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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Frequência reduzida de genes KIR ativadores em pacientes com sepse

Oliveira, Luciana Mello de January 2016 (has links)
Base teórica: A sepse é uma síndrome heterogênea, definida como disfunção orgânica que ameaça à vida, causada por uma resposta desregulada do hospedeiro à infecção. É um problema de saúde mundial, graças à sua alta prevalência, morbimortalidade associada, além de custos para seu tratamento. As células Natural Killer (NK) fazem parte do sistema imune inato reconhecendo moléculas de HLA de classe I em células alvo, através de seus receptores de membrana killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). A intensidade da resposta à infecção pode variar entre indivíduos, logo pode-se considerar que esta seja determinada por bases genéticas, e estas influenciem na ocorrência de sepse e variabilidade nos desfechos. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre os genes KIR e os ligantes HLA em pacientes críticos, comparando pacientes com sepse e controles não sépticos internados na mesma UTI. Métodos: Foi examinado o polimorfismo de 16 genes KIR e seus ligantes HLA em 271 pacientes críticos, caucasóides, sendo 211 pacientes com sepse e 60 controles, pela técnica de PCR-SSO e PCR-SSP, respectivamente. Resultados: Os genes ativadores KIR2DS1 e KIR3DS1 foram mais frequentes nos controles que nos pacientes com sepse (41,23% versus 55,00%, e 36,49% versus 51,67%; p = 0.041 e 0,025, respectivamente). Estes resultados fornecem informação inicial sobre o papel de polimorfismos de KIR na sepse, sugerindo que este possa ser um potencial marcador diagnóstico ou prognóstico da doença. / Background: Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome, defined a life-threatening organic dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis is a global health problem, due to its high prevalence, associated morbidity and mortality, and costs for its treatment. Cells Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system that recognize HLA class I molecules on target cells via membrane receptors called killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). The intensity of the response to an infection may vary among individuals and might be influenced genetic features affecting sepsis occurrence and variability in outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate the association between KIR genes and HLA ligands in critically ill patients, comparing patients with sepsis and without sepsis admitted to the same ICU. Methods: We examined the polymorphism of 16 KIR genes and their HLA ligands in 271 critically ill patients, Caucasians, and 211 patients with sepsis and 60 controls by PCR-SSO and PCR-SSP, respectively. Results: Activating KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1 genes were more common in controls than in patients with sepsis (41.23% versus 55.00% and 36.49% versus 51.67%, p = 0.041 and 0.025, respectively). These results provide initial information on the role of polymorphism of KIR in sepsis, suggesting that this may be a potential diagnostic or prognostic marker of the disease.
42

Dissection of the role of natural killer cells in atherosclerosis using selective genetic approaches / Dissection du rôle des cellules NK dans l'athérosclérose en utilisant des approches génétiques sélectives

Nour Eldine, Wared 06 October 2017 (has links)
L'inflammation chronique en réponse à l'accumulation de lipoprotéines dans la paroi artérielle est centrale dans le développement de l'athérosclérose. L’immunité innée et adaptée sont impliquées dans ce processus. Les cellules Natural Killer (NK), un des éléments clés de l'immunité innée, ont été identifiées dans les lésions athérosclérotiques humaines et murines. Bien que plusieurs études aient cherché à évaluer le rôle des cellules NK dans des modèles animaux expérimentaux d'athérosclérose, les résultats restent contradictoires, certaines rapportant des effets pro-athérogéniques, d’autres anti-athérogéniques. L'une des principales limites de ces études est le manque de spécificité dans le ciblage de la perte ou du gain de fonction des cellules NK. Nous avons utilisé deux approches génétiques sélectives pour étudier le rôle des cellules NK dans l'athérosclérose: 1) des souris Ncr1iCre/+R26lslDTA/+ dans lesquelles les cellules NK ont été déplétées 2) des souris Noé, dont les cellules NK sont hyper-réactives. Les cellules de la moelle osseuse (BM) de ces souris ont été utilisées pour reconstituer le système hématopoïétique de souris Ldlr -/- irradiées. Après une période de récupération de 4 semaines, les souris ont été mises sous un régime riche en matières grasses (HFD) pendant 8 semaines. L'analyse morphométrique de la taille des lésions ‘athérosclérose dans le sinus aortique et l'aorte thoracique n'a montré aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les 3 groupes. De plus, aucune différence n'a été observée dans la composition de la plaque en termes de teneur en collagène, d'infiltration de macrophages ou de profil immunitaire dans le sang et la rate des souris Ncr1iCreR26lsl-DTA, Noé ou contrôles. Nous avons ensuite étudié la sélectivité de des anticorps anti-asialo-GM1 dans la déplétion des cellules NK, qui avaient été utilisés précédemment pour démontrer le rôle pro-athérogène des cellules NK. Nous avons confirmé les effets non spécifiques de cet anticorps, qui déplète non seulement les cellules NK, mais aussi les lymphocytes NKT et CD8+. Enfin, pour déterminer si l'activation des cellules NK par un stimulus externe pouvait avoir des effets sur l’athérosclérose, nous avons traité les souris chimériques (souris Ldlr -/- irradiées reconstituées soit avec les cellules de moelle contrôle ou déficiente en cellules NK) avec du poly IC (un mimétique viral) pendant 8 semaines de HFD. Nous avons trouvé une réduction significative de la taille des lésions au niveau du sinus aortique et de l'aorte thoracique dans les souris déficientes en cellules NK. Nos résultats, à partir de modèles de souris spécifiques, contredisent les études antérieures et démontrent clairement que chez les souris hypercholestérolémiques, les cellules NK n'ont aucun effet direct sur l'athérosclérose, sauf si elles sont pré-stimulée, comme par exemple dans un contexte d’infection virale ou de présence de tumeurs. / Chronic inflammation is central in the development of atherosclerosis. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in this process. Although several studies have evaluated the functions of NK cells in experimental animal models of atherosclerosis, it is not yet clear whether NK cells behave as protective or pro-atherogenic effectors. One of the main caveats of previous studies was the lack of specificity in targeting loss- or gain-of-function of NK cells. Here, we used two selective genetic approaches to investigate the role of NK cells in atherosclerosis: 1) Ncr1iCre/+R26lslDTA/+ mice in which NK cells were depleted, 2) Noé mice in which NK cells are hyperresponsive. No difference in atherosclerotic lesion size was found in Ldlr-/- mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from Ncr1iCreR26Rlsl−DTA, Noé or WT mice. Also, no difference was observed in plaque composition in terms of collagen content, macrophage infiltration or the immune profile in blood and spleen, although Noé chimera had more IFN-y-producing NK cells in comparison with WT mice. Then, we investigated the NK cell selectivity of anti-asialo GM1 anti-serum, which was previously used to conclude to the pro-atherogenicity of NK cells. Anti-asialo GM1 treatment decreased atherosclerosis in both Ldlr-/- mice transplanted with Ncr1iCreR26Rlsl−DTA or WT BM, indicating that its anti-atherogenic effects are unrelated to NK cell depletion. Finally, to determine whether NK cells could contribute to the disease in conditions of pathological NK cell overactivation, we treated irradiated Ldlr-/- mice reconstituted with either WT or Ncr1iCreR26Rlsl−DTA BM with the viral mimic Poly(I:C) and found a significant reduction of plaque size in NK-cell deficient chimeric mice. Our findings, using state-of-the-art mouse models, clearly demonstrate that NK cells have no direct effect on the natural development of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis, but may play a role when an additional systemic NK cell overactivation occurs.
43

Natural Killer Cell Line Therapy in Multiple Myeloma

Swift, Brenna 20 December 2011 (has links)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. NK cells have demonstrated anti-MM activity in allogeneic transplants and donor lymphocyte infusions, and may provide a more effective therapy for MM. This work demonstrates cytotoxicity of NK-92 and KHYG-1 against MM cells in chromium release and flow cytometry cytotoxicity assays. At a 10:1 effector to target ratio, the cytotoxicity of NK cell lines against MM cells is 50-90%. Blocking NKp30 significantly reduces the cytotoxicity of NK-92 and KHYG-1, while blocking NKG2D and DNAM-1 only reduces the cytotoxicity of NK-92. Notably, NK-92 and KHYG-1 have shown preferential cytotoxicity against the clonogenic population, killing 89-99% in a methylcellulose cytotoxicity assay. Preliminary results in a xenograft bioluminescent mouse model show that NK-92, but not KHYG-1, reduces the tumor burden detected by bioluminescence imaging and bone marrow engraftment by flow cytometry. Therefore, NK cell lines may offer a more effective therapy for MM.
44

Natural Killer Cell Line Therapy in Multiple Myeloma

Swift, Brenna 20 December 2011 (has links)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. NK cells have demonstrated anti-MM activity in allogeneic transplants and donor lymphocyte infusions, and may provide a more effective therapy for MM. This work demonstrates cytotoxicity of NK-92 and KHYG-1 against MM cells in chromium release and flow cytometry cytotoxicity assays. At a 10:1 effector to target ratio, the cytotoxicity of NK cell lines against MM cells is 50-90%. Blocking NKp30 significantly reduces the cytotoxicity of NK-92 and KHYG-1, while blocking NKG2D and DNAM-1 only reduces the cytotoxicity of NK-92. Notably, NK-92 and KHYG-1 have shown preferential cytotoxicity against the clonogenic population, killing 89-99% in a methylcellulose cytotoxicity assay. Preliminary results in a xenograft bioluminescent mouse model show that NK-92, but not KHYG-1, reduces the tumor burden detected by bioluminescence imaging and bone marrow engraftment by flow cytometry. Therefore, NK cell lines may offer a more effective therapy for MM.
45

Cell culture and confocal fluorescence imaging of natural killer‐target cell interactions in multi‐well microdevices / Κυτταροκαλλιέργεια και συνεστιακή απεικόνιση φθορισμού των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ φυσικών κυττάρων δολοφόνων και κυττάρων στόχων μέσα σε μικροσυσκευές πολυκυψελών

Χρηστάκου, Αθανασία 22 March 2011 (has links)
The ability of culturing cells in vitro has given many advantages in biological research and has become a standard methodology in drug discovery and toxicology. However traditional culturing methods give limited possibilities comparing to microfluidic systems. In order to understand the cellular mechanisms of Natural killers against virus infected cells and tumors, we developed a method for observing in parallel, high numbers of individual Natural killer-target cell conjugates in confined regions. An important advantage of this method is that it gives the possibility to keep track of large numbers of specific conjugates in a time scale of several days. Thus live cell imaging of NK-Target cell interactions in multi-well microstructures, can offer valid statistical information about NK cells processes that can lead to a better understanding of the function and regulation of the immune system. / Ανοσολογία είναι ο επιστημονικός κλάδος που διερευνά τους σύνθετους μηχανισμούς με τους οποίους το ανθρώπινο σώμα αντιδρά και καταπολεμά μολύνσεις ή δυσλειτουργίες που προέρχονται είτε από παθογόνα ή από μεταλλάξεις των κυττάρων του ίδιου του οργανισμού. Οι αντιδράσεις του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος διαχωρίζονται σε εγγενείς και προσαρμοσμένες άνοσες αντιδράσεις ανάλογα με την ταχύτητα και την εξειδίκευση των αντιδράσεων αυτών ενάντια στα παθογόνα. Το εγγενές ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα αντιδρά άμεσα και συνήθως είναι αρκετά αποτελεσματικό ώστε να εξοντώσει το παθογόνο πριν προκαλέσει αρρώστια. Σε περιπτώσεις όπου η δραστικότητα το εγγενούς δεν είναι επαρκής, το προσαρμοσμένο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα ενεργοποιείται με την βοήθεια του εγγενούς και χρησιμοποιώντας πολύ συγκεκριμένους μηχανισμούς με τη βοήθεια των οποίων παύει η διαδικασία της μόλυνσης. Τα φυσικά κύτταρα δολοφόνοι (Natural killer cells-NK) ανήκουν στο εγγενές ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα και παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην προστασία του οργανισμού και την ρύθμιση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Βασικός στόχος της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ φυσικών κυττάρων δολοφόνων και κυττάρων στόχων. Τα κύτταρα στόχοι είναι είτε κύτταρα μολυσμένα με ιούς ή καρκινικά κύτταρα. Η αρχική υπόθεση ήταν ότι οι πληροφορίες σχετικά με τις λειτουργίες των NK κυττάρων είναι ευκολότερο να καταγραφούν και να αναλυθούν εκτενέστερα, αν μεγάλος αριθμός μεμονωμένων ζευγών ΝΚ-στόχων παρατηρηθούν ξεχωριστά σε περιορισμένο μικρόχωρο. Για την επίτευξη του σκοπού αυτού χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μικροσυσκευές πολυκυψελών εντός των οποίων καλλιεργήθηκαν ξεχωριστά για αρκετές μέρες κύτταρα στόχοι και κύτταρα δολοφόνοι, έτσι ώστε να ελεγχθεί η ζωτικότητα και η λειτουργικότητα των κυττάρων μέσα στους μικρόχωρους. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, για τον έλεγχο αυτό τα κύτταρα τοποθετήθηκαν στις κυψέλες και καλλιεργήθηκαν για 3-4 ημέρες. Κάθε μέρα μία συγκεκριμένη περιοχή της μικροσυσκευής παρατηρήθηκε σε απλό οπτικό μικροσκόπιο και τα κύτταρα μέσα στις κυψέλες μετρήθηκαν. Τα δεδομένα καταγράφηκαν σε μορφή πινάκων και επεξεργάστηκαν στο MatLab. Τα ιστογράμματα που κατασκευάστηκαν έδειξαν ότι η κατανομή των κυττάρων μέσα στις κυψέλες μεταβάλεται και ο συνολικός αριθμός τους αυξάνεται. Τα πειράματα σχετικά με τον έλεγχο του πολλαπλασιασμού των κυττάρων πραγματοποιήθηκαν για 3 διαφορετικούς τύπους, 221Cw6, Nishi και NKL. Εφόσον πρώτα έγινε ο έλεγχος βίο-συμβατότητας των κυττάρων στις μικροκυψέλες, στη συνέχεια κύτταρα δολοφόνοι και κύτταρα στόχοι επεξεργάστηκαν με ειδικές φθορίζουσες βαφές, τοποθετήθηκαν στις μικροσυσκευές και παρατηρήθηκαν με τη χρήση συνεστιακού φθορίζοντος μικροσκοπίου. Με χρήση ειδικής λειτουργίας του μικροσκοπίου, εικόνες συλλέχθηκαν κάθε1-3 λεπτά για 6-12 ώρες. Με τη χρήση της λειτουργίας αυτής ήταν δυνατή η παρακολούθηση των κινήσεων των κυττάρων μέσα στις κυψέλες και η καταγραφή της συμπεριφοράς τους και των γεγονότων κατά την διάρκεια του πειράματος. Έχοντας μεγάλο αριθμό κυψελών (60-100) σε κάθε πείραμα, υπήρξε η δυνατότητα παρατήρησης μεγάλου αριθμού γεγονότων εκ των οποίων κάποια ήταν εξαιρετικά σπάνια η ακόμα και μοναδικά. Λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με την μεθοδολογία των πειραμάτων, την καταγραφή και ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων, αναγράφονται αναλυτικά και επεξηγούνται στην παρούσα εργασία.
46

Natural killer cell inhibitory and activating receptors : regulatory role in effector functions against normal and tumor cells /

Vahlne, Gustaf, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
47

Therapeutic potential of natural killer cells in multiple myeloma /

Alici, Evren, January 2006 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
48

Genetic analysis of natural killer cell mediated virus immunity in related strains of New Zealand inbred mice and their hybrid offspring /

Rodriguez, Marisela Raquel. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.
49

Frequência reduzida de genes KIR ativadores em pacientes com sepse

Oliveira, Luciana Mello de January 2016 (has links)
Base teórica: A sepse é uma síndrome heterogênea, definida como disfunção orgânica que ameaça à vida, causada por uma resposta desregulada do hospedeiro à infecção. É um problema de saúde mundial, graças à sua alta prevalência, morbimortalidade associada, além de custos para seu tratamento. As células Natural Killer (NK) fazem parte do sistema imune inato reconhecendo moléculas de HLA de classe I em células alvo, através de seus receptores de membrana killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). A intensidade da resposta à infecção pode variar entre indivíduos, logo pode-se considerar que esta seja determinada por bases genéticas, e estas influenciem na ocorrência de sepse e variabilidade nos desfechos. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre os genes KIR e os ligantes HLA em pacientes críticos, comparando pacientes com sepse e controles não sépticos internados na mesma UTI. Métodos: Foi examinado o polimorfismo de 16 genes KIR e seus ligantes HLA em 271 pacientes críticos, caucasóides, sendo 211 pacientes com sepse e 60 controles, pela técnica de PCR-SSO e PCR-SSP, respectivamente. Resultados: Os genes ativadores KIR2DS1 e KIR3DS1 foram mais frequentes nos controles que nos pacientes com sepse (41,23% versus 55,00%, e 36,49% versus 51,67%; p = 0.041 e 0,025, respectivamente). Estes resultados fornecem informação inicial sobre o papel de polimorfismos de KIR na sepse, sugerindo que este possa ser um potencial marcador diagnóstico ou prognóstico da doença. / Background: Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome, defined a life-threatening organic dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis is a global health problem, due to its high prevalence, associated morbidity and mortality, and costs for its treatment. Cells Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system that recognize HLA class I molecules on target cells via membrane receptors called killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). The intensity of the response to an infection may vary among individuals and might be influenced genetic features affecting sepsis occurrence and variability in outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate the association between KIR genes and HLA ligands in critically ill patients, comparing patients with sepsis and without sepsis admitted to the same ICU. Methods: We examined the polymorphism of 16 KIR genes and their HLA ligands in 271 critically ill patients, Caucasians, and 211 patients with sepsis and 60 controls by PCR-SSO and PCR-SSP, respectively. Results: Activating KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1 genes were more common in controls than in patients with sepsis (41.23% versus 55.00% and 36.49% versus 51.67%, p = 0.041 and 0.025, respectively). These results provide initial information on the role of polymorphism of KIR in sepsis, suggesting that this may be a potential diagnostic or prognostic marker of the disease.
50

Adaptive NK Cell Memory and Nucleosome Interference: Two Tales of the Ly49 Receptor Family

Wight, Andrew January 2017 (has links)
Ly49 receptors are the canonical natural killer cell class-I major histocompatibility complex receptors expressed in mice. They have a well-defined role in natural killer cell self/non-self discrimination and in the developmental licensing of functional natural killer cells. In this thesis, I report two novel aspects of Ly49 receptor biology. First, I show that their expression may be regulated by specific nucleosome occupancy on AML-1 binding sites within the distal Ly49 promoter. This finding sheds light on a potential regulatory pathway that has thus far been unexplored in studies of the Ly49 receptor family, and highlights the Ly49 family as an ideal model system in which to study the impact of nucleosome occupancy in general. Second, I show that Ly49 receptors have a central and indispensable role in the emerging phenomenon known as adaptive natural killer cell memory. Natural killer cells have recently been observed displaying adaptive, long-lived, antigen specific memory responses comparable to T cell memory responses, but no explanatory mechanism has been discovered to describe how adaptive memory is possible in these ‘innate’ immune cells. Using Ly49-deficient mice, I show that the inhibitory, self-specific Ly49 receptors Ly49C and Ly49I are required for adaptive memory responses to chemical haptens or protein antigens. Moreover, I show that Ly49C/I binding capabilities are required during all stages of the memory response, as is antigen presentation in the context of class I major histocompatibility complex, again analogous to T cell memory responses. I present initial findings implicating these Ly49 receptors as key components of the antigen recognition process itself, and propose a mechanism based in evolutionarily ancient immunology to explain how this specificity could arise. Finally, I demonstrate that Ly49-dependent natural killer cell memory is capable of mediating powerful anti-cancer vaccination effects using an aggressive model of melanoma. Together, these findings in Ly49 family expression regulation and its functional role in adaptive NK cell responses open several new avenues of study in Ly49 receptor biology and natural killer cell immunology.

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