La progression tumorale est caractérisée par deux processus clés, la prolifération et l’invasion cellulaires. Les nAChRs, activés par la nicotine et ses nitrosamines dérivées (NNN et NNK), modulent les concentrations calciques intracellulaires et activent in vitro la prolifération, l’apoptose, la migration et l’invasion de lignées cellulaires tumorales. Dans cette étude, nous montrons, en utilisant des cultures primaires de cellules dérivées de cancers pulmonaires non à petites cellules (carcinomes épidermoïdes et adénocarcinomes), que les nAChRs α7 régulent différemment la prolifération cellulaire en fonction du stade de différenciation des tumeurs. Le nAChR α7 agit comme répresseur de la prolifération cellulaire dans les tumeurs bien différenciées et dans l’épithélium respiratoire normal, alors que dans les tumeurs peu différenciées, il stimule la prolifération cellulaire en réponse à la nicotine. A l’inverse, le nAChR α3α5β2 n’est que partiellement impliqué dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire aussi bien dans les tumeurs pulmonaires que dans l’épithélium respiratoire normal. Les nAChRs α7 et nAChRs α3α5β2 sont tous les deux impliqués dans la stimulation de l’invasion des cellules tumorales des carcinomes épidermoïdes et adénocarcinomes. Le polymorphisme non-synonyme rs16969968 de la sous-unité α5 induit une mutation au niveau d’un acide aminé hautement conservé (D398N). De nombreuses études d’association pangénomiques lient ce polymorphisme au développement des cancers pulmonaires. Dans cette étude nous montrons que les nAChRs exprimant la sous-unité α5 mutée (D398N) altèrent la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules respiratoires et modulent l’invasion des cellules tumorales, en synergie avec les nAChRs α7. / Tumor progression is characterized by two key processes, cell proliferation and invasion. Nicotinic receptors, activated by nicotine and its derived nitrosamines (NNK and NNN) modulate intracellular calcium concentrations and activate in vitro proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of tumor cell lines. In this study, we show, by using primary cell cultures from lung cancer tumors, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, that nAChR α7 differently regulates cell proliferation according to the state of tumor differentiation. The α7 nAChRs acts as a repressor of cell proliferation in differentiated lung cancer tissues and in the normal respiratory epithelium, while it stimulates cell proliferation in response to nicotine, in poorly differentiated tumors. Conversely, the α3α5β2 nAChR is only partially involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in lung cancers and in the normal respiratory epithelium. The α7 and α3α5β2 nAChRs are both involved in the in vitro invasion process of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Non-synonymous polymorphism rs16969968 in the CHRNA5 gene induces a mutation in a highly conserved amino acid (D398N). Many genome-wide association studies have demonstrated the relationship between this polymorphism and the incidence of lung cancer. In this study, we show that nAChRs, expressing the mutated α5 subunit (D398N), are in involved in the alteration of the proliferation and the differentiation state of respiratory epithelial cells, and also modulate tumor cell invasion, in synergy with the α7 nAChRs.

Our project was aimed at the development of novel CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists that may have clinical applications for the treatment of cannabinoid and psychostimulant addiction. In this study, we designed, synthesized, and established the CB1 affinity for the 1,5-diaryl-1,2,3- triazole esters, a series of 4,5-diaryl-1-substituted-1,2,3-triazole analogues and a series of 4,5- diaryl-2-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles. Our research group has been interested in the synthesis of amphibian alkaloids due to their interesting biological activities. We have recently developed a general synthetic strategy which can rapidly prepare a few amphibian alkaloids simply from the abundant natural product (-)- cocaine This strategy was first successfully applied to the synthesis of (-)-monomorine. More recently, this strategy has also been utilized in the syntheses of both of the enantiomers of cispyrrolidine 225H and (+)-gephyrotoxin 287C.

Les stratégies thérapeutiques mises en place dans la maladie de Parkinson sont symptomatiques et ne permettent pas de ralentir la progression de la maladie, nécessitant le développement de nouvelles approches neuroprotectrices. La neuroinflammation joue un rôle majeur dans le processus neurodégénératif où elle se manifeste précocement par l’activation de cellules gliales (microglie et astrocytes). En s’appuyant sur l’utilisation de modèles animaux mimant les stades précoces de la maladie, l’élaboration de stratégies thérapeutiques à visée anti-inflammatoire constitue donc une approche thérapeutique prometteuse. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à mettre au point et à caractériser un modèle de lésion partielle à la 6-hydroxydopamine chez le rat afin d’évaluer les effets d’une stratégie thérapeutique originale basée sur l’utilisation en combinaison d’un agoniste des récepteurs nicotiniques α7 et d’un agoniste des récepteurs σ1. En utilisant différentes approches expérimentales, nous avons tout d’abord évalué le processus neurodégénératif et la neuroinflammation dans le modèle que nous avons mis en place. Nos résultats ont montré une dégénérescence partielle et reproductible des neurones dopaminergiques nigro-striataux associée à une importante neuroinflammation. Nos analyses métabolomiques ont également révélé plusieurs altérations spécifiques, apportant ainsi de nouvelles informations sur les mécanismes intervenant dans le processus neurodégénératif. En s’appuyant sur l’utilisation de la tomographie par émission de positrons, nous avons ensuite évalué longitudinalement le profil d’expression des récepteurs nicotiniques α7 dans les structures clés de la voie nigrostriée. Nos résultats ont montré des modifications transitoires de la densité de ces récepteurs pouvant être liées à des réponses microgliales biphasiques en association avec la cinétique de la dégénérescence neuronale. Ainsi, ces résultats renforcent l’idée de cibler spécifiquement les récepteurs nicotiniques α7 dans l’atténuation des processus neuroinflammatoires. Nous avons enfin évalué les effets de notre stratégie thérapeutique dans le modèle et nos résultats ont permis de montrer que ce type de combinaison préserve partiellement l’intégrité des neurones dopaminergiques nigro-striataux et réduit les réactions gliales chez les animaux lésés. Bien qu’il sera nécessaire de confirmer et de compléter ces résultats avec d’autres analyses, ce type de combinaison pourrait constituer une nouvelle entité biochimique prometteuse dans le traitement de la maladie de Parkinson. / Currently, therapeutic strategies in Parkinson’s disease are symptomatic and the progression of the disease is uncontrolled, requiring the development of new neuroprotective approaches. Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the neurodegenerative process where it occurs early through the activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes). Based on the use of animal models mimicking the early stages of the disease, the development of anti-inflammatory strategies is therefore a promising therapeutic approach. This thesis work consisted in the development and the characterisation of a partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model in rats in order to evaluate the effects of an original therapeutic strategy based on the combined use of a α7 nicotinic receptors agonist and a σ1 receptors agonist. Using different experimental approaches, we first evaluated the neurodegenerative and neuroinflammation processes in the model that we developped. Our results showed a partial and reproductible degeneration of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons associated with a marked neuroinflammation. Our metabolic analyses have also revealed several specific alterations, providing new insight on the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process. Using positron emission tomography imaging, we then evaluated longitudinally the expression profile of α7 nicotinic receptors in the key structures of the nigro-striatal pathway. Our results showed transient changes in the density of these receptors that may be linked to biphasic microglial responses in association with the kinetics of neuronal degeneration. Thus, these results reinforce the hypothesis of specifically targeting α7 nicotinic receptors in order to reduce the neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, we evaluated the effects of our therapeutic strategy in the model and our results showed that this type of combination partially preserves the integrity of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons and reduces glial reactions in lesioned animals. Although it is necessary to confirm and extend these results, this type of combination could represent a promising new pharmacological approach in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

L’utilisation intensive des insecticides pour lutter contre les insectes ravageurs de culture et vecteurs demaladies, a conduit à des polémiques sur le mode d’action des insecticides. Ces polémiques sont liéesau fait que le mode d’action des insecticides, notamment des néonicotinoïdes est mal connu. Ils agissentprincipalement sur les récepteurs à l’acétylcholine (ACh) de type nicotinique (nAChR) qui jouent un rôlefondamental dans la transmission synaptique cholinergique. Bien que ces récepteurs soient bien décritschez les mammifères, très peu d’études ont évalué l’effet des néoniotinoïdes sur un récepteur natifd’insecte.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons pour la première fois exprimé en ovocytes de xénope un récepteurhomomérique ⍺7 de blatte et étudié ces propriétés pharmacologiques vis-à-vis des néonicotinoïdes,comparativement au récepteur a7 de rat. Nos résultats révèlent un récepteur atypique qui est insensibleà l’⍺-bungarotoxine et qui n’est pas activé par les néonicotinoïdes. Ainsi, bien que les gènes codantpour les sous-unités α7 de blatte et de rat forment un groupe monophylétique distinct des autres sousunitésd’insectes et de mammifères, les récepteurs homomériques obtenus semblent avoir despropriétés pharmacologiques différentes. Parallèlement, nous avons étudié les propriétéspharmacologiques des nAChR natifs et notamment l’effet modulateur d’un pyréthrinoïde, la permethrine,sur les courants induits par le dinotefurane. Ce travail a permis d’évaluer le mode d’action d’unantiparasitaire, le Vectra 3D. Enfin, nous avons également entrepris de développer la techniqued’extraction membranaire afin de l’utiliser comme alternative pour étudier le mode d’action desinsecticides.Pour conclure, cette thèse a permis une avancée sur l’étude de la caractérisation des propriétéspharmacologiques des récepteurs nicotiniques neuronaux des insectes et sur l’étude du mode d’actiondes insecticides néonicotinoïdes. / The intensive use of insecticides against crop pests and vectors of human and animal leads to several polemics about their mode of action. All these controversies are related to the fact that the mode of action of insecticides in insects is poorly unknown, in particular neonicotinoids which act on nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChR).During this PhD thesis, we characterized for the first time the pharmacological properties of a cockroach ⍺7 homomeric receptor in a xenopus oocyte. Our results revealed that cockroach ⍺7 in an atypical receptor that is insensitive to ⍺-bungarotoxin and not activated by neonicotinoids. Cockroach and rat ⍺7 receptors which are included in the same cluster have distinct pharmacological properties. We then studied the pharmacological properties of native receptors, in particular, the modulatory effect of permethrin on dinotefuran-induced currents. This work was included in the study of Vectra 3D. We also evaluated the use of insect central nervous system membrane extraction as a strategy to study the pharmacological properties of insect native nAChRs.To conclude, this PhD contribute to the study of the pharmacological properties of insect nAChRs and the study of the mode of action of neonicotinoids insecticides.

No Brasil, populações ribeirinhas da Amazônia estão expostas ao metilmercúrio (MeHg) e ao chumbo (Pb) oriundos, respectivamente, de peixes e farinha de mandioca contaminados. Embora a toxicidade destes elementos químicos seja explorada há tempo, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos decorrentes da exposição crônica a baixas doses destes toxicantes e, menos ainda, acerca da exposição simultânea a estes dois metais. Neste sentido, este trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando avaliar a ocorrência de efeitos bioquímicos, genotóxicos e relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, decorrentes da exposição crônica de ratos a baixas doses de MeHg e Pb, associados ou não, bem como a distribuição tecidual destes metais. Adicionalmente, foram investigados os efeitos da administração da vitamina antioxidante niacina (NA) diante destas exposições. Para isto, ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 8 grupos (n = 6): Grupo controle; Grupo MeHg, tratado com cloreto de MeHg (140 ?g/Kg/dia) por gavagem; Grupo Pb, tratado com acetato de Pb (648 ?g/Kg/dia) por gavagem; Grupo MeHg + Pb, tratado com MeHg (140 ?g/Kg/dia) e Pb (648 ?g/Kg/dia) por gavagem. Grupos paralelos (NA; NA + MeHg; NA + Pb e NA + MeHg + Pb) receberam o mesmo tratamento associado à suplementação de niacina (50 mg/Kg/dia) adicionada na água. O tratamento teve duração de 92 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros bioquímicos colesterol total e frações, glicose, atividade das enzimas hepáticas aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT), e hemoglobina. Os marcadores relacionados ao estresse oxidativo determinados foram tióis totais (GSH); lipoperoxidação, avaliada pela concentração de malondialdeído (MDA) e espécies reativas ao ácido barbitúrico (TBARS); além da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px) e catalase (CAT). Ainda, foi avaliada a concentração de óxido nítrico (NO) plasmático e a genotoxicidade por meio do Ensaio Cometa. As concentrações de mercúrio (Hg) e Pb foram determinadas em sangue total e tecidos dos animais por ICP-MS. A exposição a baixas doses de MeHg causou genotoxicidade, redução na atividade da CAT no cérebro e nas concentrações de GSH no sangue e fígado dos animais, além de peroxidação lipídica, evidenciada pelo aumento nas concentrações de MDA e TBARS no plasma e cérebro dos ratos. Os animais expostos exclusivamente ao MeHg apresentaram ainda atividade de ALT aumentada e concentração plasmática de NO reduzida. A distribuição do Hg no organismo foi maior no rim, seguido por sangue e, posteriormente, cérebro. A exposição exclusivamente ao Pb promoveu redução na concentração de GSH e na atividade de CAT, além de induzir peroxidação lipídica no cérebro dos ratos. A exposição ao Pb também resultou em genotoxicidade, além de redução na concentração de hemoglobina e NO. As maiores concentrações de Pb foram observadas no osso (fêmur) > rim > cérebro > sangue. A exposição simultânea ao MeHg e Pb não resultou em sinergismo de efeitos tóxicos em comparação ao tratamento com os metais individualmente. Considerando parâmetros como concentração plasmática de NO e GSH no sangue, fígado e cérebro, a exposição ii conjunta aos metais antagonizou os efeitos desencadeados por cada metal individualmente. Entretanto, a coexposição MeHg/Pb também promoveu genotoxicidade e lipoperoxidação. Já a administração de niacina apresentou efeitos protetores frente às alterações desencadeadas pela exposição aos metais, sem alterar a concentração e distribuição destes nos órgãos/tecidos. Em resumo, nossos resultados mostram que a exposição ao MeHg e Pb, até mesmo em doses baixas, induz toxicidade em roedores. Visto que a niacina apresentou efeitos antioxidantes e antigenotóxicos relevantes, a suplementação com esta vitamina pode ser uma alternativa para amenizar os efeitos tóxicos decorrentes da exposição ao MeHg e/ou Pb. / In Brazil, riverside populations of the Amazon are exposed to methylmercury (MeHg) and lead (Pb) coming respectively from contaminated fish and cassava flour. Although the toxicity of these elements has been explored for some time, little is known about the effects of chronic exposure at low doses and even less about the simultaneous exposure. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of biochemical, genotoxic and oxidative stress related effects, resulting from chronic exposure of rats at low doses of MeHg and Pb, associated or not, as well as the tissue distribution of these elements. Additionally, the effects of co-administration of the antioxidant vitamin niacin (NA) on the toxic effects were investigated. For this, male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 6): Control group; MeHg group, received MeHg chloride (140 ?g/Kg/day) by gavage; Pb group, received Pb acetate (648 ?g/Kg/day) by gavage; MeHg + Pb group, received MeHg (140 ?g/Kg/day) and Pb (648 ?g/Kg/day) by gavage. Parallel groups (NA; NA + MeHg; NA + Pb and NA + MeHg + Pb) received the same treatment associated with niacin supplementation (50 mg/kg/day) added to the water. The treatment lasted 92 days. Biochemical parameters such as total and fractions cholesterol, glucose, hepatic enzyme activity such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), and hemoglobin were determined. Oxidative stress markers such as total thiols (GSH); lipid peroxidation, measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations; besides the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in treated and non-treated animals. Also, the concentration of plasmatic nitric oxide (NO) and genotoxicity by the Comet Assay was assessed. Levels of mercury (Hg) and Pb were determined in whole blood and tissues of animals by ICP-MS. Low doses of exposure to MeHg caused reduction of CAT activity in the brain and reduction of GSH concentrations in the blood and liver of animals, besides genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by the increase levels of MDA and TBARS in plasma and brain of rats. Animals exposed to MeHg still had increased ALT activity and decreased plasmatic NO levels. Levels of Hg were found higher in kidney, followed by blood and brain. Pb exposure alone promoted reduction of GSH concentration and CAT activity, and induced lipid peroxidation in the brain of rats. Moreover, genotoxicity, and reduction of hemoglobin and plasmatic NO levels were also observed in the group of animals treated only with Pb. The highest Pb levels were observed in bone (femur) > kidney > brain > blood. Simultaneous exposure to MeHg and Pb did not result in synergistic toxic effects. Considering parameters such as plasmatic NO and GSH levels in blood, liver and brain, the joint exposure to metals antagonized the effects produced by each metal individually. However, the MeHg/Pb co-exposure also promoted genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, administration of niacin exhibited protective effects under the changes triggered by exposure to metals without altering the concentration and distribution of these metals in the organs/tissues of animals. Taken together, our results demonstrated that exposure to MeHg and Pb, even at low doses, are toxic to iv rodents. Moreover, since niacin presented relevant antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects, supplementation with this vitamin can be an alternative to mitigate the toxic effects resulting from exposure to MeHg and/or Pb.

Introdução: A hiperidrose primária (HP) é uma desordem que afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. A fisiopatologia da HP não é bem compreendida e acredita-se que uma complexa disfunção do sistema nervoso simpático esteja relacionada com sua etiologia. A ressecção de um ou mais gânglios da cadeia simpática torácica constitui-se como o método mais eficiente de controle da HP; apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre o funcionamento dos gânglios simpáticos em indivíduos normais e em portadores de HP. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão de acetilcolina e das subunidades 3 e 7 de seu receptor nicotínico neuronal em gânglios da cadeia simpática torácica de portadores de HP palmar e comparar estes resultados com os obtidos de não portadores; avaliar se existe diferença de tamanho entre esses gânglios. Métodos: Estudo transversal, no qual foram analisados dois grupos de 20 participantes: no grupo Hiperidrose, portadores de HP palmar, candidatos a simpatectomia torácica; no grupo Controle, doadores falecidos de órgãos sem história prévia de sudorese excessiva. Em todos os indivíduos foram realizados: ressecção do 3º gânglio simpático esquerdo; aferição do maior diâmetro do gânglio; avaliação imunohistoquímica pela quantificação das áreas de expressão forte e fraca de anticorpos primários contra acetilcolina e contra as subunidades 3 e 7 de seu receptor nicotínico neuronal. Resultados: A mediana da idade dos participantes foi menor no grupo Hiperidrose em relação ao Controle; a proporção de homens e mulheres foi de 3:17 no grupo Hiperidrose e 9:11 no Controle. A expressão da subunidade 3 foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (p = 0,78 para expressão forte e p = 0,31 para expressão fraca). A área de expressão forte da subunidade 7 correspondeu a 4,85% da área total em portadores de HP e a 2,34% nos controles (p < 0,001), enquanto a área de expressão fraca foi de 11,48% no grupo Hiperidrose e de 4,59% no Controle (p < 0,001). Expressão forte da acetilcolina foi encontrada em 4,95% da área total no grupo Hiperidrose e 1,19% no Controle (p < 0,001); expressão fraca foi encontrada em 18,55% e 6,77%, respectivamente (p < 0,001). O diâmetro dos gânglios ressecados foi de 0,71cm no grupo Hiperidrose e de 0,53cm no Controle (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Existe um aumento da expressão de acetilcolina e da subunidade 7 do seu receptor nos gânglios simpáticos de portadores de HP; a subunidade 3 do receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina tem expressão semelhante em gânglios simpáticos de portadores de HP e de não portadores; gânglios da cadeia simpática torácica apresentam diâmetro maior em portadores de HP / Introduction: Primary hyperhidrosis (PH) is a disorder that impairs the quality of life of its bearers. The PH physiopathology is not well understood and a complex sympathetic nervous system dysfunction seems to be related with its etiology. The resection of one or more thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia is the most effective PH treatment; however sympathetic ganglia function in normal subjects and in PH patients is unknown. Objectives: Analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 3 and 7 subunits in thoracic sympathetic ganglia of PH patients and compare the results with those obtained from subjects without this disorder; identifying possible differences in size of these ganglia. Methods: Cross-sectional study, in which two groups of 20 subjects were analyzed: the Hyperhidrosis group, with palmar PH patients eligible to thoracic sympathectomy and the Control group, with organ donators after brain death without hyperhidrosis historical. For each subject it were performed: resection of the third left sympathetic ganglion; measurement of the ganglions diameter; immunohistochemical evaluation by quantification of intense and mild expression areas of primary antibodies against acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 3 and 7 subunits. Results: The median of participants age was smaller in Hyperhidrosis group than in Control; the male/female ratio was 3:17 in Hyperhidrosis group and 9:11 in Control. The 3 subunit expression was similar in both groups (p = 0.78 for intense expression and p = 0.31 for mild expression). Intense 7 subunit expression area was 4.85% in PH patients and 2.34% in controls (p < 0.001) whereas mild expression area was 11.48% in Hyperhidrosis group and 4.59% in Control (p < 0.001). Intense acetylcholine expression was found in 4.95% of total area in Hyperhidrosis group and in 1.19% in Control (p < 0.001); mild expression was found in 18.55% and 6.77%, respectively (p < 0.001). Ganglia diameter was 0.71cm in Hyperhidrosis group and 0.53cm in Control (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There is a higher expression of acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 7 subunit in sympathetic ganglia of PH patients; the 3 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor shows similar expression in sympathetic ganglia of PH patients and subjects without this disorder; thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia diameter is bigger in PH patients

Nicotine has multiple behavioral effects as a result of its action in the central nervous system. Nicotine strengthens the behaviors that lead to nicotine administration (primary reinforcement), and this effect of nicotine depends on mesotelencephalic systems of the brain that are critical to goal directed behavior, reward, and reinforcement. Nicotine also serves as a ‘reinforcement enhancer’ – drug administration enhances behaviors that lead to other drug and nondrug reinforcers. Although the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine may promote tobacco use in the face of associated negative health outcomes, the neuroanatomical systems that mediate this effect of nicotine have never been described. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a nucleus that serves as a convergence point in the mesotelencephalic system, plays a substantial role in reinforcement by both drug and nondrug rewards and is rich in both presynaptic and postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Therefore, these experiments were designed to determine the role of the VTA and nAChR subtypes in the reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine. Transiently inhibiting the VTA with a gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) agonist cocktail (baclofen and muscimol) reduced both primary reinforcement by a visual stimulus and the reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine, without producing nonspecific suppression of activity. Intra-VTA infusions of a high concentration of mecamylamine a nonselective nAChR antagonist, or methylycaconitine, an α7 nAChR antagonist, did not reduce the reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine. Intra-VTA infusions of a low concentration of mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHβE), a selective antagonist of nAChRs containing the *β2 subunit, attenuated, but did not abolish, the reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine. In follow-up tests replacing systemic nicotine injections with intra-VTA infusions (70mM, 105mM) resulted in complete substitution of the reinforcement enhancing effects – increases in operant responding were comparable to giving injections of systemic nicotine. These results suggest that *β2-subunit containing nAChRs in the VTA play a role in the reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine. However, when nicotine is administered systemically these reinforcement enhancing effects may depend on the action of nicotine at nAChRs in multiple brain nuclei.

Single molecule studies can provide information of biological molecules which otherwise is lost in ensemble studies. A wide variety of fluorescence-based techniques are utilized for single molecule studies. While these tools have been widely applied for imaging soluble proteins, single molecule studies of transmembrane proteins are much more complicated. A primary reason for this is that, unlike membrane proteins, soluble proteins can be easily isolated from the cellular environment. One approach to isolate membrane proteins into single molecule level involves a very low label expression of the protein in cells. However, cells generate background fluorescence leading to a very low signal to noise ratio. An alternative approach involves isolating membrane proteins in artificial membrane derived vesicles. This approach is limited to proteins which can be solubilized or stabilized in detergent solution. This intermediate step endangers the structural integrity of proteins with multiple subunits. Hence, we isolated transmembrane proteins into cell-derived vesicles which maintain the proteins in their physiological membrane without compromising their functional integrity. We studied the stoichiometric assembly of α3β4 nicotinic receptors which are pentameric receptor with possible stoichiometry of (α3)2(β4)3 and (α3)3(β4)2. We found that (α3)2(β4)3 is the predominant stoichiometry, and we have verified our finding with both single and double color experiments. We have also demonstrated that cell-derived vesicles can be utilized to study ligand receptor interactions. Cell-derived vesicles generated from cellular preparations provide a method to study the overall structural and functional properties of membrane proteins. However, organelle specific information is not available in this approach. Alternatively, separating vesicles based on their original organelle could provide information on the assembly and trafficking of membrane proteins. For example, it has been hypothesized that nicotine acts as a pharmacological chaperone of α4β2 nicotinic receptors and nicotine alters the assembly of the nicotinic receptors towards the high sensitivity isoform in the ER. To validate this hypothesis, we isolated α4β2 nicotinic receptors located on vesicles derived from the ER and plasma membrane origins and utilized single molecule studies to determine the stoichiometric assembly of the receptor. The data suggested that the ER has a higher percentage of the low sensitivity isoform ((α4)3(β2)2) than the plasma membrane indicating that the high sensitivity isoform trafficked more efficiently to the cell surface. When nicotine was added, the distribution of nicotinic receptors changes in those compartments. In both the ER and plasma membrane, the percentage of high sensitivity isoform was greater than the sample without the presence of nicotine. The results suggested that nicotine altered the assembly of nicotinic receptors to form the high sensitivity isoform in the ER and the altered assembly trafficked to the plasma membrane efficiently increasing the ratio of this isoform in the plasma membrane. The cell derived vesicles we utilized to isolate single receptors are structurally similar to liposomes, an FDA approved drug delivery system, which is spherical vesicles composed of at least one lipid bilayer. Hence, cell-derived vesicles possess potential to be utilized as drug delivery vehicles. I explored the applicability of cell-derived vesicles as general delivery vehicles to cultured cells. Additionally, we implanted xenografts into immune compromised nude mice and prepared cell derived vesicles labeled with dye molecules. The vesicles were injected in a mouse containing a xenograft to monitor whether these vesicles can reach to the xenograft. Our data suggested that cell-derived vesicles can successfully reach the xenograft and thus have potential to be utilized as a drug delivery vehicle.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder generally affecting people above the age of 65 years. Even though the pathophysiological hallmarks of AD were established more than a hundred years ago, there is yet to be a drug that can stop its characteristic neuronal damage. Of the five currently FDA-approved drugs, galantamine has a unique mechanism of action. Apart from being an AChE inhibitor, galantamine can effectively potentiate (positive allosteric modulator) the effect of agonists at nAChRs at concentrations lower than those required for its action as an AChE inhibitor. Perhaps the clinical benefits observed with galantamine are associated mainly with its nAChRs-PAM action and not its AChE inhibitory effect. Inhibiting AChE causes a delay in the degradation of ACh and a prolonged presence of ACh might act at either nAChRs or mAChRs. By indirectly targeting mAChRs as well, AChE inhibitors may lead to potential side effects. Hence there is a need for specific nAChR agents. The aim of this study was to identify the structural features of galantamine that contribute solely towards its a7 nAChR-PAM effect. In doing so, we wish to divorce the structural features that might be important for interacting with AChE. Using the deconstruction approach, we have synthesized structurally abbreviated analogs of galantamine. To study the probable interactions, we docked these molecules in human a7 nAChR homology models. Ultimately, it is of interest to determine which analogs retain the PAM activity of galantamine and to address that, a preliminary screening was performed with a select few analogs using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique

Durant leur cycle de vie, les insectes doivent faire face à différents perturbateurs pour réussir à survivre et à se reproduire. L’utilisation de plus en plus répandue des insecticides néonicotinoïdes, en raison de leur grande efficacité, a conduit à l’accumulation de résidus dans l’environnement. Ceux-ci ont certainement un effet additif toxique sur les insectes cibles. Cependant il a été montré que ces résidus peuvent aussi avoir un effet positif non désiré sur certains traits de vie des insectes ravageurs.Dans ma thèse, j’ai étudié les effets d’un insecticide néonicotinoïde sur le système olfactif d’un insecte ravageur, la noctuelle Agrotis ipsilon. Nos résultats montrent que l’exposition aigüe des mâles à des faibles doses de clothianidine modifie leurs réponses comportementales à la phéromone sexuelle: une baisse est observée à la dose 0,25 ng/insecte (<DL0) alors que la doses de 10 ng (DL20) induit une augmentation de la réponse chez les adultes naïfs ou pré-exposés à la phéromone. Cet effet biphasique à faible et très faible dose s’apparente à un effet hormétique et les modifications observées sont corrélées avec des changements de sensibilité du système olfactif central et non périphérique. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que la clothianidine agirait sur l’expression des sous-unités des récepteurs nicotiniques pour lesquels elle joue le rôle d’agoniste, changeant leur affinité pour l’acétylcholine et perturbant ou améliorant la transmission synaptique des signaux sensoriels selon la dose. Nos résultats montrent que la prise en compte d’effets de doses sublétales d’insecticides est essentielle non seulement pour les insectes non cibles, mais aussi des insectes cibles. / Insects face a multitude of environmental stresses, which they have to bypass in order to survive and reproduce. The extensive use of neonicotinoid insecticides, because of their high efficiency, leads to the accumulation of residues in the environment, which can have an additive toxic effect on target insects. However, such residues can also have unwanted positive effects on certain life traits of pest insects. In my thesis I studied the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide on the olfactory system of the pest insect Agrotis ipsilon. Our results show that acute oral treatments of males with low doses of clothianidin modify their behavioural responses to the sex pheromone: a treatment with 0.25 ng/moth (<LD0) induces a decrease of pheromone responses whereas intoxication with 10 ng/moth (LD20) leads to an increase in the capacity of naive and pre-exposed males to locate a pheromone source as compared to controls. We propose that this biphasic effect, with low dose stimulation and very low dose inhibition is an hormeticlike effect, that is correlated with sensitivity changes within the central, but not the peripheral olfactory system. We hypothesize that the observed modifications might be due to a differential effect of clothianidin on the expression of different subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which might change the affinity of the receptors for acetylcholine, and thus disturb or improve synaptic transmission of sensory signals as a function of the insecticide dose. Our results show that effects of sublethal doses of insecticides need to be taken into account not only for non-target, but also for target insects when evaluating pest management strategies.