Este trabalho teve por objetivo aprofundar a reflexão e a compreensão sobre a lógica da relação sociedade-natureza nas culturas tradicionais, bem como sobre as contradições existentes nas políticas públicas territoriais de conservação da natureza, no que se refere à valorização do modo de vida tradicional. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir da análise dessas políticas e do estudo de um bairro rural tradicional caipira, o bairro dos Paulo, localizado no município de Ibiúna - São Paulo, na área de abrangência do Parque Estadual do Jurupará. O estudo de caso apresentou os elementos empíricos necessários para aprofundar a compreensão da problemática tratada pela pesquisa, ou seja, a maneira pela qual se processaram os conflitos sociais, em um contexto histórico, entre dois tipos de racionalidade e de modo de vida: um rural tradicional e, outro, contemporâneo, urbano-industrial. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa em campo se deu segundo o método da pesquisa participante, adotando-se a entrevista semiestruturada como instrumento de coleta de dados. A análise dos documentos legais e das entrevistas foi realizada com base no método de análise textual discursiva. Foi efetuado ainda o estudo comparativo do uso do solo, das glebas pertencentes à família dos Paulo, em diferentes momentos históricos: 1962, 1978 e 2009, a partir de dados secundários e de fotografias aéreas. Trata-se de um estudo geográfico de abordagem cultural crítica, em que foram definidas três categorias centrais de análise foram definidas: o território, o modo de vida tradicional e as políticas públicas territoriais de conservação da natureza. Categorias estas que, articuladas, possibilitaram identificar as formas de adaptação e a alta capacidade de resistência da cultura caipira frente aos impactos a que foi submetida, particularmente, com as transformações advindas do progresso brasileiro e, posteriormente, com a investida do Estado em criar uma Reserva Florestal, posteriormente transformada em um Parque Estadual em território caipira. A pesquisa demonstrou que os territórios tradicionais se configuram a partir de uma conduta ética diferenciada na relação sociedade-natureza. O modo de vida tradicional reflete saberes e valores que configuram um tipo específico de território, onde sua permanência no tempo, ao longo de sucessivas gerações, bem como a conservação da natureza são condições para a reprodução material e social das chamadas populações tradicionais. Na sua construção histórica, enquanto patrimônio territorial, delineia-se um tipo de gestão e de planejamento específicos, onde princípios, normas, critérios, formas de comando e hierarquias existem calcados em uma forte condição de autonomia, características estas incompatíveis com as diretrizes legais estabelecidas nos territórios de conservação da natureza. Território e modo de vida foram categorias a partir das quais se pôde, ainda, neste estudo, delinear dez premissas para a atuação do Estado junto aos territórios tradicionais caipiras, segundo seus próprios padrões de desenvolvimento, sem o que se entende que não há como falar em reconhecimento e respeito ao modo de vida tradicional. A coerência destas premissas foi discutida tendo-se por referência modelos teóricos de desenvolvimento econômico, considerados compatíveis com as características do território tradicional. / The present paper has the objective of deepening the reflection and comprehension on the logic of the relationship nature-society in traditional cultures, together with the understanding the contradictions of the territorial public policies related to environmental conservation, and to its esteem of the traditional way of life. The research was performed analysing policies and the traditional rural neighbourhood inhabitants, Paulos neighbourhood, located in the city of Ibiúna- São Paulo, in the area within the State Park of Jurupará. The case study managed to present the empirical elements required to expand the debate comprehension proposed by the research, meaning, the way social conflicts are treated in historical context, amid two types of rationality: the rural traditional and the contemporary, urban industrial. The field research was developed in the basis of participant observation method, adopting semi-structured interviews as instrument for data collection. The analysis of legal documents and interviews was performed in the textual and discourse analysis method. Following up a comparative study of soil usage was made in the land owned by Paulos family, in different historical periods: 1962, 1978, 2009 through secondary data and photographed areas. Overall, it is a geographic study with critical cultural approach, where three central categories of analyses are defined: the territory, the traditional way of life and the territorial public policies related to environmental conservation. This categories hinged upon each other, make possible the identification of adaptation formats and high persistence cultural capacity of the inhabitants, even when faced with the impacts they were submitted, specially by the transformations set up by the brazilian progress and, afterwards by the State intention to create a Reserve, later converted into State Park. The research demonstrated that traditional territories are based on a different code of ethical conduct on the relationship between society-nature. The traditional way of life reflects knowledge and value which translate to a specific type of territory. A territory where its time persistence, through successive generations, as well as through environmental conservation are conditions for the material and social reproduction of the, so called, traditional populations. In its historical construction, as territorial heritage, there is a specific type of outline for planning and management, where principles, norms, criteria, forms of command and hierarch are built upon a strong sense of autonomy, features incompatible with the legal regulations established for the environmental conservation territories. Territory and way of life are categories from which, in this study, ten premises for State action were proposed together with the territory inhabitants and according to their own pattern of development. Premises understood as essential elements for recognition and respect of the traditional way of life. The coherence of this premises were debated as reference to economic development theoretical models compatible with the traditional territory characteristics.

The objective of this thesis is to model and solve the problem of placing thermal imaging camera for monitoring piles of combustible bio-fuels. The cameras, of different models, can be mounted at discrete heights on poles at fixed positions and at discrete angles, and one seeks camera model and mounting combinations that monitor as much of the piles as possible to as low cost as possible. Since monitoring all piles may not be possible or desired, due to budget or customer constrains, the solution to the problem is a set of compromises between coverage and cost. We denote such a set of compromises a frontier. In the first part of the thesis a way of modelling the problem is presented. The model uses a discrete formulation where the area to monitor is partitioned into a grid of cells. Further, a pool of candidate camera placements is formed, containing all combinations of camera models and mounting positions. For each camera in this pool, all cells monitored are deduced using ray-casting. Finally, an optimization model is formulated, based on the pool of candidate cameras and their monitoring of the grid. The optimization model has the two objectives of minimizing the cost while maximizing the number of covered cells. In the second part, a number of heuristic optimization algorithms to solve the problem is presented: Greedy Search, Random Greedy Search, Fear Search, Unique Search, Meta-RaPS and Weighted Linear Neighbourhood Search. The performance of these heuristics is evaluated on a couple of test cases from existing real world depots and a few artificial test instances. Evaluation is made by comparing the solution frontiers using various result metrics and graphs. Whenever practically possible, frontiers containing all optimal cost and coverage combinations are calculated using a state-of-the-art solver. Our findings indicate that for the artificial test instances, the state-of-the-art solver is unmatched in solution quality and uses similar execution time as the heuristics. Among the heuristics, Fear Search and Greedy Search were the strongest performing. For the smaller real world instances, the state-of-the-art solver was still unmatched in terms of solution quality, but generating the frontiers in this way was fairly time consuming. By generating the frontiers using Greedy Search or Random Greedy Search we obtained solutions of similar quality as the state-of-the-art solver up to 70-80% coverage using one hundredth and one tenth of the time, respectively. For the larger real world problem instances, generating the frontier using the state-of-the-art solver was extremely time consuming and thus sometimes impracticable. Hence the use of heuristics is often necessary. As for the smaller instances, Greedy Search and Random Greedy Search generated the frontiers with the best quality. Often even better full coverage solutions could be found by the more time consuming Fear Search or Unique Search. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att modellera och lösa kameraplaceringsproblemet då IR-kameror ska användas för brandövervakning av fastbränslehögar. Problemet består i att givet ett antal kamera modeller och monteringsstolpar bestämma de kombinationer av placeringar och modeller sådana att övervakningen av högarna är maximal, för alla möjliga kostnadsnivåer. I den första delen av examensarbetet presenteras en modell för detta kameraplaceringsproblem. Modellen använder sig av en diskret formulering, där området om ska övervaras är representerad av ett rutnät. De möjliga kameravalen beskrivas med en diskret mängd av möjliga kameraplaceringar. För att utröna vilka celler inom rutnätet som en kameraplacering övervakar används metoden ray-casting. Utifrån mängden av möjliga kameraplaceringar kan en optimeringsmodell med två målfunktioner formuleras. Målet i den första målfunktionen är att minimera kostnaden för övervakningen och i den andra att maximera storleken på det övervakade området. Utgående från denna modell presenteras därefter ett antal algoritmer för att lösa modellen. Dessa är: Greedy Search, Random Greedy Search, Fear Search, Unique Search, Meta-RaPS och Weighted Linear Neighbourhood Search. Algoritmerna utvärderas på två konstgjorda testproblem och ett antal problem från verkliga fastbränslelager. Utvärderingen baseras på lösningsfronter (grafer över de icke-dominerade lösningarna med de bästa kombinationerna av kostnad och täckning) samt ett antal resultatmått som tid, lägsta kostnad för lösning med full täckning, etc... Vid utvärderingen av resultaten framkom att för de konstgjorda testinstanserna presterade ingen av heuristikerna jämförbart med en standardlösare, varken i termer av kvalitén på lösningarna eller med hänsyn tagen till tidsåtgången. De heuristiker som presterade bäst på dessa problem var framförallt Fear Search och Greedy Search. Även på de mindre probleminstanserna från existerande fastbränslelager hittade standardlösaren optimala lösningsfronter och en lösning med full täckning, men tidsåtgången var här flera gånger större jämfört med vissa av heuristikerna. På en hundra- respektive en tiondel av tiden kan Greedy Search eller Random Greedy Search heuristikerna finna en lösningsfront som är jämförbar med standardlösare, upp till 70-80% täckning. För de största probleminstanserna är tidsåtgången vid användning av standardlösare så pass stor att det i många fall är praktiskt svårt att lösa problemen, både för att generera fronten och att hitta en lösning med full täckning. I dessa fall är heuristiker oftast de enda möjliga alternativen. Vi fann att Greedy Search och Random Greedy Search var de heuristiker som, liksom för de mindre probleminstanserna, genererade de bästa lösningsfronterna. Ofta kunde dock en bättre lösning för full täckning hittas med hjälp av Fear Search eller Unique Search.

La politique européenne de voisinage (PEV) est née de la volonté de développer un espace de prospérité et de stabilité aux frontières de l’Union élargie. Elle vise à renforcer la coopération politique, sécuritaire, économique et culturelle entre l’UE et ses nouveaux voisins immédiats ou proches, tout en atténuant le caractère séparatif des frontières européennes en engageant les pays voisins dans une coopération mutuellement avantageuse avec l’UE. La thèse étudie le volet oriental de la PEV qui couvre des Etats de l’Est (Ukraine, Biélorussie, Russie). Ces pays occupent aujourd’hui une place croissante dans la stratégie internationale de l’UE. L’adhésion des nouveaux pays membres de l’Europe centrale en 2004 a apporté une nouvelle fragilité, tout en créant un fort groupe de pression qui demandait un engagement direct de l’Union européenne dans les affaires concernant don voisinage immédiat. Disposant d’une parfaite connaissance de la situation économique de cette région et d’une grande expérience de coopération avec la Biélorussie, la Russie et l’Ukraine, ces pays cherchaient à orienter la politique étrangère de la Communauté vers de nouvelles voies d’actions. L’objectif de recherche concerne l’évaluation globale du rôle et de la contribution des nouveaux pays membres, et plus particulièrement de la Pologne, dans l’élaboration commune de la politique orientale de l’Union européenne dans les années 2004-2007. / The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed in order to insure a zone of stability and prosperity on the borders of the European Union (EU). It aims at strengthening political, economic, cultural, and security cooperation between the EU and its neighbours. Its objective is to engage neighbouring States into a mutually beneficial cooperation with the EU. The present doctorate thesis focuses on the Eastern dimension of the ENP which includes Eastern States like Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. These countries have an important role to play in the EU international straetegy. New Eastern European countries adhering in 2004 brought in a new frailty yet creating a strong pressure group asking for a strong commitment of the EU in matters related to immediate neighbourhood. Those countries are thoroughly aware of the economic situation of the region and have a wide experience cooperating with Belarus, Russia and Ukraine; they sought to have an influence on the Community's foreign affairs policy by means of new paths of action. The aim of this research concerns the global evaluation of the new Members States' - and Poland's in particular - part in and the contribution to jointly elaborating the Eastern European Union's eastern policy for the years 2004-2007.

No description available.

The intention of this master-thesis is a critical assessment of the European Union´s (EU) approach to external democracy promotion in Morocco. The study follows a comparative approach and compares the approach pursued by the EU within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), incepted in 2004, with the approach that it had developed up until then under the framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP). The comparison is done with the intention to analyse, to what degree it is justified to speak of a new impetus for democratisation through the ENP in partner countries. The analysis takes into consideration the range of possible instruments for external democracy promotion in the categories „diplomacy“, „conditionality“ and „positive instruments“. For the comparison of democracy promotion under the EMP and the ENP it is suggested to compare the implemented measures in respect to three distinct dimensions: As a first dimension, instruments of democracy promotion are analysed with respect to the focus on indirect vs. direct instruments, e.g. those which aim at establishing socio-economic preconditions favourable to successful democratisation, vs. those which immediately intervene in the processes of political reform. As a second dimension, it is asked whether there has been a shift in the democracy promotion approach on a continuum between consensual cooptation and coercive intervention. As a third dimension, finally, it is analysed whether the approach has undergone a general intensification of efforts, e.g. whether the approach to democracy promotion has become a more active one. The analysis in this master-thesis comes to the conclusion that since the inception of the ENP the EU is indeed pursuing a slightly more direct and certainly a more active approach to democracy promotion in Morocco, while no significant change can be observed in comparison to the strictly partnership-oriented and consensual approach of the EMP. It can be argued that, under the ENP, relations to Morocco have indeed become somewhat more “political”, although at the same time they are still not pro-actively oriented at a political liberalisation of the political regime. Reforms promoted by the EU in Morocco are modest and largely in line with the reform agenda of the Morrocan government itself – e.g. a still largely authoritarian monarchy. Concrete reform steps directed at an opening of the political space, which is largely reserved to the king and its administration, are neither demanded nor supported by democracy promotion instruments, also under the ENP. / Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit untersucht den Ansatz der Europäischen Union (EU) zur Demokratieförderung in Marokko. Die Arbeit folgt einem vergleichenden Ansatz und vergleicht die Strategie der EU, die unter der 2004 ins Leben gerufenen „Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik“ (ENP) verfolgt wird, mit der, die sich bis dahin unter der „Euro-Mediterranen Partnerschaft“ (EMP) herauskristallisiert hatte. Der Vergleich wird mit dem Ziel durchgeführt herauszuarbeiten, inwiefern es berechtigt ist, neue Triebkraft und neue Anstöße für Demokratisierung durch die ENP zu erwarten. In der Arbeit werden alle Instrumente der Demokratieförderung berücksichtigt, die in die Kategorien Diplomatie, Konditionalität und positive Unterstützungsleistungen fallen. Die durchgeführten Maßnahmen werden auf drei Ebenen verglichen: Auf der ersten Ebene wird untersucht, ob sich der Schwerpunkt verschoben hat zwischen indirekten Maßnahmen, die insbesondere darauf zielen, die sozioökonomischen Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiche Demokratisierung zu schaffen, und direkten Maßnahmen, die unmittelbar in politische Reformprozesse eingreifen. Auf einer zweiten Ebene wird gefragt, ob sich der Ansatz der Demokratieförderung auf einem Kontinuum zwischen Konsens und Zwang verschoben hat. Auf einer dritten Ebene schließlich wird untersucht, ob sich das Engagement generell intensiviert hat und der Ansatz der Demokratieförderung aktiver geworden ist. Die Analyse in dieser Arbeit führt zu dem Ergebnis, dass seit der Initiierung der ENP tatsächlich ein leicht direkterer und aktiverer Ansatz verfolgt wird, während sich an dem streng partnerschaftlichen und auf Konsens ausgerichteten Ansatz der EMP nicht signifikant etwas verändert hat. Es wird jedoch auch deutlich, dass politische Reformen von Instrumenten der Demokratieförderung zwar häufiger anvisiert werden. Die Reformen, die von der EU gefördert werden, sind jedoch ausschließlich Teil des von der marokkanischen Regierung eingeleiteten und begrenzten Reformprozesses. Reformen die eine signifikante Öffnung des politischen Raumes bewirken könnten, der für die autoritäre Monarchie reserviert ist, werden auch im Rahmen der ENP von der EU weder gefördert noch gefordert.

In this thesis, we describe linear codes over prime fields obtained from incidence designs of iterated line graphs of complete graphs Li(Kn) where i = 1, 2. In the binary case, results are extended to codes from neighbourhood designs of the line graphs Li+1(Kn) using certain elementary relations. Codes from incidence designs of complete graphs, Kn, and neighbourhood designs of their line graphs, L1(Kn) (the so-called triangular graphs), have been considered elsewhere by others. We consider codes from incidence designs of L1(Kn) and L2(Kn), and neighbourhood designs of L2(Kn) and L3(Kn). In each case, basic parameters of the codes are determined. Further, we introduce a family of vertex-transitive graphs 􀀀n that are embeddable into the strong product L1(Kn) ⊠ K2, of triangular graphs and K2, a class which at first sight may seem unnatural but, on closer look, is a repository of graphs rich with combinatorial structures. For instance, unlike most regular graphs considered here and elsewhere that only come with incidence and neighbourhood designs, 􀀀n also has what we have termed as 6-cycle designs. These are designs in which the point set contains vertices of the graph and every block contains vertices of a 6-cycle in the graph. Also, binary codes from incidence matrices of these graphs have other minimum words in addition to incidence vectors of the blocks. In addition, these graphs have induced subgraphs isomorphic to the family Hn of complete porcupines (see Definition 4.11). We describe codes from incidence matrices of 􀀀n and Hn and determine their parameters.

Neighbourhood councils are sub-municipal committees which operate within a geographically delimited area of a municipality or a municipal department. Their activities cover a single established policy area such as social services (single functioned committee) or several areas such as education, leisure, and social issues (multi-functioned committee). The thesis includes a comparative analysis of the origin, occurance, and performance of multi-functioned neighbourhood councils in Finland, Norway, and Sweden during the period 1968-1986. In the case of Denmark, the debate is analyzed and the question posed as to why neighbourhood councils were not introduced during this period.It is the interplay between a number of factors which determines how and why neighbourhood councils occur and in some cases endure and are developed further. The countries' traditions and characteristics - such as the size of the public sector and local government's share of it, size of municipalities, and political culture - are important in this context. Increased democracy and greater effectivity were the main aims of the reform and these have been achieved to some extent. The occurance of neighbourhood councils also means that participation, recruitment, articulation of demands, and communication between elector and elected are changed and somewhat improved. Where neighbourhood councils exist, greater consideration is given to geographical (rather than departmental) principles in the distribution and redistribution of services and welfare. Neighbourhood councils are clearly a source of further variation between and within the Nordic countries. It is, however, too early to judge whether the variation within countries will develop into inappropriate deviations from the principal of equal services for all or if they, on the contrary, are indications of greater future responsiveness. / digitalisering@umu

This thesis envisions a new way of living in the city of Toronto. It is a vision that evolves not from the ideologies on which Toronto was founded, set out over 100 years ago when all multi-family dwellings were called tenements and tenements were considered, among other things, immoral. Instead, it is a vision founded on a city that has seen immense change over the last century, and faces an even greater rate of change over the next. Our city prides itself on its cultural and social diversity, yet, architecturally, we still struggle to adapt within a fabric of single-family homes. The Dutch provide an edifying example of an architecture of daily life, embodied by their attitude toward issues of privacy, toward traffic, toward work and play. Based on a case study of housing in the Netherlands, a country that has successfully and creatively adapted to the demands of housing in a climate of rapid immigration and a diversifying population, this thesis proposes new, high density urban housing typologies for the city of Toronto. This new vision for the city serves not only to add the necessary density to our existing neighbourhoods, but to foster a strong community life and to provoke new ideas about urban living.

No description available.

This thesis envisions a new way of living in the city of Toronto. It is a vision that evolves not from the ideologies on which Toronto was founded, set out over 100 years ago when all multi-family dwellings were called tenements and tenements were considered, among other things, immoral. Instead, it is a vision founded on a city that has seen immense change over the last century, and faces an even greater rate of change over the next. Our city prides itself on its cultural and social diversity, yet, architecturally, we still struggle to adapt within a fabric of single-family homes. The Dutch provide an edifying example of an architecture of daily life, embodied by their attitude toward issues of privacy, toward traffic, toward work and play. Based on a case study of housing in the Netherlands, a country that has successfully and creatively adapted to the demands of housing in a climate of rapid immigration and a diversifying population, this thesis proposes new, high density urban housing typologies for the city of Toronto. This new vision for the city serves not only to add the necessary density to our existing neighbourhoods, but to foster a strong community life and to provoke new ideas about urban living.