Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Neuromielite Óptica (NMO), anteriormente considerada como um subtipo de Esclerose Múltipla, é uma doença autoimune, inflamatória do sistema nervoso central, na qual o sistema imune ataca a mielina dos neurônios localizados nos nervos ópticos e medula espinhal, produzindo, então, mielite e neurite óptica simultânea ou sequenciais. A patogênese da neuromielite óptica é influenciada pela combinação de fatores genéticos e ambientais, incluindo agentes infecciosos. Diferentes doenças infecciosas podem tanto desencadear como exacerbar a autoimunidade. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar a responsividade imune in vitro a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans em pacientes com NMO recorrente-remitente, e a correlacionar ao nível de incapacidade neurológica. Nesse contexto, a extensão da linfoproliferação e perfil de citocinas em resposta a S. aureus e C. albicans, em culturas de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) foram similares entre pacientes com NMO e indivíduos saudáveis. Entretanto, maior proliferação de células T associada à elevada liberação de IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-17 foi observada em culturas de células derivadas de pacientes com NMO quando estimuladas com E. coli. Ademais, nessas culturas, a produção de IL-10 foi significativamente menor quando comparada ao grupo controle. Ensaios conduzidos em culturas de CMSP depletadas de diferentes subtipos de linfócitos demonstraram que, enquanto células T CD4+ e T CD8+ produzem IL-6 em resposta a E. coli, a produção de IL-17 foi praticamente restrita às células T CD4+. Os níveis de IL-6 e IL-17 in vitro induzidos por E. coli foram correlacionados positivamente às incapacidades neurológicas. Essa maior tendência a produzir citocinas relacionadas ao perfil Th17 foi diretamente associada aos níveis de IL-23 produzidos por monócitos ativados com LPS. De modo interessante, níveis elevados de LPS foram quantificados no plasma de pacientes com NMO e estes foram correlacionados aos níveis plasmáticos de IL-6. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que uma maior responsividade a E. coli poderia estar envolvida na patogênese da NMO. Esse tipo de investigação é muito importante pois inibidores da ligação ou sinalização do TLR poderiam ser considerados terapias com grande potencial como adjuvantes no tratamento de pacientes com NMO. / Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), once considered as a subtype of Multiple Sclerosis, is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in which the immune system attacks myelin of the neurons located at the optic nerves and spinal cord, thus producing a simultaneous or sequential optic neuritis and myelitis. The pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including infectious agents. Different infectious diseases can both trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the in vitro immune responsiveness to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in remittent-recurrent NMO patients, and correlate it to the level of neurological disability. In this context, the extent of lymphoproliferation and cytokine profile in response to S. aureus- and C. albicans-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultures was similar between NMO patients and healthy individuals. Nevertheless, a higher in vitro T cell proliferation associated with elevated IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 release was observed in NMO-derived E. coli-stimulated cell cultures. Additionally, in these cultures, the IL-10 production was significantly lower as compared with control group. Experiments performed with PBMC cultures depleted with different lymphocytes subsets demonstrated that, while both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IL-6 in response to E. coli, the IL-17 production was mainly depended with CD4+ T cells.The in vitro E.coli-induced IL-6 and IL-17 levels were positively related with neurological disabilities. This higher tendency in producing Th-17-related cytokines was directly associated with IL-23 levels produced by LPS-activated monocytes. Interestingly, elevated LPS levels were quantified in the plasma of NMO patients and they were related to plasmatic levels of IL-6. In conclusion, our results suggest that a higher Th17-responsiveness to E. coli could be involved in the NMO pathogenesis. This kind of investigation is very important because inhibitors of TLR binding or signaling could be considered as great potential therapeutics as adjuvant in the treatment of NMO patients.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Neuromielite Óptica (NMO), anteriormente considerada como um subtipo de Esclerose Múltipla, é uma doença autoimune, inflamatória do sistema nervoso central, na qual o sistema imune ataca a mielina dos neurônios localizados nos nervos ópticos e medula espinhal, produzindo, então, mielite e neurite óptica simultânea ou sequenciais. A patogênese da neuromielite óptica é influenciada pela combinação de fatores genéticos e ambientais, incluindo agentes infecciosos. Diferentes doenças infecciosas podem tanto desencadear como exacerbar a autoimunidade. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar a responsividade imune in vitro a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans em pacientes com NMO recorrente-remitente, e a correlacionar ao nível de incapacidade neurológica. Nesse contexto, a extensão da linfoproliferação e perfil de citocinas em resposta a S. aureus e C. albicans, em culturas de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) foram similares entre pacientes com NMO e indivíduos saudáveis. Entretanto, maior proliferação de células T associada à elevada liberação de IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-17 foi observada em culturas de células derivadas de pacientes com NMO quando estimuladas com E. coli. Ademais, nessas culturas, a produção de IL-10 foi significativamente menor quando comparada ao grupo controle. Ensaios conduzidos em culturas de CMSP depletadas de diferentes subtipos de linfócitos demonstraram que, enquanto células T CD4+ e T CD8+ produzem IL-6 em resposta a E. coli, a produção de IL-17 foi praticamente restrita às células T CD4+. Os níveis de IL-6 e IL-17 in vitro induzidos por E. coli foram correlacionados positivamente às incapacidades neurológicas. Essa maior tendência a produzir citocinas relacionadas ao perfil Th17 foi diretamente associada aos níveis de IL-23 produzidos por monócitos ativados com LPS. De modo interessante, níveis elevados de LPS foram quantificados no plasma de pacientes com NMO e estes foram correlacionados aos níveis plasmáticos de IL-6. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que uma maior responsividade a E. coli poderia estar envolvida na patogênese da NMO. Esse tipo de investigação é muito importante pois inibidores da ligação ou sinalização do TLR poderiam ser considerados terapias com grande potencial como adjuvantes no tratamento de pacientes com NMO. / Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), once considered as a subtype of Multiple Sclerosis, is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in which the immune system attacks myelin of the neurons located at the optic nerves and spinal cord, thus producing a simultaneous or sequential optic neuritis and myelitis. The pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including infectious agents. Different infectious diseases can both trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the in vitro immune responsiveness to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in remittent-recurrent NMO patients, and correlate it to the level of neurological disability. In this context, the extent of lymphoproliferation and cytokine profile in response to S. aureus- and C. albicans-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultures was similar between NMO patients and healthy individuals. Nevertheless, a higher in vitro T cell proliferation associated with elevated IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 release was observed in NMO-derived E. coli-stimulated cell cultures. Additionally, in these cultures, the IL-10 production was significantly lower as compared with control group. Experiments performed with PBMC cultures depleted with different lymphocytes subsets demonstrated that, while both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IL-6 in response to E. coli, the IL-17 production was mainly depended with CD4+ T cells.The in vitro E.coli-induced IL-6 and IL-17 levels were positively related with neurological disabilities. This higher tendency in producing Th-17-related cytokines was directly associated with IL-23 levels produced by LPS-activated monocytes. Interestingly, elevated LPS levels were quantified in the plasma of NMO patients and they were related to plasmatic levels of IL-6. In conclusion, our results suggest that a higher Th17-responsiveness to E. coli could be involved in the NMO pathogenesis. This kind of investigation is very important because inhibitors of TLR binding or signaling could be considered as great potential therapeutics as adjuvant in the treatment of NMO patients.

La neuromyélite optique (NMO) est une maladie inflammatoire du système nerveux central récemment mieux comprise par la découverte d’un anticorps sérique spécifique dirigé contre l’aquaporine 4 (anticorps anti-AQP4). L’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une recherche translationnelle pour améliorer la connaissance de la réponse immunitaire dans la NMO. Nous avons d’abord développé et étudié un modèle animal de NMO en laboratoire afin de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie d’une inflammation optico-médullaire. Nous avons aussi amélioré la connaissance de la NMO humaine. Nous avons montré que la réactivité anti-AQP4 n’était pas corrélée à l’activité de la maladie et retrouvé une réactivité contre d’autres protéines que l’AQP4. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence des anomalies métaboliques sériques (scyllo-inositol et acétate), et une diminution du volume de la substance blanche cérébrale, ce qui ouvre la voie à de nouvelles recherches pour confirmer et exploiter ces résultats. / Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which a specific antibody targeting aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4) was recently found. The aim of this thesis is to develop a translational research in order to improve our knowledge of the immune response in NMO. We have therefore studied a animal model mimicking NMO and allowing a better comprehension of optico-spinal inflammation. In the human subjects suffering from NMO, we have also found that anti-AQP4 reactivity was not correlated to the disease activity and that reactivities against other proteins may exist. We have discovered changes in the serum concentrations of some metabolites (scyllo-inositol and acetate) and a decrease in the volume of brain white matter. These findings have to be confirmed by other studies and may improve our comprehension of NMO.

Les récepteurs du Fc des Immunoglobulines G (FcγR) sont impliqués dans de nombreuses réactions immunitaires. Deux groupes de faible affinité existent : les FcγRIIa/b/c et les FcγRIIIa/b, FcγRIIb étant le seul inhibiteur. Plusieurs polymorphismes, modifiant l’affinité au ligand et la réponse du récepteur, sont favorisés par une pression de sélection infectieuse et associés aux Maladies Auto-Immunes (MAI). Nous avons étudié l’association des polymorphismes FcγRIIa-R131H, FcγRIIb-I232T, FcγRIIIa-F158V, FcγRIIIb-Na1/Na2 aux Lupus érythémateux systémique (LES), la neuromyélite optique (NMO) et la sclérose en plaque (SEP) en Martinique. Nos résultats montrent une forte fréquence des allèles T232, V158 et des génotypes 232TT et 158VV dans la population générale, une augmentation de la fréquence de l’homozygote Na1, des allèles Na1 et 158F dans le LES, une augmentation du génotype 131RR ainsi que des allèles 131R et 158V dans le LES avec atteinte rénale, une augmentation du génotype 131RR et une diminution du NA2/NA2 dans la SEP ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’allèle 232T dans les NMO. L’étude de l’influence du FcγRIIb-I232T sur l’activation du récepteur à l’antigène des lymphocytes B (BCR) chez des lupiques et des témoins sains porteurs des formes IT, TT ou II montre que la régulation du BCR est effective même en présence de la forme TT. Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois que la population martiniquaise possède un terrain génétique particulier qui faciliterait l’apparition de MAI avec pronostic plus sévère. / Receptors of Fc of Immunoglobulin G (FcγR) are involved in many immune responses. Two low affinity groups exist: FcγRIIa/b/c, and FcγRIIIa/b, FcγRIIb is the only inhibitor. Several polymorphisms, altering the affinity ligand and receptor response, are selected by an infectious pressure and associated with autoimmune diseases (AID). We studied the association of polymorphisms FcγRIIa-R131H, FcγRIIb-I232T, FcγRIIIa-F158V, FcγRIIIb-Na1/Na2 to systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple scelrosis (MS) in Martinique. Our results show a high frequency of alleles T232, V158 and 232TT and 158VV genotypes in Martinican, an increase in the frequency of the homozygous Na1, Na1 and 158F alleles in SLE, an increase of 131RR genotype, the 131R and 158V alleles in SLE with kidney disease, an increase of 131RR genotype and a decrease of NA2 / NA2 in MS but an increase in the 232T allele in NMO. Study of the influence of FcγRIIb-I232T on the activation of the B cells receptor (BCR) in lupus and healthy controls controls exibiting IT, TT or II forms, shows that the regulation of BCR is effective even in the presence TT form. These results show for the first time Martinican population has a particular genetic background which would facilitate the appearance of MAI particularly serious.

INTRODUCTION._Le handicap associé aux maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central (SNC), représentées par la sclérose en plaques (SEP) et la neuromyélite optique de Devic (NMOSD), est sous-tendu par la perte neuronale._x000D_La tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des outils robustes et reproductibles permettant de mesurer la perte axonale in vivo.OBJECTIFS.Développer des biomarqueurs OCT et IRM pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le suivi des patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires du SNC.MATERIELS et METHODES.Notre IRM est de champ magnétique 3 teslas (Achieva, Philips, Best, Pays Bas). L'appareil OCT est de 4éme génération (Heidelberg Spectralis, Allemagne). (1) Nous avons développé une séquence en tenseur de diffusion (DTI) de la moelle épinière cervicale en acquisition coronale et (2) évalué les corrélations entre les paramètres DTI et le handicap clinique d'une cohorte de patients SEP. (3) Nous avons comparé la séquence 3D-Double Inversion Récupération (DIR) à la séquence 2D-STIR FLAIR coronal pour la détection des hypersignaux inflammatoires du nerf optique.Sur le plan OCT, (4) nous avons participé à une étude multicentrique pour la validation de critères de qualité OCT. (5) Nous avons réalisé une étude OCT comparative de patients SEP, NMOSD et de sujets sains, afin de mettre en évidence des paramètres OCT différenciant les 2 maladies, parmi lesquels l'épaisseur de la pRNFL (globale ou en secteurs) et des couches maculaires (logiciel de segmentation HEYEX). (6) Nous avons évalué la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique comme potentiel biomarqueur de la perte axonale rétinienne évaluée en OCT.RESULTATS.(1) Les paramètres DTI (fraction d'anisotropie [FA], diffusivité moyenne [MD] et radiale [rD]) étaient significativement différents entre les sujets SEP et sains. Chez les sujets SEP, la FA diminue, la MD et la rD augmentent.(2) Dans la SEP, la FA mesurée au sein de la moelle épinière cervicale (C2-C6) était modérément corrélée au handicap clinique du patient mesuré par le score EDSS et les scores fonctionnels pyramidal, sensitif et sphinctérien._x000D_(3) La séquence 3D-DIR était plus précise que le 2D STIR FLAIR pour la détection d'un hypersignal inflammatoire du nerf optique (Se 95%, Sp 94%) et montrait une concordance inter-observateur plus élevée (kappa = 0.96).(4) La concordance inter-observateur des critères de qualité OCT OSCAR-IB était substantielle (kappa = 0.7).(5) Nous mettons en évidence une atrophie rétinienne post ON comparable entre la SEP et la NMOSD. Les patients SEP présentent une atrophie maculaire et de la pRNFL temporale sur les yeux sans névrite optique. Nos résultats suggèrent une possible atrophie maculaire infraclinique chez les sujets NMOSD. Les corrélations entre OCT et handicap visuel étaient bonnes et nombreuses. Dans la NMOSD, les corrélations entre OCT et handicap clinique étaient moins nombreuses et liée à la présence d'un handicap visuel.(6) Nous avons mis en évidence une bonne association (p<0.0001) entre la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique, l'épaisseur de la pRNFL, le volume des couches maculaires internes et le handicap visuel. Près de 40% des yeux indemnes de NO présentaient un hypersignal du nerf optique.CONCLUSIONS.Nous avons développé une séquence DTI analysant la moelle épinière cervicale, applicable en routine et de façon prospective. Les corrélations entre la FA ou la MD et le handicap restent toutefois modérées [...] / BACKGROUND.Inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are mainly represented by multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Both diseases may be associated with slight to severe clinical disability. There is a need for developing imaging biomarkers which could be used for diagnostic purposes and as potential therapeutic biomarkers. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are robust and reproducible tools enabling us to measure axonal loss in vivo.OBJECTIVES.To develop OCT and MRI biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of inflammatory diseases affecting CNS.METHODS.Our MRI is a 3 teslas MRI (Achieva, Philips, Best the Netherlands) devoted to research at CHRU de Lille. The OCT tool is a 4th generation spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis, Germany).(1) We firstly developped a coronal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence for cervical spinal cord and (2) applied it to a large MS cohort in order to evaluate potential DTI/clinical disability correlations. (3) We interested in 3D-Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence for the detection of T2 optic nerve hypersignal and compare its diagnosis accuracy with coronal 2D STIR-FLAIR sequence.Considering OCT, (4) we participated to a multicenter study for validating OCT quality criteria by measuring inter rater agreement. (5) We made a comparative OCT study in MS, NMOSD and healthy controls (HC), in order to describe potential OCT parameters differentiating both diseases. OCT parameters will be peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layers thickness (pRNFL; global and values per quadrants) and macular layers thickness evaluated by HEYEX segmentation software. (6) We investigated the length of optic nerve DIR hypersignal as a potential biomarker for retinal axonal loss measured by OCT.RESULTS.(1) The DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], radial diffusivity [rD]) were significantly different between HC and MS patients. FA was reduced. MD and rD were increased.(2) In MS, FA within cervical spinal cord (C2-C6) was moderately correlated with physical disability measured by EDSS, pyramidal, sensory and bowel/urinary functional scores.(3) 3D-DIR sequence was more accurate than 2D STIR FLAIR for the detection of optic nerve hypersignal (Se 95%, Sp 94%) and showed the higher inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.96).(4) The inter-rater agreement for OSCAR-IB quality criteria for retinal OCT was substantial (kappa = 0.7).(5) We found comparable post ON atrophy between MS and NMOSD and significant macular and temporal pRNFL atrophy in MS non ON eyes. We suggested possible subclinical macular atrophy in NMOSD. Correlations were good and numerous between OCT parameters and visual disability in both diseases. In NMOSD, correlations between OCT and clinical disability were fewer and more related to visual disability.(6) We found good associations (p<0.0001) between optic nerve DIR hypersignal length, pRNFL thicknesses, inner retinal layers volumes and visual disability. A subclinical radiological involvement of non ON eyes was found in 38.5%.CONCLUSION.We developed a DTI sequence for cervical spinal cord analysis which seems applicable in routine and in a prospective follow-up. However, correlations between FA or MD and clinical disability remain moderate.OCT may help to differentiate NMOSD and MS by focusing on the non ON eyes (temporal pRNFL atrophy more severe in MS). Moreover we discuss the possibility of subclinical retinal degenerative process in NMOSD.We showed the 3D-DIR interest in optic nerve inflammatory lesion detection. 3D-DIR sequence which has largely been considered as a marker of demyelination, may be more pathologically specific (i.e retinal axonal loss) by focusing on a specific part of the CNS (i.e optic nerve). Optic nerve DIR hypersignal may be a new biomarker of retinal axonal loss.

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease selectively affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. Relapsing NMO is nine times more prevalent in women than in men and approximately one-quarter of NMO patients have symptoms of another autoimmune disorder (National Institute of Health, 2019). NMO has not been linked to any genetic mutations and the cause of the disorder is unknown beyond the general understanding that the body produces anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4) which mistakenly attack cells in the nervous system. NMO affects roughly one percent of that of Multiple Sclerosis (4000-8000 patients total) in the United States, but prevalence rates are abnormally high in a handful of regions around the world, particularly among Latin America, where rates can reach up to 5/100,000 individuals. The results of this study predict that there is a connection between African genetics and NMO, but further studies will need to be conducted in more Latin America nations and other regions to determine prevalence rates as well as genetic analysis of affected individuals.

Die genaue Implikation natürlicher Killer(NK)-zellen und Neutrophile in Autoimmunerkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) ist nach wie vor ungeklärt und wurde daher im Mausmodell der multiplen Sklerose (MS), der experimentellen Autoimmunenzephalomyelitis (EAE), sowie bei MS und Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) Patienten untersucht. Bei MS Patienten konnte eine mit der Krankheitsaktivität korrelierende, reduzierte Zahl zirkulierender CX3CR1+NK Zellen festgestellt werden. Daher wurden die NK Zell-Dynamiken und der Einfluss von CX3CR1 auf diese im EAE Mausmodell untersucht. Hierbei konnte in Wildtyp(WT) sowie auch CX3CR1-defizienten EAE Mäusen eine Rekrutierung peripherer NK Zellen in das ZNS beobachtet werden. Anders als bei WT EAE Mäusen wiesen die NK Zellen bei CX3CR1-defizienten Mäusen einen primär unreifen Phänotyp auf, der möglicherweise als ursächlich für die erhöhte Krankheitsaktivität dieser Tiere gemutmaßt werden kann. Der Transfer reifer NK Zellen vor Immunisierung CX3CR1-defizienter Tiere zeigte folglich protektive Effekte und lässt schlussfolgern, dass die CX3CR1-vermittelte Rekrutierung reifer NK Zellen die EAE Neuroinflammation limitiert. Die Diskriminierung der MS von der klinisch ähnlichen NMO stellt nach wie vor eine Herausforderung dar. Neutrophile in ZNS-Läsionen und der Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit(CSF) können bei NMO, nicht aber MS Patienten nachgewiesen werden, weshalb Neutrophile aus dem Blut von NMO und MS Patienten hier vergleichend untersucht wurden. Die Neutrophile beider Patientengruppen wiesen einen aktivierten Phänotyp im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen auf. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte sich eine von Medikation und neurologischen Defiziten der Patienten unabhängige, kompromittierte Funktionalität der NMO verglichen mit MS Neutrophilen im Hinblick auf Migration, oxidativen Burst und Degranulierung. Die Neutrophilenfunktionalität könnte entsprechend potentiell als diagnostisches Diskriminierungskriterium zwischen der MS und der NMO dienen. / The implication of natural killer (NK) cells and neutrophils in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) remains elusive, and therefore was investigated in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and in patients with MS and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), respectively. In MS, a decreased frequency of circulating CX3CR1+NK cells correlating with the patient disease activity has been reported. Therefore, the pattern of NK cell mobilization and the contribution of CX3CR1 to NK cell dynamics in response to neuroinflammatory insult were investigated in the EAE model. Here, NK cells similarly mobilized from the periphery and accumulated in the CNS in both wild-type (WT) and CX3CR1-deficient mice during EAE. However, in mice lacking CX3CR1 the infiltrated NK cells displayed an immature phenotype contrasting with the mature infiltrates in the WT counterparts, apparently contributing to EAE exacerbation in those animals since transfer of mature WT NK cells prior to immunization of CX3CR1-deficient mice exerted a protective effect. Together, these data suggest that the CX3CR1-mediated recruitment of mature CX3CR1+NK cells limits EAE neuroinflammation. Due to clinical similarities, the discrimination between MS and NMO is still challenging. In contrast to MS, neutrophil accumulations were found in CNS lesions and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of NMO patients wherefore a comparative analysis of peripheral blood neutrophils in NMO and MS patients was performed. The results revealed an activated neutrophil phenotype in NMO and MS when compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, analysis of neutrophil migration, oxidative burst activity and degranulation showed a compromised neutrophil functionality in NMO compared to MS, which was not influenced by the treatment regime and clinical parameters of the patients. Thus, neutrophil functionality may represent a new diagnostic tool to discriminate between NMO and MS.

OBJETIVO: Utilizar a tomografia de coerência óptica (TCO) de domínio Fourier para avaliar as camadas internas da retina de olhos de pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM) ou neuromielite óptica (NMO), com ou sem história de neurite óptica (NO), e compará-los entre si e com os olhos de controles normais. Investigar a correlação entre os achados da TCO e os achados do campo visual nesse grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Cento e oitenta e dois indivíduos foram estudados incluindo 74 com diagnóstico de EM, 33 com NMO, 30 com mielite transversa aguda longitudinal extensa (MTALE) e 45 controles normais. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo incluindo a perimetria computadorizada e a TCO de domínio Fourier. Os olhos estudados foram divididos em 5 grupos: olhos de pacientes com EM e episódio prévio de neurite óptica (EM-NO) olhos de pacientes com EM sem episódio prévio de neurite óptica (EM-sNO), olhos de pacientes com NMO e história de neurite olhos de pacientes com MTALE e olhos de controles normais. Foram analisadas as seguintes medidas obtidas pela TCO: a espessura da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (CFNR) peri-papilar, a espessura macular total (EMT) avaliada em 8 setores de acordo com o mapa do \"Early Treatment Diabetes Retinopathy Treatment Trial\" e medidas segmentadas da CFNR na mácula, da camada de células ganglionares (CCG), camada nuclear interna (CNI). Os resultados da perimetria foram avaliados levando em consideração o \" mean deviation ( desvio médio)\" (MD) e os valores de diferentes regiões do campo visual divididos de acordo com a sua correspondência no disco óptico seguindo o mapa de Garway-Heath. A comparação dos achados entre os diferentes grupos foi feita usando modelos \"generalized estimated equations\" (GEE) de tal forma a fazer a compensação pela interdependência dos dois olhos de um mesmo indivíduo. Foram também calculadas e comparadas as áreas sob as áreas sob as curvas ROC (\"Receiver operating characteristics\") nos diferentes grupos. Foram calculadas as correlações de Spearman ou Pearson dependendo da distribuição dos valores. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à idade média e à distribuição dos pacientes quanto ao sexo nos 5 grupos estudados. Quando comparados ao grupo controle, os 4 grupos de olhos dos doentes apresentaram a espessura da CFNR peri-papilar e a CFNR macular significativamente menor que as medidas dos controles normais. Em relação à CCG e à EMT, os grupos NMO, EM-NO e EM-sNO apresentaram espessura estatisticamente menor que os controles enquanto que no grupo MTALE esta diferença não foi evidenciada. Quando a CNI foi estudada não houve diferença entre os controles e os 2 grupos com EM, enquanto que os grupos NMO e MTALE apresentaram espessura estatisticamente maior que os controles. Os dois grupos com história prévia de NO (NMO e EM-NO) apresentaram a espessura da CFNR peri-papilar e macular, da CCG e da EMT menores do que seus grupos correspondentes sem história prévia de NO (respectivamente MTALE e EM-sNO). Quando os grupos NMO e EM-NO foram comparados entre si não houve diferença de espessura em nenhuma camada exceto na CNI onde o grupo NMO foi estatisticamente mais espesso. Houve correlação entre os achados do TCO e aqueles da campimetria para ambas as doenças e esta correlação foi maior na NMO do que na EM, em especial quando a EMT foi o parâmetro do TCO utilizado na comparação. CONCLUSÕES: A TCO é capaz de demonstrar a perda neural nos doentes com EM ou NMO e evidencia perda neural subclínica tanto em olhos com MTALE como em pacientes com EM, sem história de NO prévia e demonstra aumento da CNI nos olhos de pacientes com NMO ou MTALE. Além do já conhecido mecanismo de lesão do nervo óptico por desmielinização o fato da CNI estar alterada no espectro NMO mostra que outros processos podem estar envolvidos na patogênese destas doenças e que esta camada pode ajudar na diferenciação entre as duas doenças, EM e NMO / PURPOSE: To evaluate, by the using of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) the retinal inner layers of eyes with or without previous history of optic neuritis (ON) in multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients and compare them with normal controls. To investigate the correlation between the OCT and the visual field fidings. METHODS: One hundred two subjects were studied, 74 diagnosed as MS, 33 as NMO, 30 as longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and 45 nolmal controls. All patients were submitted to a complete ophthalmic evaluation including automated perimetry and Fourier domain OCT. The studied eyes were divided in 5 groups: eyes of MS patients with previous episodes of optic neuritis (MS-ON, group 1), eyes of MS patients without previous episodes of optic neuritis (MS-nON, group 2), eyes of NMO patients (group 3), eyes of LETM patients (group 4) and eyes of normal controls (group 5). The retinal layers measured by OCT were from the optic nerve, peri-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and from the macula: the total macular thickness (TMT), which was sub-divided in 8 sectors according to \"Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study\", and the segmented inner macula layers, RNFL, ganglion cell layer (CGL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Regard to automated perimetry we analyzed the \"mean deviation\" (MD) and different sectors of the visual field according to their correspondence to Garway-Heath optic nerve map. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) models accounting for age and within-patient, inter-eye correlations, were used to compare the results among different groups. We also compare the area under ROC (receiver operating charactheristics) curve among the different groups. We also compute either Spearman or Pearson correlation according to values distributions. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference among the groups regard to sex or mean age. All 4 diseased groups presented peri-papillary RNFL and macular RNFL thicknesses statistically thinner than normal controls. Regarding to GCL thickness and TMT, the NMO, MS-ON and MS-nON groups were statistically thinner than controls, on the other hand the LETM group was not statistically different. When the INL thickness was studied, there was no statistical difference between controls and both MS groups, whereas the NMO and LETM groups were statistically thicker than controls. Both groups with previous history of ON (NMO and MS-ON) presented peri-papillary RNFL, macular RNFL, GCL and TMT thinner than theirs corresponding groups without previous history of ON (LETM and MS-nON, respectively). When NMO and MS-ON were compared, there was no statistical difference in any layer, except the INL, which was thicker in NMO group. There was statistical correlation between OCT and automated perimetry findings for both, MS and NMO, diseases and the correlation was bigger in NMO, particularly when TMT was the OCT parameter used. CONCLUSION: The OCT is able to demonstrate the neural loss in MS and NMO patients and it also shows sub-clinical neural loss in LETM and MS-nON patients. Besides the already known mechanism of optic nerve injury caused by demyelination, the presence of a abnormal INL in the NMO and LETM patients suggest that different processes may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases and also that the INL may help differentiating between NMO and MS

O reconhecimento e interação intermoleculares são cruciais na patogênese de doenças desmielinizantes autoimunes, como a esclerose múltipla (EM). A EM é uma doença que acomete o sistema nervoso central (SNC) e leva à desmielinização e axonopatia. Os alvos da resposta não são claros, mas proteínas da mielina, como a glicoproteína oligodendrocítica da mielina (MOG) e a proteína básica da mielina (MBP), são potenciais candidatas ao reconhecimento por células e autoanticorpos durante o processo autoimune. Assim, métodos de modelagem e simulações de dinâmica molecular (MD) e steered molecular dynamics (SMD) foram empregados para detalhar o reconhecimento e ligação do domínio externo da MOG e do peptídeo imunogênico MBP85-99 por anticorpos específicos. Para a obtenção das estruturas 3D dos anticorpos, particularmente do anti-MBP, um protocolo computacional envolvendo mutações sequenciais da região determinante de complementaridade (CDR) de estruturas-molde foi proposto. Dados obtidos evidenciaram grande contribuição das ligações de hidrogênio na manutenção dos complexos antígeno-anticorpo. Treze resíduos da MOG foram identificados como âncoras da ligação com o anti-MOG, os quais se relacionaram a peptídeos importantes descritos na literatura, principalmente o MOG92-106. No caso da MBP, os resíduos do MBP85-99 com maior interação com o anti-MBP envolveram a Arginina 99, Lisina 93, Asparagina 94 e Histidina 90, corroborando achados na literatura acerca da resposta celular e análises do anti-MBP em casos postmortem. Dados de SMD envolvendo os sistemas moleculares foram confirmados por dados de microscópio de força atômica, sugerindo grande participação do peptídeo MOG92-106 na manutenção da ligação com o anti-MOG. Com relação à MBP, os estudos computacionais indicaram que o ponto de interação da região da Arginina 99 é muito importante para a ligação com o anti-MBP. A consonância entre dados computacionais e dados experimentais resultantes de décadas de pesquisas da MOG e a MBP, bem como com dos experimentos de AFM, ficou evidente. Desta forma, as aproximações teórico-experimentais aplicadas neste trabalho para a caracterização de moléculas ainda não estudadas é uma via em potencial para otimização de passos iniciais e pré-clínicos de investigações de doenças autoimunes, guiando experimentos, reduzindos custos e o uso de modelos animais. / Intermolecular recognition and interaction are crucial in autoimmune demyelinating diseases pathogenesis as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS causes demyelination and axonopathy in the central nervous system (CNS). The targets of immune cells and autoantibodies are not clear, but myelin proteins, such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein (MBP), are potential candidates. Thus, methods of molecular modeling, molecular dynamics (MD), and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation were applied to detail the recognition and binding of MOG external domain and the immunogenic MBP85-99 peptide by specific antibodies. A computational protocol based on mutations of complement determinant regions (CDR) in template structures was proposed to obtain antibodies 3D structures, especially the anti-MBP. The obtained data evidenced a significant contribution of hydrogen bonds in the maintenance of antigen-antibody complexes. Thirteen anchor residues were found in the MOG structure. These residues were related to three well-known epitopes recognized by immunologic components, mainly MOG92-106. In the case of MBP, the most interactive residues of the MBP85-99 with the anti-MBP were Arginine 99, Lysine 93, Asparagine 94, and Histidine 90. These data complied with several studies concern cellular recognition of MBP and postmortem cases involving anti-MBP. SMD information of both molecular systems was confirmed by atomic force microscopy and suggested the MOG92-106 acting as an anchor for the complex with the anti-MOG. Regarding MBP, the computational force study evidenced the importance of Arginine 99 interaction region for the antigen-antibody binding. The agreement between the obtained computational data and experimental information resulted of decades of MOG and MBP research was evident. In this context, theoretical and experimental approaches application as described here for characterizing novel molecules in autoimmune disease is a potential pathway to optimize early-stage and pre-clinical steps of investigations, guiding experiments, reducing costs, and animal model usage.

OBJETIVO: Utilizar a tomografia de coerência óptica (TCO) de domínio Fourier para avaliar as camadas internas da retina de olhos de pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM) ou neuromielite óptica (NMO), com ou sem história de neurite óptica (NO), e compará-los entre si e com os olhos de controles normais. Investigar a correlação entre os achados da TCO e os achados do campo visual nesse grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Cento e oitenta e dois indivíduos foram estudados incluindo 74 com diagnóstico de EM, 33 com NMO, 30 com mielite transversa aguda longitudinal extensa (MTALE) e 45 controles normais. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo incluindo a perimetria computadorizada e a TCO de domínio Fourier. Os olhos estudados foram divididos em 5 grupos: olhos de pacientes com EM e episódio prévio de neurite óptica (EM-NO) olhos de pacientes com EM sem episódio prévio de neurite óptica (EM-sNO), olhos de pacientes com NMO e história de neurite olhos de pacientes com MTALE e olhos de controles normais. Foram analisadas as seguintes medidas obtidas pela TCO: a espessura da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (CFNR) peri-papilar, a espessura macular total (EMT) avaliada em 8 setores de acordo com o mapa do \"Early Treatment Diabetes Retinopathy Treatment Trial\" e medidas segmentadas da CFNR na mácula, da camada de células ganglionares (CCG), camada nuclear interna (CNI). Os resultados da perimetria foram avaliados levando em consideração o \" mean deviation ( desvio médio)\" (MD) e os valores de diferentes regiões do campo visual divididos de acordo com a sua correspondência no disco óptico seguindo o mapa de Garway-Heath. A comparação dos achados entre os diferentes grupos foi feita usando modelos \"generalized estimated equations\" (GEE) de tal forma a fazer a compensação pela interdependência dos dois olhos de um mesmo indivíduo. Foram também calculadas e comparadas as áreas sob as áreas sob as curvas ROC (\"Receiver operating characteristics\") nos diferentes grupos. Foram calculadas as correlações de Spearman ou Pearson dependendo da distribuição dos valores. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à idade média e à distribuição dos pacientes quanto ao sexo nos 5 grupos estudados. Quando comparados ao grupo controle, os 4 grupos de olhos dos doentes apresentaram a espessura da CFNR peri-papilar e a CFNR macular significativamente menor que as medidas dos controles normais. Em relação à CCG e à EMT, os grupos NMO, EM-NO e EM-sNO apresentaram espessura estatisticamente menor que os controles enquanto que no grupo MTALE esta diferença não foi evidenciada. Quando a CNI foi estudada não houve diferença entre os controles e os 2 grupos com EM, enquanto que os grupos NMO e MTALE apresentaram espessura estatisticamente maior que os controles. Os dois grupos com história prévia de NO (NMO e EM-NO) apresentaram a espessura da CFNR peri-papilar e macular, da CCG e da EMT menores do que seus grupos correspondentes sem história prévia de NO (respectivamente MTALE e EM-sNO). Quando os grupos NMO e EM-NO foram comparados entre si não houve diferença de espessura em nenhuma camada exceto na CNI onde o grupo NMO foi estatisticamente mais espesso. Houve correlação entre os achados do TCO e aqueles da campimetria para ambas as doenças e esta correlação foi maior na NMO do que na EM, em especial quando a EMT foi o parâmetro do TCO utilizado na comparação. CONCLUSÕES: A TCO é capaz de demonstrar a perda neural nos doentes com EM ou NMO e evidencia perda neural subclínica tanto em olhos com MTALE como em pacientes com EM, sem história de NO prévia e demonstra aumento da CNI nos olhos de pacientes com NMO ou MTALE. Além do já conhecido mecanismo de lesão do nervo óptico por desmielinização o fato da CNI estar alterada no espectro NMO mostra que outros processos podem estar envolvidos na patogênese destas doenças e que esta camada pode ajudar na diferenciação entre as duas doenças, EM e NMO / PURPOSE: To evaluate, by the using of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) the retinal inner layers of eyes with or without previous history of optic neuritis (ON) in multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients and compare them with normal controls. To investigate the correlation between the OCT and the visual field fidings. METHODS: One hundred two subjects were studied, 74 diagnosed as MS, 33 as NMO, 30 as longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and 45 nolmal controls. All patients were submitted to a complete ophthalmic evaluation including automated perimetry and Fourier domain OCT. The studied eyes were divided in 5 groups: eyes of MS patients with previous episodes of optic neuritis (MS-ON, group 1), eyes of MS patients without previous episodes of optic neuritis (MS-nON, group 2), eyes of NMO patients (group 3), eyes of LETM patients (group 4) and eyes of normal controls (group 5). The retinal layers measured by OCT were from the optic nerve, peri-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and from the macula: the total macular thickness (TMT), which was sub-divided in 8 sectors according to \"Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study\", and the segmented inner macula layers, RNFL, ganglion cell layer (CGL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Regard to automated perimetry we analyzed the \"mean deviation\" (MD) and different sectors of the visual field according to their correspondence to Garway-Heath optic nerve map. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) models accounting for age and within-patient, inter-eye correlations, were used to compare the results among different groups. We also compare the area under ROC (receiver operating charactheristics) curve among the different groups. We also compute either Spearman or Pearson correlation according to values distributions. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference among the groups regard to sex or mean age. All 4 diseased groups presented peri-papillary RNFL and macular RNFL thicknesses statistically thinner than normal controls. Regarding to GCL thickness and TMT, the NMO, MS-ON and MS-nON groups were statistically thinner than controls, on the other hand the LETM group was not statistically different. When the INL thickness was studied, there was no statistical difference between controls and both MS groups, whereas the NMO and LETM groups were statistically thicker than controls. Both groups with previous history of ON (NMO and MS-ON) presented peri-papillary RNFL, macular RNFL, GCL and TMT thinner than theirs corresponding groups without previous history of ON (LETM and MS-nON, respectively). When NMO and MS-ON were compared, there was no statistical difference in any layer, except the INL, which was thicker in NMO group. There was statistical correlation between OCT and automated perimetry findings for both, MS and NMO, diseases and the correlation was bigger in NMO, particularly when TMT was the OCT parameter used. CONCLUSION: The OCT is able to demonstrate the neural loss in MS and NMO patients and it also shows sub-clinical neural loss in LETM and MS-nON patients. Besides the already known mechanism of optic nerve injury caused by demyelination, the presence of a abnormal INL in the NMO and LETM patients suggest that different processes may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases and also that the INL may help differentiating between NMO and MS