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Frequência reduzida de genes KIR ativadores em pacientes com sepseOliveira, Luciana Mello de January 2016 (has links)
Base teórica: A sepse é uma síndrome heterogênea, definida como disfunção orgânica que ameaça à vida, causada por uma resposta desregulada do hospedeiro à infecção. É um problema de saúde mundial, graças à sua alta prevalência, morbimortalidade associada, além de custos para seu tratamento. As células Natural Killer (NK) fazem parte do sistema imune inato reconhecendo moléculas de HLA de classe I em células alvo, através de seus receptores de membrana killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). A intensidade da resposta à infecção pode variar entre indivíduos, logo pode-se considerar que esta seja determinada por bases genéticas, e estas influenciem na ocorrência de sepse e variabilidade nos desfechos. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre os genes KIR e os ligantes HLA em pacientes críticos, comparando pacientes com sepse e controles não sépticos internados na mesma UTI. Métodos: Foi examinado o polimorfismo de 16 genes KIR e seus ligantes HLA em 271 pacientes críticos, caucasóides, sendo 211 pacientes com sepse e 60 controles, pela técnica de PCR-SSO e PCR-SSP, respectivamente. Resultados: Os genes ativadores KIR2DS1 e KIR3DS1 foram mais frequentes nos controles que nos pacientes com sepse (41,23% versus 55,00%, e 36,49% versus 51,67%; p = 0.041 e 0,025, respectivamente). Estes resultados fornecem informação inicial sobre o papel de polimorfismos de KIR na sepse, sugerindo que este possa ser um potencial marcador diagnóstico ou prognóstico da doença. / Background: Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome, defined a life-threatening organic dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis is a global health problem, due to its high prevalence, associated morbidity and mortality, and costs for its treatment. Cells Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system that recognize HLA class I molecules on target cells via membrane receptors called killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). The intensity of the response to an infection may vary among individuals and might be influenced genetic features affecting sepsis occurrence and variability in outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate the association between KIR genes and HLA ligands in critically ill patients, comparing patients with sepsis and without sepsis admitted to the same ICU. Methods: We examined the polymorphism of 16 KIR genes and their HLA ligands in 271 critically ill patients, Caucasians, and 211 patients with sepsis and 60 controls by PCR-SSO and PCR-SSP, respectively. Results: Activating KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1 genes were more common in controls than in patients with sepsis (41.23% versus 55.00% and 36.49% versus 51.67%, p = 0.041 and 0.025, respectively). These results provide initial information on the role of polymorphism of KIR in sepsis, suggesting that this may be a potential diagnostic or prognostic marker of the disease.
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Avaliação de aspectos da resposta imune de pacientes com obesidade grau III antes e após cirurgia bariátrica / Evaluation of aspects of immune response of patients with grade III obesity after bariatric surgeryCristiane Martins Moulin de Moraes 28 November 2008 (has links)
Embora a obesidade esteja associada à disfunção imune, com incidência aumentada de infecções e alguns tipos de cânceres, há poucos estudos que avaliaram parâmetros imunológicos em pacientes obesos graves. Além disso, há um número limitado de trabalhos analisando o efeito da perda de peso sobre parâmetros imunológicos na obesidade grave. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da perda de peso de pacientes com obesidade grau III submetidos à cirurgia de derivação gastrojejunal em Y de Roux (DGJYR) em parâmetros imunológicos. A produção de citocinas associadas com a resposta imune adquirida (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 e IFN-) e inata (TNF- e IL-6) por células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC), o perfil das populações de linfócitos e a atividade citotóxica de células natural killer (NK), além de citocinas associadas a sua função e desenvolvimento (IL-12 e IL-18), foram avaliados em vinte e oito pacientes não diabéticos, sedentários, com obesidade grau III (20 mulheres e 8 homens, com média de idade de 39,9 ± 10,9 anos e IMC de 49,5 ± 7,1kg/m2) no pré-operatório e 6 meses após a cirurgia. As PBMC foram estimuladas com o mitógeno fitohemaglutinina (PHA) e as citocinas produzidas foram quantificadas por ELISA. O perfil das populações de linfócitos foi avaliado por citometria de fluxo. A citotoxicidade mediada por células NK foi determinada pelo ensaio de liberação de LDH por células alvo K562. A perda de peso foi de 35,3 ± 4,5 kg, com uma significativa redução no IMC seis meses após a cirurgia (-12,9 ± 0,9 kg/m2, p< 0,001). Nenhuma das populações de linfócitos analisadas apresentou modificação no 6º mês após a cirurgia. Observou-se aumento significativo da proliferação de linfócitos seis meses após a cirurgia (p= 0,0026). Houve aumento pósoperatório nas concentrações de IFN-, IL-12 e IL-18 produzidas por PBMC após estímulo com PHA, enquanto a IL-2 apresentou uma tendência ao aumento (p= 0,07). As demais citocinas não apresentaram variação significativa. A atividade citotóxica das células NK aumentou seis meses após a cirurgia [17,1 ± 14,7% no pré vs 51,8 ± 11,3% 6 meses pósoperatório, na proporção 40:1 (célula NK:célula alvo); p< 0,001], mostrando recuperação quando se compara aos valores obtidos em indivíduos controle, pareados por idade e sexo, de peso normal [proporção 40:1 (célula NK:célula alvo) de 45,4 ± 7,8%]. Houve aumento de atividade citotóxica em todos os pontos da curva no pós-operatório em cerca de 79% da amostra (22 pacientes). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a perda de peso induzida por DGJYR aumenta a produção de algumas citocinas relacionadas com a função das células NK e melhora a sua atividade citotóxica. As alterações na função de células NK e do nível de citocinas envolvidas com a atividade destas células podem explicar a propensão ao desenvolvimento de infecções e cânceres associados com a obesidade. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que a cirurgia bariátrica pode ter impacto positivo sobre estes fatores. / Although obesity is related to immune dysfunction, with a higher incidence of infections and some types of cancer, few studies have evaluated immunological parameters in severely obese patients. Moreover, a limited set of studies have analyzed the effect of weight loss in immunological parameters in severely obese patients. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of weight loss induced by Roux en-Y gastric bypass in patients with grade III obesity in immunological parameters. The production of cytokines associated with acquired (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-) and innate (TNF- e IL-6) immune responses from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the profile of lymphocytes populations and the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells (NK), besides cytokines related with NK cell cytotoxic function and development (IL-12 e IL-18), were analyzed in 28 non-diabetic and sedentary patients with grade III obesity (20 women and 8 men, 39,9 ± 10,9 years and BMI 49,5 ± 7,1 kg/m2) before and 6 months after RYGB. PBMCs were stimulated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and cytokines were measure by ELISA. The profile of lymphocytes populations was evaluated by flow cytometry. NK cell cytotoxicity was determined by the lactate dehydrogenase release assay from K562 lysed target cells. The weight loss 6 months after surgery was 35.3±4.5 kg and there was a significant post-surgical decrease in BMI at this point (-12.9±0.9 kg/m2, p<0.001). No significant differences were found in the lymphocytes populations after surgery. It was observed a significant increase in the lymphocytes proliferation six months after surgery (p= 0.0026). There was also a post-surgical increase in the production of IFN-, IL-12 e IL-18 from PBMC stimulated with PHA, while there was a trend towards the increase of the IL-2 production (p=0.07). The other cytokines analyzed were not altered. Cytotoxic activity of NK cells was significantly enhanced 6 months after RYGB [17.1±14.7% before RYGB vs 51.8±11.3% at 6 months after, at effector to target cell (NK cell:K562 cell) ratio 40:1; p<0.001], and it was in the same range when compared to data obtained from controls with normal BMI matched for age and gender (45,4 ± 7,8% at NK cell:K562 cell ratio 40:1). There was a significant post-surgical improvement in all points of the cytotoxic activity curve in almost 79% of the sample (22 patients). In conclusion, the data obtained show that the weight loss induced by RYGB increases the production of cytokines related with NK cell cytotoxic function and improves its activity. The impairment in NK cells cytotoxic activity and cytokines observed in patients with severe obesity may explain their propensity to develop infections and cancer. Our data suggests that the weight loss induced by bariatric surgery can positively impact these factors.
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Avaliação da espressão de glicoproteinas potencialmente especificas na membrana plasmatica de celulas Natural Killer uterinas de camundogos / Evaluation of expression of potentially specific glycoproteins in plasmatic membrane of mouse uterine Natural KillerBizinotto-Assunção, Marcia Cristina 28 July 2006 (has links)
Orientadores: Aureo Tatsumi Yamada, Wirla Maria da Silva Cunha Tamashiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T04:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O fenômeno da gestação em mamíferos de placentação hemocorial, onde o feto alogênico, apresentando metade dos genes de origem paterna, desenvolve um íntimo contato com o tecido materno sem desencadear uma resposta de rejeição pelo sistema imune materno, é ainda uma questão da imunologia da reprodução não esclarecida completamente. O diálogo na interface materno-fetal do útero gestante envolve uma gama de citocinas da categoria Th1fTh2, bem como de várias populações celulares, onde se destacam as células Natural KiUer uterinas (uNK). As uNK são populações linfocitárias transitórias que migram a partir de progenitores localizados em órgãos linfóides secundários como linfonodo e baço para o útero gestante e, neste proliferam e diferenciam ao longo da gestação. A presença destas células no útero gestante tem sido relacionada com o reconhecimento dos antígenos HLA-G e HLA-E expressos pelos trofoblastos, resultando na inibição tanto da resposta imune inata quanto da adaptativa. Esta atuação peculiar das uNK sugere que a modulação destas células no útero gestante esteja relacionada com a expressão de receptores específicos não compartilhada com células NK circulantes (eNK). Em uNK de camundongos, a lectina DBA (Doliehos biflorus agglutin) identifica glicoconjugados contendo N-acetil D-galactosamina presentes na superfície destas células e que não são expressos por outros linfócitos, corroborando com a hipótese de que as uNK expressam receptores específicos não comuns às eNK Neste trabalho, nós propusemos avaliar a possível expressão de moléculas específicas na superfície das células uNK de camundongos e identificar as proteínas candidatas através de técnicas proteômicas. Para tanto foram inicialmente utilizadas células uNK isoladas e purificadas de úteros de camundongos prenhes como in6culos antigênicos em machos da mesma espécie, para avaliar a capacidade de indução de uma resposta imune com produção de anticorpos reativos a esses antígenos. Outra estratégia utilizada foi o isolamento de proteínas de homogenados uterinos, de células uNK e da membrana destas células, na tentativa de isolar e identificar aquelas reativas à lectina DBA. Como resultado das inoculaçães de células uNK, os camundongos receptores produziram anticorpos séricos que reconheciam células uNK através de reações imunocitoquímicas. Este resultado confirma a expressão de moléculas específicas em células uNK, que por sua vez as caracteriza como uma subpopulação de NK específica da gestação. Dos dois animais com maior nível de anticorpos séricos foram coletados os baços para o preparo das células empregadas em experimentos de fusão celular para a obtenção de hibridomas secretores de anticorpos monoclonais. Um dos anticorpos monoclonais obtidos reconheceu moléculas presentes na superfície e no citoplasma das células uNK de várias linhagens de camundongos, assim como moléculas em células presentes no endométrio de ratas prenhes e no endométrio gestacional de humanos, sugerindo que moléculas homólogas são expressas em uNK de outras espécies. No entanto, este anticorpo monoclonal anti-uNK de camundongo (mamuNK1) apresentou reação cruzada com componentes citoplasmáticos de outras células, sugerindo não serem específicos para uNK Em relação ao isolamento dos glicoconjugados lectina DBA reativos observouse que através da cromatografia de gel filtração o isolamento mostrou-se pouco eficiente para o "pool" de proteínas contidas no homogenado uterino, ou mesmo de homogenado de células uNK, em decorrência da existência de múltiplas frações de proteínas capazes de ligar à lectina DBA. Restringindo-se o "pool" de proteínas àquelas obtidas apenas da membrana de células uNK e, através da eletroforese de duas dimensões pode-se delimitar as proteínas de interesse, as quais foram submetidas à análise proteomica. A identificação das proteínas isoladas das membranas de células uNK através de técnicas proteomicas sugeriram as proteínas Conserved oligomeric Golgí complex component 4 (COG4) e Heat shock 70-líke proteín 1 (Hsp 70 L1) como potenciais candidatas relacionadas com as atividades das células natural kíller no útero gestante / Abstract: The phenomenon of pregnancy in mammalians with hemochorial type placenta ions where the allogeneic fetus presenting the half of gene from paternal origins growth in tight contact with maternal tissues, without triggering the rejections responses of maternal immune system is still a non-solved question of immunology of reproduction. The cross-talk at maternal-fetal interface in the pregnant uterus involves a range of Th1rrh2 cytokines, as well as, several cell populations with accentuated participation of uterine Natural Killer (uNK) Iymphocytes. The uNK .are transient leukocyte population that migrate from precursor cells localized at secondary Iymphoid organs such as Iymph nodes and spleen into the pregnant uterus and proliferate and differentiate during the gestation. The presence of these cells in the pregnant uterus has been related to recognition of the HLAG and HLA-E antigen present in the trophoblast, which results in inhibition of both innate and adaptive immune response. This peculiar activity of uNK suggests that the modulation of such cells in the pregnant uterus should be related with the expression of specific receptors not shared with peripheral blood circulating NK (cNK) cell. In the mouse uNK, the DBA (Dolichos biflorus agglutin) lectin identify n-acetyl D-galactosamine containing glycoconjugates present on the surface of these cells not expressed by other Iymphocytes, which corroborate the hypothesis of uNK expressing specific receptors not shared by cNK. The present work aimed to evaluate the presumed expression of specific molecules on mouse uNK cell surface and identify the candidate proteins by proteomic methods. Initially were used uNK cells isolated and purified from pregnant mice uteri as antigen to be inoculated in the male mice and evaluate the capacity of induction of immune response with production of antibodies reactive to these antigens. Other strategy was to realize procedures of protein isolation from uterine homogenates, uNK cells and the membrane of these cells, in the attempt to isolate and identify those reactive to DBA lectin. As results of inoculation of uNK cells were verified responses in the inoculated males by presence of serum antibodies that recognized uNK with immunocytochemistry. These results confinn the expression of specific molecules in uNK cells which characterize these cells as specific NK subset of pregnancy. From two animaIs with highest levei of antibodies in 1he serum were collected the spleen to isolate the Iymphocytes clones for monoclonal antibodies obtantion. One of these antibodies recognized antigen molecules found on the surface and cytoplasm of the uNK cells of several mice strains, as well as, molecules in cells present in the pregnant rats and human beings endometrium, which suggests the expression of homologous molecules in uNK of other species. However, this mouse anti-mouse uterine NK (mamuNK1) was reactive with citoplasmatic components the other cells, suggesting not be specific to uNK. About the isolation of DBA lectin reactive glycoconjugates by purification in gel filtration chromatography revealed low efficiency to the pool of proteins contained in the uterine homogenate, or even in the homogenate of isolated uNK cells due to the multiple DBA lectin positive protein fractions. By restriction of protein pool to those obtained from the uNK cells membrane and by two dimension electrophoresis was delimited the target proteins that were submitted to the proteomic analysis. The identification of isolated proteins of the membranes of uNK cells with proteomics methods suggested the Conserved proteins oligomeric Golgi complex Component (4 COG4) and Heat shock 7D-like protein 1 (Hsp 70 L1) as potential candidates related to the activity of the natural to killer cells in the pregnant uterus / Doutorado / Histologia / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Caracterização do papel das células Natural Killer nas neoplasias mieloproliferativas / Characterization of the Natural Killer cells role in myeloproliferative neoplasmsAdriana Queiroz Arantes Rocha 19 October 2017 (has links)
As células Natural Killer (NK), quando estimuladas por meio de seus receptores, rapidamente produzem citocinas e quimiocinas, incluindo IFN?, TNF?, TGF?, GMCSF, MIP1?, MIP1?, IL-10 e outras, as quais podem afetar a função de outras células hematopoéticas. Considerando as evidências recentes de que as célulastronco hematopoéticas (CTH) respondem diretamente à sinalização de várias citocinas, acreditamos que a produção de citocinas mediada pelas células NK possa regular a função da CTH e que a sua desregulação possa favorecer a transformação maligna. As neoplasias mieloproliferativas (NMP) negativas para o rearranjo t(9;22)/BCR-ABL1, incluindo as entidades Policitemia Vera (PV), Trombocitemia Essencial (TE) e Mielofibrose Primária (MFP), são doenças hematopoéticas originadas de alteração clonal da CTH, e podem servir de modelo para o estudo dessa regulação NK-CTH. Além de mutações que ativam vias de proliferação e sobrevivência celular, como a mutação JAK2V617F, presente em mais da metade das NMP, outros mecanismos contribuem para a patogênese e manutenção da doença, tais como mutações adicionais e regulação da hematopoese neoplásica pelo microambiente da medula óssea. Este último inclui não apenas células do estroma, mas também células do sistema imune. Dessa forma, com objetivo de investigar a potencial contribuição das células NK para a patogênese das NMP, caracterizamos células do sangue periférico de pacientes com NMP do Ambulatório de Hematologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, bem como células esplênicas obtidas de animais de um modelo murino condicional knockin de expressão heterozigótica da Jak2V617F (Jak2VF) quanto à frequência, expressão de receptores e função das células NK. Observamos menor porcentagem de células NK e maior expressão do receptor inibitório NKG2A nos animais Jak2 wt/VF. Pacientes portadores de NMP apresentaram número absoluto de células NK-CD16+ reduzido em relação aos controles saudáveis. O número de células NK-CD16+ foi menor na MFP em relação aos controles e à TE, particularmente naqueles portadores da mutação JAK2V617F. Encontramos menor expressão do receptor de ativação NKG2D nos portadores de PV positivos para a mutação JAK2V617F. Houve menor expressão do receptor de ativação NKp46 nos portadores de NMP, particularmente nos portadores da mutação JAK2V617F, e nos pacientes com MFP. Observamos também menor expressão do receptor NKG2A nos portadores de TE negativos para a mutação JAK2V617F. Em concordância com a redução de células NK, a porcentagem de linfócitos totais mostrou-se reduzida nos pacientes com NMP, particularmente nos portadores de MFP, independentemente da mutação JAK2V617F. Encontramos redução percentual e absoluta do subtipo de células NK CD56brightCD16- (cuja principal função é secretória) nos pacientes com NMP, especialmente na presença da mutação JAK2V617F, nos pacientes com PV e MFP, e menor frequência absoluta do subtipo CD56-CD16bright (com função primariamente citotóxica) nos portadores de MFP. Em contraste, não verificamos deficiência citotóxica das células NK dos animais Jak2 wt/VF em relação aos controles Jak2 wt/wt. Adicionalmente, as células NK dos animais Jak2-mutados demonstraram menor capacidade de secreção da citocina MIP-1?, reconhecida por regular a função de CTH, em relação aos animais controle. Finalmente, houve expressão significativamente aumentada do gene MyD88 nos animais mutados em relação aos controles, sugerindo que a via de sinalização dos receptores do tipo Toll (TLR) pode estar envolvida na regulação NKCTH nas NMP. Em resumo, detectamos deficiência numérica e funcional de células NK em células primárias murinas e humanas de NMP. Nossos achados sugerem potencial regulação da hematopoese maligna pelas células NK nestas neoplasias e podem contribuir para a identificação de novas estratégias terapêuticas que possam interferir nesta complexa interação. / Natural Killer (NK) cells, when stimulated by their receptors, rapidly produce cytokines and chemokines, including IFN?, TNF?, TGF?, GM-CSF, MIP1?, MIP1?, IL-10 and others, which may affect the function of other hematopoietic cells. Considering the recent evidence that hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) directly respond to cytokine signaling, we hypothesized that NK cells mediated cytokine production can regulate HSC function and that their dysregulation may favor malignant transformation. BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are hematopoietic diseases originated from HSC clonal transformation, and thus can serve as a model for studying this NK-HSC regulation. In addition to mutations that activate cell proliferation and survival pathways, such as the JAK2V617F mutation, present in more than half of MPN cases, other mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of the disease, such as additional mutations and regulation of neoplastic hematopoiesis by the bone marrow microenvironment. This latter includes not only stromal cells but also cells of the immune system. Therefore, in order to investigate the potential contribution of NK cells to the pathogenesis of MPN, we characterized the frequency, receptor expression and function of NK cells from patients with MPN from the Clinical Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, as well as from splenic cells obtained from animals of a conditional knockin murine model of Jak2V617F heterozigous expression. Lower percentage of NK cells and higher NKG2A inhibitory receptor expression was observed in Jak2 wt/VF animals as compared to Jak2 wt/wt controls. In agreement, patients with MPN presented reduced absolute numbers of NK-CD16+ cells when compared to healthy controls. The number of NKCD16+ cells was lower in the PMF than in controls or ET patients, particularly in those bearing the JAK2V617F mutation. We found lower expression of the NKG2D activatory receptor in PV patients with the JAK2V617F mutation. There was lower expression of the NKp46 activatory receptor in MPN patients, particularly in those with the JAK2V617F mutation, and in PMF patients. We also observed reduced expression of the NKG2A receptor in non-JAK2 mutated ET patients. In agreement with the NK cell reduction, the percentage of total lymphocytes was reduced in patients with MPN, particularly in PMF, regardless of the JAK2V617F mutation. We found an absolute decrease of the CD56brightCD16- NK subtype (whose main function is secretory) in patients with MPN, especially when the JAK2V617F mutation was present, in patients with PV and PMF. Also, lower absolute frequency of CD56-CD16bright NK subtype (primarily cytotoxic) was found in PMF patients. In contrast, we did not find cytotoxic deficiency in the Jak2 wt/VF NK cells as compared to the Jak2 wt/wt controls. In addition, Jak2-mutated NK cells presented reduced ability of secreting the cytokine MIP-1?, known to regulate HSC function. Finally, there was significantly increased expression of the MyD88 gene in the Jak2-mutated animals as compared to controls, suggesting that the Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling pathway may be involved in NK-HSC regulation in MPN. In summary, we detected numerical and functional deficiency of NK cells in murine and human primary cells of MPN. Our findings suggest a potential regulation of malignant hematopoiesis by NK cells in these neoplasms and may contribute to the identification of new therapeutic strategies that may target this complex interaction.
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Identificação de fenótipos funcionais de células natural killer uterina-DBA positiva de camundongo / Identification of mice DBA positive uterine natural killer cell functional phenotypesDegaki, Karina Yumi, 1980- 29 January 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Aureo Tatsumi Yamada / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:21:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Células natural killer específicas do útero (uNK) gestante acumulam-se em grande número e desempenham múltiplas funções durante a gestação, As uNK podem atuar tanto como produtoras de fatores angiogênicos que contribuem para a remodelação vascular materna imprescindível para a irrigação placentária ou como células efetoras da resposta imune inata pela produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e o acúmulo de proteínas líticas nos grânulos. Contudo, se estas múltiplas funções são desempenhadas cada qual por subtipos funcionais específicos, ou ainda, se é uma única célula multifuncional não está definida. Uma das dificuldades no esclarecimento destas questões está na falta de critérios para a identificação destas células adotados nas diferentes formas de investigação. O presente trabalho propôs no capítulo I, estabelecer uma correlação entre, o fenótipo morfológico das células uNK de camundongos identificadas in situ através de métodos citoquimicos/imunocitoquímicos, com os imunofenótipos das células uNK isoladas do útero que apresentem os perfis de células citotóxico e/ou angiogênico, através da citometria de fluxo. Os métodos citoquímicos de PAS (periodic acid Schiff) e lectina DBA(Dolichos biflorus) e imunocitoquímica para perforina constatou que os três métodos identificam igualmente as células uNK no útero em diferentes dias de gestação (dg) e nas duplas marcações, a maioria das células uNK são DBA+/PAS+/perforina+ e, estas ainda apresentando variações entre grandes e ricas em grânulos e pequenas isentas/pobres em grânulos. Pela citometria de fluxo, as células uNK isoladas do útero no 9ºdg eram predominantemente DBA+/DX5+ (>90%) e negativas para NK1.1. Estas células uNKDBA+/DX5+ eram CD3-, porem surpreendentemente expressavam CD8a (>97%). Este imunofenótipo de célula uNKDBA+/DX5+/CD3-/CD8a+ eram perforina+/TNFa+ (>98%) com expressão do receptor de ativação Ly49H na maioria das células uNK grandes e granulares (64%) e poucas células com receptor de inibição Ly49I+ (~10%), confirmando o perfil citotóxico deste imunofenótipo. Por outro lado, estas células uNKDBA+/DX5+/CD3-/CD8a+ eram também DLL1+/VEGF-A+ e portanto, com perfil de células angiogênicas. Quando confrontado o perfil citotóxico com o angiogênico, as células uNKDBA+ co-expressam o TNFa e o Dll1, confirmando que uma mesma célula compartilha ambos os fenótipos funcionais. O capítulo II avaliou a expressão cronológica e a localização da molécula Dll1, relacionado com a remodelação vascular, nas células uNKDBA+ de camundongos nos períodos de 6,5, 9,5 e 11,5dg. A imunomarcação detectou o fenótipo uNKDBA+/Dll1+ como células pequenas agranulares no 6,5dg que coincidente com o inicio da remodelação vascular do endométrio mesometrial e, atingem o maior numero entre 9,5 e 11,5dg na região central da decídua basal onde ocorre a intensa remodelação das artérias espiraladas. Este conjunto de dados sugerem que as células uNKDBA+ podem apresentar fenótipos funcionais e pode ser adotado como referência para identificação e correlações nas análises in-utero e exo -utero / Abstract: A huge number of pregnancy specific natural killer cell (uNK) accumulates in the uterus and plays multiple functions, such as angiogenic factors, producing cell contributing to the maternal vascular remodeling critical for blood flow to placental and as innate immune responsive cells, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and storage of lytic protein in the granules. However, it is still unknown if these multiple functions are played each one by specific cell subset, or, by one single multifunctional cell. The difficulty to solve this question is mainly due to the lack of standard criteria for identification of these cells in the different experimental approach. The present study aimed in the chapter I, to establish the relationship between the morphological phenotype of mouse uNK cells identified in situ by cytochemical/immunocytochemical methods and, the immune-phenotype of uNK cells isolated from the uterus showing cytotoxic and angiogenic profile by flow cytometry analysis. All the three, PAS (periodic acid Schiff) and DBA (Dolichos biflorus) lectin cytochemical and anti-perforin immunocytochemical methods equally identified the uNK cells in the uteri of different gestational day (gd) and by using combinations of double staining, the majority of uNK cells showed DBA+/PAS+/perforin+ profile and distinguished the incidence of large granule rich and small granule less uNKDBA+/PAS+/perforin+ cell subsets. By flow cytometry, most of uNK cells isolated from the uterus at gd9 were DBA+/DX5+ (>90%) and NK1.1-. and CD3-. Unexpectedly, this uNKDBA+/DX5+/CD3- was CD8a+ (>97%) and also perforina+/TNFa+ (>98%). The large granule rich uNKDBA+/DX5+/CD3-/CD8a+/ perforina+/TNFa+ cells were mostly Ly49H+ (64%) and poorly Ly49I+ (~10%). This immunophenotype confirms the uNK cell cytotoxic profile. Conversely, these uNKDBA+/DX5+/CD3-/CD8a+ were also DLL1+/VEGF-A+ and therefore, angiogenic cell profile. When crossed the uNKDBA+/TNFa + cytotoxic and uNKDBA+/DLL1+ angiogenic profile, majority were uNKDBA+/TNFa +/DLL1+. This result confirms the uNKDBA+ cell share both cytotoxic and angiogenic functional phenotype. In the chapter II, was evaluated the time dependent expression and localization of Dll1 molecule related to vascular remodeling in the pregnant mice uterus. The immune-stain detected the expression of this angiogenic activator in the uNKDBA+ cell that showed changes in the number and localization at the maternal-fetal interface. Markedly, the uNKDBA+/Dll1+ phenotype appear initially like small granule less cells at gd6.5, coincidental to the beginning of mesometrial endometrium vascular remodeling and reach the peak number around 9.5 to 11,5gd in the central area of decidua basalis. These are the place and time of extensive spiral artery remodeling. Taken all together, there are varieties of uNK cell functional phenotype, but most of them being uNKDBA+, this phenotype could be adopted as reference for uNK cell identification to perform the correlation between in-uterus and exo-uterus analysis / Doutorado / Histologia / Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Integridade funcional dos linfócitos NK E NK-like T de pacientes com neoplasia de ovário = Functional integrity of NK and NK-like T lymphocytes from ovarian neoplasia patients / Functional integrity of NK and NK-like T lymphocytes from ovarian neoplasia patientsSilva, Rodrigo Fernandes da, 1984- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Carlos Alberto Petta, Fernando Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As células NK são linfócitos conhecidos pela capacidade de eliminar uma variedade de células malignas, sem a necessidade de estímulo prévio e por meio de um processo de reconhecimento inato, o qual envolve receptores ativadores e inibidores. Esta capacidade também foi observada nos linfócitos NK-like T, porém a via de reconhecimento imunológico envolvida pode ser tanto a inata quanto a adaptativa. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a atividade funcional e a expressão de receptores ativadores DNAM-1, NKp30 e NKp44 das células NK e NK-like T, do sangue e ascite de pacientes com neoplasia de ovário. Foi colhido sangue de 24 pacientes com neoplasia de ovário (11 benignas, Bng; 6 malignas sem metástases, Mlg e 7 malignas com metástases, MlgMt) e ascite (Asc) de 6 pacientes, mediante consentimento assinado. Células mononucleares foram separadas por gradiente de centrifugação. A ativação das células NK e NK-like T foi determinada pela expressão da molécula CD107a por meio da citometria de fluxo, quando coincubadas com as células K562 (proporção 1:1). Foram comparados os efeitos de dois procedimentos de cultivo celular, um de curta duração (18h) empregando meio RPMI-1640 suplementado com SFB (10%), L-glutamina (2mM) e IL-2 (1000UI/ml) e outro de longa duração (21 dias) empregando meio SCGM CellGro suplementado com anti-CD3 (10ng/ml, nos primeiros 5 dias), IL-2 (1000UI/ml) e SFB (10%) em relação à atividade funcional e a expressão dos receptores ativadores. A atividade funcional das células NK pareceu ser afetada em decorrência da evolução da doença. A estimulação com IL-2 de curta duração aumentou a atividade funcional das células NK, mas não significantemente. A estimulação com IL-2 de longa duração aumentou a atividade funcional das células NK significantemente (p<0.001). A porcentagem de células NK expressando os receptores ativadores DNAM-1, NKp30 e NKp44 aumentou significantemente (p<0.05) depois da estimulação com IL-2 de longa duração. As células NK-like T apresentaram baixa atividade funcional nos períodos de estimulação de pré e curta duração e nenhuma atividade na estimulação de longa duração. Foi observado que a integridade funcional das células NK foi comprometida com o desenvolvimento do câncer de ovário. A estimulação de longa duração resultou em um maior número de células NK funcionais quando comparado à de curta duração, conferindo este método para uso imunoterápico. A estimulação de longa duração também foi eficiente no aumento da expressão do receptor ativador DNAM-1 nas células NK, sugerindo este método para reverter à supressão deste receptor, que frequentemente é observada em pacientes com carcinoma de ovário. A falta de ativação das células NK-like T (pré, curta e longa duração) sugere que, no sistema experimental aplicado, estas células não são ativadas pela via imune inata / Abstract: NK cells are lymphocytes known by their ability to eliminate a variety of malignant cells without previous stimulation, in a process involving innate recognition by an array of stimulatory and inhibitory receptors. Similarly, the variant subset of NK-like T lymphocytes has been reported to eliminate tumor cells, but the targeting process might involve either innate or adaptive immune recognition. This study evaluated the functional activation of NK and NK-like T cells, the expression of activating receptors DNAM-1, NKp30 and NKp44 (pre, short- and long-term IL-2 stimulated), from blood and ascites of ovarian neoplasia patients. Blood was collected from 24 patients with ovarian neoplasias after signed consent: 11 benign (Bng), 6 malignant without metastasis (Mlg) and 7 malignant with metastasis (MlgMt). Ascites (Asc) was collected from 6 patients with ovarian neoplasia. Mononuclear cells were separated by gradient centrifugation. NK and NK-like T cells activation (pre, short- and long-term stimulated) was evaluated against K562 (1:1 ratio) by the expression of CD107a, analyzed by flow cytometry. Short-term stimulation with IL-2 (1000UI/ml) was conducted overnight in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with FBS (10%) and L-glutamine (2mM). Long-term stimulation was conducted by a 21 day culturing process with SCGM CellGro medium supplemented with anti-CD3 (10ng/ml, first 5 days), IL-2 (1000UI/ml) and FBS (10%). The functional activation of NK cells pre stimulated seemed to be impaired with the progression of the disease. Short-term stimulation increased NK cells activation, but not significantly. Long-term stimulation increased NK cells activation significantly (p<0.001). The percentage of NK cells expressing the activating receptors DNAM-1, NKp30 and NKp44 increased significantly (p<0.05) after long-term stimulation. NK-like T cells showed low activation on pre and short-term and none activation on long-term IL-2 stimulation. Long-term stimulation resulted in a much higher number of functional NK cells compared to short-term, entitling this method for adoptive therapy. Long-term stimulation was particularly efficient to up-regulate DNAM-1 activating receptor on NK cells, representing a way to overcome down-regulation demonstrated on patients with ovarian carcinoma. The lack of activation of NK-like T cells (pre, short- and long-term IL-2 stimulated) suggests that, in the method applied; these cells are not activated through innate pathway / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde
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Régulation des cellules NK par le TGF-β / Regulation of NK cell function by TGF-ßViel, Sébastien 26 January 2016 (has links)
Les cellules NK sont des lymphocytes de l'immunité innée impliqués dans la reconnaissance et l'élimination de cellules tumorales ou infectées par des pathogènes intracellulaires. La biologie des cellules NK est régulée par des facteurs intrinsèques comme les facteurs de transcription ainsi que par des facteurs environnementaux comme les cytokines, produites en condition homéostatique ou inflammatoire. Certaines cytokines, comme l'IL-15, l'IL-12 ou l'IL-18 sont connues pour potentialiser les fonctions effectrices des cellules NK. L'IL-15, en activant la voie STAT5 permet, d'une part, d'assurer la survie des cellules NK et, d'autre part via la kinase mTOR, d'induire leur prolifération, d'augmenter leur métabolisme ainsi que leurs fonctions effectrices. D'autres cytokines comme le TGF-ß sont connues pour inhiber les fonctions des cellules NK. Le TGF-ß1 est une des cytokines les plus immunosuppressives du système immunitaire et, en étant secrété´ par différents types de cancers, il participe a` l'échappement tumoral. Depuis longtemps, les effets du TGF-ß in vitro sont connus pour contrer ceux de l'IL-15. L'objectif de ce travail a été´ d'étudier les effets du TGF-ß sur la biologie des cellules NK. Nous avons observé´ que l'ajout de TGF-ß, in vitro, induit un blocage rapide de l'activation de la voie mTOR par l'IL-15, que le TGF-ß a des effets très proches de ceux de la rapamycine, un inhibiteur spécifique de mTOR et que, in vivo chez la souris, l'activation constitutive des voies de signalisation activées par le TGF-ß induit un phénotype proche de celui de la délétion de mTOR dans les cellules NK / NK cells are innate lymphocytes involved in the recognition and elimination of tumor or infected cells. The biology of NK cells is regulated by intrinsic factors such as transcription factors but also by cytokines produced at steady state or under inflammatory conditions. Some of these cytokines like IL-15, IL-12 or IL-18 are known to increase NK cells functions. IL-15 allows NK cell survival via STAT5 and, via mTOR, increase NK cell proliferation, metabolism and acquisition of functions. In the other hand, cytokines like TGF-ß are known to inhibit NK cell function. TGF-ß1 is a major immunosuppressive cytokine, often secreted by tumor cells and participates to tumor escape. The inhibitory effects of TGF-ß in vitro on IL-2/15 mediated NK cell activation have long been shown, but the mechanism remains unknown. The objective of this work was to characterize the effects of TGF-ß at a molecular level. We have observed that TGF-ß induces a rapid blockade of IL-15 induced mTOR activation, in vitro. TGF-ß and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin have similar effects. Finally, using genetic mouse models in vivo, constitutive TGF-ß signaling or mTOR deletion results in similar developmental arrests in NK cells
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Caracterização do papel das células Natural Killer nas neoplasias mieloproliferativas / Characterization of the Natural Killer cells role in myeloproliferative neoplasmsRocha, Adriana Queiroz Arantes 19 October 2017 (has links)
As células Natural Killer (NK), quando estimuladas por meio de seus receptores, rapidamente produzem citocinas e quimiocinas, incluindo IFN?, TNF?, TGF?, GMCSF, MIP1?, MIP1?, IL-10 e outras, as quais podem afetar a função de outras células hematopoéticas. Considerando as evidências recentes de que as célulastronco hematopoéticas (CTH) respondem diretamente à sinalização de várias citocinas, acreditamos que a produção de citocinas mediada pelas células NK possa regular a função da CTH e que a sua desregulação possa favorecer a transformação maligna. As neoplasias mieloproliferativas (NMP) negativas para o rearranjo t(9;22)/BCR-ABL1, incluindo as entidades Policitemia Vera (PV), Trombocitemia Essencial (TE) e Mielofibrose Primária (MFP), são doenças hematopoéticas originadas de alteração clonal da CTH, e podem servir de modelo para o estudo dessa regulação NK-CTH. Além de mutações que ativam vias de proliferação e sobrevivência celular, como a mutação JAK2V617F, presente em mais da metade das NMP, outros mecanismos contribuem para a patogênese e manutenção da doença, tais como mutações adicionais e regulação da hematopoese neoplásica pelo microambiente da medula óssea. Este último inclui não apenas células do estroma, mas também células do sistema imune. Dessa forma, com objetivo de investigar a potencial contribuição das células NK para a patogênese das NMP, caracterizamos células do sangue periférico de pacientes com NMP do Ambulatório de Hematologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, bem como células esplênicas obtidas de animais de um modelo murino condicional knockin de expressão heterozigótica da Jak2V617F (Jak2VF) quanto à frequência, expressão de receptores e função das células NK. Observamos menor porcentagem de células NK e maior expressão do receptor inibitório NKG2A nos animais Jak2 wt/VF. Pacientes portadores de NMP apresentaram número absoluto de células NK-CD16+ reduzido em relação aos controles saudáveis. O número de células NK-CD16+ foi menor na MFP em relação aos controles e à TE, particularmente naqueles portadores da mutação JAK2V617F. Encontramos menor expressão do receptor de ativação NKG2D nos portadores de PV positivos para a mutação JAK2V617F. Houve menor expressão do receptor de ativação NKp46 nos portadores de NMP, particularmente nos portadores da mutação JAK2V617F, e nos pacientes com MFP. Observamos também menor expressão do receptor NKG2A nos portadores de TE negativos para a mutação JAK2V617F. Em concordância com a redução de células NK, a porcentagem de linfócitos totais mostrou-se reduzida nos pacientes com NMP, particularmente nos portadores de MFP, independentemente da mutação JAK2V617F. Encontramos redução percentual e absoluta do subtipo de células NK CD56brightCD16- (cuja principal função é secretória) nos pacientes com NMP, especialmente na presença da mutação JAK2V617F, nos pacientes com PV e MFP, e menor frequência absoluta do subtipo CD56-CD16bright (com função primariamente citotóxica) nos portadores de MFP. Em contraste, não verificamos deficiência citotóxica das células NK dos animais Jak2 wt/VF em relação aos controles Jak2 wt/wt. Adicionalmente, as células NK dos animais Jak2-mutados demonstraram menor capacidade de secreção da citocina MIP-1?, reconhecida por regular a função de CTH, em relação aos animais controle. Finalmente, houve expressão significativamente aumentada do gene MyD88 nos animais mutados em relação aos controles, sugerindo que a via de sinalização dos receptores do tipo Toll (TLR) pode estar envolvida na regulação NKCTH nas NMP. Em resumo, detectamos deficiência numérica e funcional de células NK em células primárias murinas e humanas de NMP. Nossos achados sugerem potencial regulação da hematopoese maligna pelas células NK nestas neoplasias e podem contribuir para a identificação de novas estratégias terapêuticas que possam interferir nesta complexa interação. / Natural Killer (NK) cells, when stimulated by their receptors, rapidly produce cytokines and chemokines, including IFN?, TNF?, TGF?, GM-CSF, MIP1?, MIP1?, IL-10 and others, which may affect the function of other hematopoietic cells. Considering the recent evidence that hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) directly respond to cytokine signaling, we hypothesized that NK cells mediated cytokine production can regulate HSC function and that their dysregulation may favor malignant transformation. BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are hematopoietic diseases originated from HSC clonal transformation, and thus can serve as a model for studying this NK-HSC regulation. In addition to mutations that activate cell proliferation and survival pathways, such as the JAK2V617F mutation, present in more than half of MPN cases, other mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of the disease, such as additional mutations and regulation of neoplastic hematopoiesis by the bone marrow microenvironment. This latter includes not only stromal cells but also cells of the immune system. Therefore, in order to investigate the potential contribution of NK cells to the pathogenesis of MPN, we characterized the frequency, receptor expression and function of NK cells from patients with MPN from the Clinical Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, as well as from splenic cells obtained from animals of a conditional knockin murine model of Jak2V617F heterozigous expression. Lower percentage of NK cells and higher NKG2A inhibitory receptor expression was observed in Jak2 wt/VF animals as compared to Jak2 wt/wt controls. In agreement, patients with MPN presented reduced absolute numbers of NK-CD16+ cells when compared to healthy controls. The number of NKCD16+ cells was lower in the PMF than in controls or ET patients, particularly in those bearing the JAK2V617F mutation. We found lower expression of the NKG2D activatory receptor in PV patients with the JAK2V617F mutation. There was lower expression of the NKp46 activatory receptor in MPN patients, particularly in those with the JAK2V617F mutation, and in PMF patients. We also observed reduced expression of the NKG2A receptor in non-JAK2 mutated ET patients. In agreement with the NK cell reduction, the percentage of total lymphocytes was reduced in patients with MPN, particularly in PMF, regardless of the JAK2V617F mutation. We found an absolute decrease of the CD56brightCD16- NK subtype (whose main function is secretory) in patients with MPN, especially when the JAK2V617F mutation was present, in patients with PV and PMF. Also, lower absolute frequency of CD56-CD16bright NK subtype (primarily cytotoxic) was found in PMF patients. In contrast, we did not find cytotoxic deficiency in the Jak2 wt/VF NK cells as compared to the Jak2 wt/wt controls. In addition, Jak2-mutated NK cells presented reduced ability of secreting the cytokine MIP-1?, known to regulate HSC function. Finally, there was significantly increased expression of the MyD88 gene in the Jak2-mutated animals as compared to controls, suggesting that the Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling pathway may be involved in NK-HSC regulation in MPN. In summary, we detected numerical and functional deficiency of NK cells in murine and human primary cells of MPN. Our findings suggest a potential regulation of malignant hematopoiesis by NK cells in these neoplasms and may contribute to the identification of new therapeutic strategies that may target this complex interaction.
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Characterization of CD49A+ NK cells in SIV/SHIV-infected rhesus macaquesArias, Christian Fernando 09 October 2019 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells are traditionally considered part of the innate immune system but have recently been shown to possess adaptive qualities similar to T cells in response to an infection with a pathogen. In addition to possessing adaptive features, NK cells have also been found to reside in different organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes and differ based on phenotypic markers and their responses to different cytokines. Utilizing these findings, several groups have isolated and identified CD49a as a marker for tissue-resident NK cells. In the liver, CD49a has also been shown to be a positive indicator for NK cell memory-like responses in murine models. Building off work that demonstrated antigen-specific responses in rhesus macaques, this project focuses on characterizing the phenotypic markers and functional profile of CD49a+ NK cells in non-human primates. To better understand the role of CD49a in memory-like NK cells outside of the liver, this project utilized spleen samples from rhesus macaques infected with SIV/SHIV. This work aims to help us better understand the dysfunction NK cells experience as a result of HIV-1 infection in humans and also to demonstrate the changes NK cells experience as the disease progresses. A thorough understanding of the adaptive capabilities of NK cells can pave the way for targeted therapies to increase NK cell antiviral activity in HIV and other infections.
METHODS: To characterize the functional and phenotypic profiles of CD49a+ NK cells by multiparameter flow cytometry, thirteen samples of spleen from rhesus macaques were thawed and then stained with two different protocols. A phenotyping protocol involved staining with antibodies against surface markers as well as intracellular markers T-Bet and Eomes. For the functional characterization protocol, the same thirteen samples were stained intracellularly after being stimulated with a cocktail of PMA and ionomyocin. The antibodies used in this were for functional markers. Of the thirteen samples used, six were infected with SHIVSF162P3, two were infected with SIVmac239X, and the remaining five were uninfected.
After staining, these samples were analyzed on an BD LSRII from BD Biosciences. The data obtained were then analyzed using FlowJo software to study NK cells, which were characterized as CD45+CD14-CD20-CD3-CD159+.
RESULTS: The analysis compared NK cells with T cells, B cells, and NKB cells. Some increases were seen among CD49a+ NK cells in the frequency of CD336+ (NCR2/NKp44), CD337+ (NKp30), and CD366+ (Tim-3) after infection.
Although there were some mild increases in CD107a and TNF- in infected samples compared to uninfected, a significant increase was observed in the frequency of IFN-ɣ among infected CD49a+ NK cells compared to uninfected.
CONCLUSION: When comparing samples that were infected vs uninfected, it appears there were some mild decreases after infection in the ratio of NK cells to other lymphocytes. In addition, there did not appear to be a significant increase in the frequency of CD49a+ among these NK cells as a result of the infection. However, among the CD49a+ subpopulation, there were some observed non-significant decreases in CD56-CD16+ cells. Furthermore, there was found to be an almost significant increase in TNF- (p = 0.06) among CD49a+ cells after infection. These findings demonstrate an increase in cytotoxic activity in splenic NK cells associated with an adaptation to the virus. Although there does not appear to be significant changes in the ratio of NK cell populations in the spleen, the changes observed in phenotypic and functional markers associated with CD49a+ demonstrate an increase in the cytotoxic activity of NK cells as a result of infection with SIV/SHIV. However, it remains to be seen if CD49a is a direct indicator of this type of infection. Future work geared toward memory-like NK cells in non-human primate splenic tissue could look at the contrast in CD49a+ NK cells from different states of infection with HIV-1 and/or SIV (acute vs chronic) to better understand the integrin’s role in adaptation.
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The role of metabolism in the anti-tumor cytotoxicity of natural killer cellsLewis, Derrick Brian 10 October 2019 (has links)
Since their discovery, natural killer cells (NK) cells have been implicated as important players in cancer immunosurveillance. In recent years, researchers have taken advantage of this role by developing NK cell-based immunotherapies in the fight against cancer. While these treatments have been moderately successful against hematological malignancy, they are less effective against solid cancers. This lack of success partially results from the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment (TME). While tumors use myriad processes to evade the immune system, the avid consumption of nutrients common to NK and cancer cell metabolism and the production of toxic waste products can have significant deleterious effects on NK cell anti-tumor function.
However, it may be possible to avoid some of this tumor-induced inhibition of NK cell anti-tumor function by manipulating NK cell metabolism and/or environmental conditions. Recent studies have revealed that different activation regimens can affect the metabolic dependencies of different NK cell subsets. Furthermore, studies have identified potential targets in the TME that can make the environment less hostile for infiltrating NK cells. By considering the interrelationship of NK cell metabolism and function—especially in the TME—this thesis illuminates potential strategies to modulate immunometabolic suppression. Despite the promising work already done, many gaps in the knowledge of NK cell metabolism remain. Future work will need to investigate the specific molecular mechanisms linking metabolism and function, the role of tissue-resident NK cells in cancer immunosurveillance, and the influences of chronic disease and altered systemic metabolism on NK cell anti-tumor activity.
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