resulted in categories of responses and quantitative analysis, in frequencies of each category and average score. Such analysis showed that the performance of the sample in the post-intervention test was considerably higher than in previous applications, what means that intervention models contributed significantly to the process of teaching and learning of the sample, what resulted in a better acquisition of knowledge about human embryonic development. The evaluation made by the sample also contributed to this statement. In this sense, it s highlighted the importance of using such pedagogical alternatives in initial and continuing teacher training, so such tools may be effectively used at different levels of science teaching. / A complexidade inerente ao desenvolvimento de um novo ser, principalmente quando aliada à falta de recursos didático-pedagógicos, torna, muitas vezes, o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, na área de Embriologia Humana, árduo e abstrato. A possibilidade de utilizar e/ou produzir modelos concretos tridimensionais é, reconhecidamente, uma alternativa capaz de favorecer o entendimento das diferentes fases da embriogênese humana. Buscando avaliar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o potencial pedagógico de tais ferramentas macroscópicas, modelos didáticos tridimensionais foram utilizados, de forma interventiva, em aulas de Embriologia Humana referentes à disciplina ministrada ao segundo semestre da graduação em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS. Para a coleta de dados, um teste de conhecimentos com questões ilustradas e, em sua maioria fechadas, foi aplicado em três momentos distintos, constituindo um pré-teste, um teste pós-teoria e um teste pós-intervenção. O teste de conhecimentos e os modelos utilizados foram referentes às quatro primeiras semanas da embriogênese humana. O pré-teste serviu, inicialmente, para o levantamento dos saberes prévios da amostra acerca do tema em questão e, em um segundo momento, de referência para comparação com os resultados das aplicações posteriores. A análise qualitativa dos testes resultou em categorias de respostas, e a análise quantitativa nas frequências de cada categoria e na média geral de acertos. Tais análises demonstraram que o desempenho da amostra no teste pós-intervenção foi consideravelmente maior do que nas aplicações anteriores, o que permite considerar que a intervenção com os modelos contribuiu, de forma significativa, para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da amostra, resultando, assim, em uma maior apropriação dos conhecimentos referentes ao desenvolvimento embrionário humano. A avaliação da metodologia realizada pela própria amostra também levou a esta constatação. Nesse sentido, destaca-se a importância da utilização de tais alternativas didáticas na formação inicial e continuada de professores da área, para que tais ferramentas venham a ser, efetivamente, utilizadas nos diferentes níveis do Ensino de Ciências.

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