Magister Legum - LLM / Stateless children and those at risk of becoming stateless has been an ongoing issue both on a domestic level as well as internationally. In many African countries children face discriminatory and arbitrary nationality laws as a result of which they are not registered and granted citizenship in their country of birth or where they are found or undocumented. Thus, children continue to be stateless and will not be able to register their own children once they become parents. As a result, this creates an issue of transgenerational statelessness which will continue indefinitely and as such, requires attention and action both on a domestic and international level as a matter of urgency. While laws have been enacted in the aim to protect stateless children or children at risk of becoming stateless, the lack of guidelines in the implementation thereof creates a difficulty for children to acquire a nationality. States in this regard have the responsibility to create mechanisms to facilitate the implementation of laws especially when dealing with vulnerable groups such as stateless children.

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Pilietybė yra nuolatinis, nepertraukiamas asmens ir valstybės teisinis ryšys. Užsieniečiams išvykus iš valstybės, jų teisinis ryšys su valstybe nutrūksta, priešingai nei piliečiams, kuriems išvykus į užsienio valstybę teisinis ryšys su pilietybės valstybe išlieka. Nustatydamas Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įgijimo pagrindus ir reguliuodamas pilietybės įgijimo ir netekimo tvarką, įstatymų leidėjas turi diskreciją, tačiau tai darydamas įstatymų leidėjas negali paneigti konstitucinio reikalavimo, kad Lietuvos Respublikos pilietis kartu gali būti ir kitos valstybės piliečiu tik atskirais įstatymo numatytais atvejais. Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įstatymai, tiek 1989 m. lapkričio 3 d., tiek 1991 m. gruodžio 5 d. paremti dvigubos pilietybės ribojimo principu, kuris nėra absoliutus. Yra numatytos dvigubos pilietybės draudimo išimtys. 1989 m. lapkričio 3 d. Lietuvos TSR pilietybės įstatyme iš pradžių nebuvo aiškaus dvigubos pilietybės draudimo įtvirtinimo, tokia nuostata buvo įvesta 1991 m. balandžio 16 d. įstatymu „Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įstatymo 18 straipsnio papildymo“. 1991 m. gruodžio 5 d. Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įstatymo 1 str. 2 d. buvo numatyta, kad Lietuvos Respublikos pilietis vienu metu negali būti kitos valstybės piliečiu, išskyrus šiame įstatyme numatytus atvejus. Tokie atvejai iš pradžių buvo du, t.y. kai pilietybė suteikiama už ypatingus nuopelnus Lietuvai bei pagal 1991 m. gruodžio 10 d. Pilietybės įstatymo redakciją - kitose valstybėse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Citizenship is permanent, uninterrupted legal relation between a person and a state. If aliens leave a state, their legal relation with a state breaks off in contrast to the citizens whose legal relation with the state that granted their citizenship remains even if they go to any foreign country. While establishing the grounds for acquisition of the citizenship and regulating the procedure for acquisition and loss, a legislator has a discretion, however, by doing this a legislator may not deny the requirement of the Constitution that a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may also be a citizen of the other state only in separate cases prescribed by the law. Laws on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania, both the law of 3 November 1989 and 5 of December 1991 are based on the principle of limitation of double citizenship which is not absolute. The exceptions of prohibition of double citizenship are prescribed. The prohibition of double citizenship has not been clearly established in the Law on Citizenship of Soviet Union Republic of Lithuania of 3 November 1989 at first. Such provision has been established on the 16 of April 1991 by the law “On the Amendment of Article 18 of the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania”. Law on Citizenship of 5 December 1991 provided that the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may not be the citizen of other state at the same time, except for the cases prescribed by this law. At first, such cases where two, i.e. when the citizenship... [to full text]

As the international markets opened up it became imperative that the for South African taxation system be brought into line with those of its major trading partners whose tax systems are residence based. For South Africans the change to a residence base and the introduction of Capital Gains Tax in 2001 drastically altered the previous source-based tax playing fields. The purpose of this research is to investigate all aspects of residence and its effect on natural persons as well as other legal personae and to discuss how the various forms of income are affected by the new tax dispensation. The position in other fiscal dispositions is also scrutinised to give the reader a more comprehensive understanding of residence-based taxation as applied by some of South Africa's major trading partners. For foreign nationals residing in South Africa, the new system has also had its negative impact. Previously, their foreign earnings were free from local tax because of the old source base system, but this has also changed. The South African legal system is also thoroughly canvassed regarding two important concepts, namely, "resident" and "ordinary resident" and what are meant by them in terms of tax law. These concepts have also enjoyed the scrutiny of the other fiscal dispensations legal systems reviewed. Residence tests to determine the tax status of a person in South Africa and in other fiscal dispensations are investigated in this study to give anyone wishing to emigrate to other climes, a better understanding of what they can expect from a taxation point of view from the fiscal authorities there. The impact of residence on most forms of income is discussed including that of foreign workers and on other legal entities such as companies, while Capital Gains Tax, and the importance of residence on this tax is also canvassed by this study. The study concludes with a review of the standard Double Tax Agreement concluded by South Africa with most other countries and lists those countries with which it has such agreements. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

Darbo objektas. Danieliai gyvenantys Raseinių urėdijos Viduklės girininkijos Blinstrubiškių miške ir aptvare. Darbo tikslas - Ištirti danielių aklimatizacijos eiga Raseinių miškų urėdijoje. Darbo metodai - Gyvenamosios aplinkos tinkamumo vertinimas Danielių kiekybinė ir kokybinė apskaita aptvare prie šėryklos Laisvėje gyvenančių danielių apskaita pagal ekskrementus. Danielių žievės laupymo poveikio įvertinimas žėliniams, želdiniams ir medynams. Darbo rezultatai. Raseinių miškų urėdijos Viduklės girininkijos Blinstrubiškių miško masyvo plotas yra tinkamas danielių populiacijai gyventi. Gyvenamoji aplinka yra įvertinta 65 balais, o šis balų skaičius parodo, kad danielių gyvenamoji aplinka priklauso vidutinių plotų kategorijai. Aptvare gyvena I – III amžiaus grupės patinai, ir I – IV amžiaus grupės patelės. Daugiausia gyvena III amžiaus grupės patinų (50% nuo visos bandos), o patelių daugiausia gyvena I ir III amžiaus grupių kurios sudaro 57,2% nuo visų aptvare gyvenančių patelių. Danieliai sėkmingai aklimatizavosi ir veisiasi, kasmet danielių skaičius didėja, 2008 metais laisvėje gyveno13 danielių (2 patinai, 7 patelės, 4 jaunikliai), o 2010 metais laisvėje gyvena 40 danielių (8 patinai, 14 patelių 18 jauniklių). Vidutinis danielių poveikio žėliniams, želdiniams ir tiksliniams medynams laupymo intensyvumas Blinstrubiškių miške yra 5,1%. / Object of work. Fallow-deer living in Blinstrubiškės Forest and enclosure of Raseiniai Forest Enterprise Viduklė Forest District. Objective of work – to examine the course of fallow-deer naturalization in the territory of Raseiniai Forest Enterprise. Methods of work – Assessment of the suitability of dwelling surroundings Quantitative and qualitative counting of fallow-deer in the enclosure by the feeding place Counting of freely-roaming fallow-deer by excrements. Impact evaluation of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands. Findings of work. The area of Blinstrubiškės Forest expanse in Raseiniai Forest Enterprise Viduklė Forest District is suitable for the dwelling of fallow-deer population. The dwelling surroundings were rated at 65 points, ascribing the dwelling surroundings of fallow-deer to the category of moderate areas. The enclosure contains bucks of age category I – III and does of age category I – IV. Mostly these are bucks of age category III (50 % of the entire herd), and does of age category I and III, comprising 57.2 % of all does living within the enclosure. The fallow-deer have successfully naturalized and keep breeding. The number of fallow-deer increases annually: in 2008 there were 13 fallow-deer living in freedom (2 bucks, 7 does, 4 calves), and in 2010 there were 40 (8 bucks, 14 does, 18 calves). Average impact intensity of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands in Blinstrubiškės forest... [to full text]

The degree to which biotic interactions influence invasion success may partly depend on the evolutionary relationship between invaders and native species. In particular, since host-use by enemies such as invertebrate herbivores and fungal pathogens tends to be phylogenetically conserved, exotic plants that have close native relatives in the invaded range should be more likely to interact with enemies. In this thesis, I explore this idea using a series of experiments and field surveys at nested taxonomic levels. My results indicate that exotics from multiple plant families experience lower damage if their average phylogenetic distance from locally co-occurring native family members is higher. I then demonstrate that within the Asteraceae, foliar and capitular damage are lower on exotic compared to native species. Both damage types had a relatively large phylogenetic component, but did not decline with phylogenetic distance to native or exotic confamilials. Finally, I show that communities with versus without close relatives are unlikely to differ in resistance to the novel invader, Solidago virgaurea: biotic resistance imposed by competitors, generalist vertebrates, and specialist invertebrates resulted in similar patterns of damage and mortality regardless of the presence of congeneric natives. In some cases, effects of biota were positive: growth of S. virgaurea seedlings in soils collected near congeneric natives was enhanced more than in soils from communities where congenerics were absent. Overall, these results suggest that biotic interactions between exotic and native species can be phylogenetically structured, although trends based on distance measures tend to be weak. In some cases, damage does decline with phylogenetic distance to native species; however this trend is unlikely to be a strong force limiting invasion or structuring plant communities. These results have significant implications for current theories of invasion biology including the "Enemy Release Hypothesis" and "Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis", as well as for community phylogenetics.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-297). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-297). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (MA (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The processes of assimilation and naturalisation are encountered by immigrants around the world in differing degrees. Every immigrant to a new state, is forced to adapt to their new society in certain ways, in order to be able to function successfully in their new community. This thesis aims to look at these processes as they are managed by organisations within the new society. The Maatskappy vir Europese Immigrasie (MEI) [Company for European Immigration] was one such organisation which operated in South Africa. The MEI was founded in 1949, following on from other organisations which had concerned themselves with immigrant recruitment, assimilation and assistance in general. This thesis posits that the MEI, whilst primarily directed at the assistance in assimilating immigrants, also maintained another socio-political agenda.

This study seeks to examine the naturalisation of refugees under international law with specific focus on the South African refugee system. The universalised nature of human rights and the difficulties of refugees finding new roots in host states form the basis of this study. This study takes a closer look at the South African refugee system and the path to naturalisation of refugees. It identifies policy and legal gaps in the process of naturalisation of refugees and argues that the practice as it stands today, fundamentally abuses the rights of refugees and questions South Africa’s good faith in meeting its international obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention. It argues further that the biopolitical philosophy upon which South African citizenship is anchored is itself a hindrance to the realisation of efforts aimed at naturalising refugees and their descendants. The research methodology used in this study is non-empirical. This is so because the study is based on available data, information already available in print or on the internet. The study attempts to accomplish the above by undertaking an in-depth analysis of the history of refugees, the current position of naturalisation under international law, and identifies the inherent challenges. In the South African context, the study makes use of extensive statutory, constitutional and case law materials to justify that the current treatment of refugees in their quest for naturalisation is indefensible within the context of a human rights-based approach and the dictates of the Constitution. This study concludes by making recommendations that would help close the legal and policy gaps that obtain presently. These include amendments to the Refugees, Immigration and Citizenship Acts and strengthening policy implementation at the DHA. It is hoped that the recommendations will strengthen and evolve a human rights culture and bring refugee, immigration and citizenship laws in line with the Constitution. It will also pave the way for a more just and peaceful South Africa as she strives to meet her obligations under regional and international law.