Bostadsbyggandet har de senaste åren ökat kraftigt och det kommer fortsätta att öka de kommande åren. Det ökade byggandet har bidragit till en större marknad för nyproduktionsförmedling. En större marknad som delvis också beror på ökade bostadspriser på successionslägenheter som en följd av Coronapandemin. Vid nyproduktion är kostnadskalkylen den fundamentala grunden för köpet och de framtida kostnaderna för köparen. Kostnadskalkylen är även ett viktigt material i förmedlingen för mäklaren.  Förhandsavtal har fått mycket medial uppmärksamhet de senaste åren. Det har även intygsgivning av kostnadskalkyler och ekonomiska planer fått. Intygsgivare har visat sig vara ett större problem än befarat men det största problemet finns i lagstiftningen. Problematiken som diskuteras leder framförallt till att köparen köper en bostad utan att egentligen veta vad de köper då kostnadskalkylen är svårtolkad och saknar tydliga riktlinjer och nyckeltal. Det ställer stora krav på mäklarens kompetens inom nyproduktion. Något som inte är en del av den obligatoriska utbildningen.  I uppsatsen har intervjuer genomförts med bostadsutvecklare, fastighetsmäklare och intygsgivare i Stockholm för att sammanställa synen på kostnadskalkylen och vilken problematik som finns idag vad gäller förmedling av nyproducerade bostadsrätter. Intervjuerna tillsammans med en djupdykning i teorin av lagstiftning och artiklar gav upphov till resultatet som presenteras i slutet av arbetet. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka när förändringar i kostnadskalkylen sker och vad det får för konsekvenser för mäklarens förmedlingsprocess, samt ge förslag på lösningar för att minimera eller åtgärda problemen. / Housing construction has increased considerably in recent years and will continue to increase in the forthcoming years. The increased construction has contributed to a larger market for newly built condominiums. A larger market that is partly also due to increased housing prices for succession apartments as a result of the Corona pandemic. In new development, the cost calculation is the fundamental basis for the purchase and the future costs for the buyer. The cost calculation is also an important document in the brokerage for the broker.  Contracts made in advance have received a lot of media attention in recent years. Certification of cost calculations and financial plans has also received some media coverage. Certifiers have proven to be a bigger problem than feared, but the biggest problem is in the legislation. The problems that are discussed primarily lead to the buyer buying a home without really knowing what they are buying as the cost calculation is difficult to interpret and lacks clear guidelines and key figures. This places great demands on the broker's expertise in new development. Something that is not part of the compulsory education.  In the essay, interviews were conducted with housing developers, real estate agents and certifiers in Stockholm to compile the view of the cost calculation and to get a bitter view of what problems exist today regarding the mediation of newly produced condominiums. The interviews together with delving into the theory of legislation and articles gave rise to the results that are presented at the end of the work. The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate when changes in the cost calculation occur and what the consequences are for the broker's brokerage process, as well as provide suggestions for solutions to minimize or remedy the problems.

The view on stormwater has changed in recent years, considering the ongoing climate change. By implementation of blue-green infrastructure, it is possible to locally delay and purify stormwater, promoting the natural cycle. At the same time the pipeline network can be relieved and reduce the risks of flooding. With these facilities, sustainable urban development can be achieved, which is increasingly demanded in the construction industry today. The purpose of this study has been to identify sustainable suggestions for implementation in newly developed environments for stormwater management. This was done by leveraging knowledge to meet current and future needs for stormwater delay and purification. To identify suitable sustainable suggestions, several factors influencing the choice of facility were inspected, with an emphasis on costs and capacity. The research questions for this study were answered through interviews with professionals in the construction industry. This was done to gain a deeper understanding of design, costs, and capacity. The interview questions were based on the literature review conducted prior to the interviews. The literature review laid the ground for the theoretical part on which the interview questions were based. To identify factors influencing costs and capacity in the choice of facility, questions addressing these issues were included in the interview, where respondents were asked to rate the cost of different facilities on a scale from 1-10. The results of the study signify that sustainable stormwater management suggestions should involve blue-green infrastructure. Examples include ditches, permeable pavements, and stormwater ponds. These mimic the LOD (Local management of stormwater) principle, which involves managing stormwater locally where it occurs. The design must be done according to standards, which is demonstrated by the ability to manage both current and future needs for different types of flows. Various factors influence the choice of facility, including site conditions, drainage area size, existing facilities or infrastructure, requirements, guidelines, regulations, and flexibility, all of which make each project unique and require consideration of these factors. Finally, the factors of cost and capacity will affect each other, but the primary goal of addressing social, economic, and ecological aspects will always take precedence. / Synen på dagvatten har förändrats de senaste åren, med betraktande på de kontinuerliga klimatförändringarna. Genom att integrera blågrön infrastruktur är det möjligt att fördröja och rena dagvattnet lokalt, vilket främjar det naturliga kretsloppet. Samtidigt som ledningsnätet kan avlastas och minska riskerna för översvämningar. Med dessa anläggningar är det möjligt att uppnå en hållbar stadsutveckling, vilket är ett allt större krav idag i bygg- och anläggningsbranschen. Syftet för denna studie har varit att identifiera hållbara åtgärdsförslag för att kunna implementera vid nyexploaterade miljöer för hantering av dagvatten. Detta genomfördes genom att lyfta kunskaper för att möta dagens och framtidens behov av fördröjning samt rening av dagvatten. För att identifiera lämpliga hållbara åtgärdsförslag undersöks flera olika faktorer som påverkar val av anläggning. Detta med betoning på kostnader och kapacitet. Frågeställningarna för denna studie besvaras genom intervjuer med yrkesverksamma roller inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen. Detta genomfördes för att skapa en djupare förståelse för utformningen, kostnader och kapacitet. Frågorna till intervjun var baserade på den litteraturstudie som hade genomförts innan intervjuerna. Litteraturstudien lade grunden till den teoridel som intervjufrågorna var baserade på. För att identifiera faktorer som påverkar kostnader och kapacitet vid val av anläggning fanns det med frågeställningar kring detta i intervjun, vilket respondenterna fick besvara vad olika anläggningar kostar på en skala mellan 1-10. Studiens resultat pekar på att åtgärdsförslag som ska vara hållbara för hantering av dagvatten, bör vara blågrön infrastruktur. Exempelvis kan detta vara diken, permeabla anläggningar och dagvattendammar. Allt som efterliknar LOD-principen som innebär att hantera dagvattnet lokalt där det uppstår. Utformningen ska ske enligt standarder, vilket påvisas av att dagens och framtidens behov vid olika typer av flöden ska kunna hanteras. Olika faktorer påverkar val av anläggning där områdets förutsättningar, avrinningsområdets storlek, befintliga anläggningar eller infrastruktur, krav, riktlinjer, regler och flexibilitet utgör att alla projekt är unika där dessa parametrar behöver tas i beaktning. Slutligen, faktorerna kostnader och kapacitet kommer att påverka varandra, men det får kosta vad det kosta vill för att det primära målet för sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska aspekter kommer alltid först.

The topic of this thesis is a project documentation of a Retirement home located in Trencin part Staré zlatovce. The object had been designed as a stand-alone four storey building. The floor plan is in the shape of an "F". The Retirement home has a public part, designed for people from nearby area: There is a chapel, a Physician and flats for rent, restaurants and free-time activities. The food prepared in the objects is fairly simple. The main lunch courses are being delivered from a different provider and are only re-heated in the kitchen. A reinforced concrete monolitic skeleton has been used as a contrtuction system for the bulding with square-pillars and infill material is designed from massive wooden construction Novatop solid. The object itself is standing on reinforced concrete footings. The elevator shaft bottom will be made of water ressistant concrete. The building envelope threshold will consist of reinforced concrete as well. One part of the object, above the 3rd floor, is green-roofed, and the roofing above the 4th floor is warm flat roof. The same is designed above the 1st floor chapel - a warm flat roof with rectification pedestals and concrete paving so that the roof can be used as a terrace. Photovoltaic and phototermic collectors are placed on the roofing above the 4th floor. The driveway of the whole object is placed on the western side, just as a parkplace for employees. The parkplace for tennants and visitors is placed on the eastern side.

BRICS is an organisation consisting of the developing countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Since its creation it has quickly become a great force of power on the global arena and is expected to encompass 42% of the world’s population after the upcoming membership expansion. This sparks interest in the study of the development of the organisation. Based on the research question “How can the development of BRICS be interpreted based on the theory of offensive realism?” the study explores the field of research using a qualitative case study with theory consuming design. The paper presents the result that the member states use the organisation to ensure the safety of their respective countries. This is being conducted through the increased cooperation among like-minded developing countries and through the establishment of their own institutions. These measures are implemented with the intention of balancing the west and increasing their own power.

[pt] O trabalho analisa a fragilidade dos mecanismos de accountability apresentados pelo Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (NDB) em seu Ordenamento Socioambiental, Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), principalmente no que tange o acesso à informação e a participação da sociedade civil. Essa falta de accountability é um dos potenciais problemas advindos do modelo de sistemas nacionais avançados pelo ESF. A ausência no ESF de um mecanismo robusto que garanta a transparência e o controle socioambiental dos projetos da instituição, unido com a promoção do uso dos sistemas nacionais, pode dificultar a participação de membros da sociedade civil organizada e de comunidades potencialmente afetadas de importantes partes do processo. Após uma análise dos mecanismos de accountability no ESF do Banco Mundial, o trabalho argumenta que ocorreria um race to the bottom dos padrões de proteção socioambientais de ambos Banco Mundial e NDB, devido a uma competição no setor de financiamento para o desenvolvimento. / [en] This paper analyzes the fragility of the accountability mechanisms in the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) of the New Development Bank (NDB). Two accountability elements were highlighted: access to information and civil society participation.t is argued in the paper that one potential problem derived from the use of the country systems, supported by the ESF, is an absence of oversight. The lack of a robust accountability mechanism, which guarantees transparency and strong environmental and social protection in the NDB s projects, coupled with the use of country systems, may hamper the participation of affected peoples during the entire process. After a comparative analysis of the World Bank s ESF, it is suggested that a development financing competition of sorts might be occurring, leading towards a race to the bottom in the environmental and social protection standards in both the World Bank and the NDB.