Les bruits automobiles induits par le frottement sont à l’origine de nombreuses plaintes clients et occasionnent des coûts de garantie considérables pour les constructeurs automobiles. Les objectifs de la thèse consistent à comprendre la physique à l’origine de ces bruits et proposer des méthodologies de simulation afin de les éradiquer. Un système générique est tout d’abord étudié. Ce système discret met en jeu un contact entre deux masses et une loi de frottement de Coulomb présentant une discontinuité à vitesse relative nulle. Des calculs de valeurs propres complexes de ce système linéarisé autour de sa position d’équilibre glissant sont menés et montrent la présence d’instabilités par flottement voire par divergence. Les simulations temporelles montrent quant à elles que les non-linéarités de contact permettent de stabiliser les niveaux vibratoires en cas d’instabilité selon quatre régimes distincts. De plus, malgré ses trois degrés de liberté, ce système est capable de reproduire les mécanismes de stick-slip, sprag-slip et couplage modal ainsi que les bruits de crissement, grincement et craquement rencontrés sur les systèmes automobiles. Des études paramétriques sont également présentées et mettent en avant des bifurcations de Hopf ainsi que l’effet déstabilisant potentiellement induit par l’amortissement. Des méthodologies permettant de catégoriser les réponses en termes de bruit et de mécanisme sont par la suite proposées. Les occurrences et risques de ces derniers sont alors analysés et des tendances sont dégagées. Enfin, la relation entre les bruits et les mécanismes est établie. L’attention est ensuite portée sur un système automobile particulier. Afin d’étudier son comportement crissant, les analyses de stabilité et les simulations temporelles sont désormais menées sur des modèles éléments-finis. Les simulations temporelles permettent d’observer l’établissement de vibrations auto-entretenues et d’identifier, parmi tous les modes instables prédits lors des analyses de stabilité, celui qui est réellement à l’origine de l’instabilité. L’effet du coefficient de frottement sur les motifs de coalescence et les cycles limites est également investigué. Le risque de crissement est ensuite évalué pour des conditions d’utilisation variées du système. La méthodologie, basée sur des analyses de stabilité, permet de retrouver les principaux constats expérimentaux obtenus sur banc d’essai. Le rôle des géométries et des matériaux constituant le système est également discuté. Enfin, une solution permettant de réduire de façon significative le risque de crissement est proposée. / Automotive friction-induced noises are the source of many customer complaints and lead to hugewarranty costs for car manufacturers. The objectives of the thesis are to improve the understanding ofthe physics at the origin of these noises and to propose numerical methodologies to eradicate them.A generic system is first investigated. This discrete system includes a contact between two masses anda Coulomb friction law with a discontinuity at zero relative velocity. Calculations of complex eigenvaluesof the linearized system around its sliding equilibrium position are carried out and show the presence offlutter and even divergence instabilities. Time simulations show that contact non-linearities permit tostabilize the vibrational levels in case of instability according to four distinct behaviors. Furthermore,despite its three degrees of freedom, this system is able to reproduce the stick-slip, sprag-slip and modecouplingmechanisms as well as the squeal, squeak and creak noises encountered in automotive systems.Parametric studies are also presented and highlight Hopf bifurcations as well as the destabilizing effectpotentially induced by damping. Methodologies allowing the categorization of the responses in termsof noise and mechanism are then proposed. Occurrences and risks of these noises and mechanismsare thus analyzed and trends are highlighted. The relationship between noises and mechanisms is alsoestablished.A specific automotive system is then considered. In order to study its squeal behavior, stabilityanalysis and time simulations are now carried out on finite element models. Time simulations allowto observe the establishment of self-excited vibrations and to identify, among all the unstable modespredicted by the stability analysis, the one which is actually the source of the instability. The effectof friction on the coalescence patterns and limit cycles is also investigated. The risk of squeal is thenevaluated in different operating conditions. The methodology, based on stability analysis, leads toresults in good agreement with the experimental observations. The role of geometries and materialsconstituting the system is also discussed. Finally, a solution with significantly low risk of squeal isproposed.

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de la mala autopercepción de la salud bucal con los síntomas del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) en población adulta de los Estados Unidos de América. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal retrospectivo analítico, con un total de 2348 personas entre las edades comprendidas de 15 a 55 años tomadas de las encuestas National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) durante el periodo 2015-2016 realizadas por el Center Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) de los Estados Unidos de América. Para la evaluación de ambas variables se emplearon preguntas de auto reporte. Asimismo, la comparación de la mala autopercepción de salud bucal con las características de los participantes se realizó mediante la prueba estadística Chi cuadrado. Para asociar la mala autopercepción de salud bucal con los síntomas del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) se usó la regresión de Poisson para asociar la razón de prevalencia cruda y ajustada con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05 e IC (95%). Resultados: Al asociar la mala autopercepción de salud bucal con los síntomas del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS), no se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa p > 0.05. El 9.5% de participantes del sexo femenino tienen una mayor frecuencia de presentar una mala autopercepción de salud bucal en comparación al sexo opuesto. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio se observó que, la autopercepción de salud bucal no está relacionada con los síntomas tales como la somnolencia y ronquidos del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS). / Aim: Determine the association of negative self-perception of oral health with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) disorders in the population aged 15 to 55 years of the United States of America. Materials and methods: An analytical retrospective cross-sectional observational study was carried out, with a total of 2348 people between the ages of 15 and 55 years taken from the National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during the period 2015-2016 carried out by the Center Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States of America. For the evaluation of both variables, self-report questions were used. Likewise, the comparison of the poor self-perception of oral health with the characteristics of the participants was carried out using the Chi square statistical test. To associate poor self-perceived oral health with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) symptoms, Poisson regression was used to associate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with a significance level of p < 0.05 and CI (95%). Results: When associating poor self-perception of oral health with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), no statistically significant association was found p > 0.05. While 9.5% of female participants have a higher frequency of presenting a poor self-perception of oral health compared to the opposite sex. Conclusions: In the present study, it was observed that oral health self-perception is not related to symptoms such as sleepiness and snoring of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) disorders. / Tesis

[pt] A tese se dedica à escrita de Guimarães Rosa sob a perspectiva da inarticulação: atenta às ocasiões em que a língua é levada a seu limite intensivo, ao se deixar atravessar sobretudo por vozes animais (grunhir, uivar, grasnar, piar, balir, sibilar, chiar, etc.), ruídos naturais (vento, água, fogo, etc.) e pelo registro musical. Explorando os modos singulares com que Rosa trabalha sonoridades investidas de forças anárquicas e criadoras, o estudo mostra que um dos traços mais relevantes em sua obra é trazer à tona a experiência de inarticulação da linguagem. Tal experiência manifesta-se como lugar privilegiado de desestabilização das fronteiras habitualmente pressupostas entre o que se convencionou chamar, de um lado e de outro, língua e vida - revelando o corpo material da língua como condição irredutível para que se descortinem vínculos intensivos com as coisas através da literatura. O pensamento contido na própria forma como Rosa trabalha a sua língua é posto em diálogo com as reflexões de Gilles Deleuze/Felix Guattari sobre a língua intensiva, e com as considerações de Friedrich Nietzsche acerca da experiência dionisíaca da música. Assim orientada, a tese se compõe de três ensaios. O primeiro aborda a inarticulação da língua na novela Buriti, de Corpo de Baile, em leitura centrada na personagem Chefe Zequiel e nos modos pelos quais sua sensibilidade auditiva prodigiosa capta micro-percepções sonoras da noite e as transfere para uma língua à beira de se tornar guincho, uivo, assovio do vento. O ensaio seguinte mostra o paralelo existente entre o retorno do ruído na música contemporânea, capitaneado pelo músico John Cage, e a invasão da escrita pela infinita gama de sonoridades não dicionarizadas de que se compõe a obra de Guimarães Rosa. Elabora-se ainda, em correlação com a analogia musical aí desenvolvida, uma interpretação da pouco comentada novela A estória do homem do Pinguelo, de Estas Estórias. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio apresenta a aliança entre poesia, música e inarticulação da língua no cerne do projeto literário do escritor mineiro. Oferece-se aí uma visão do processo criativo de Guimarães Rosa como transmutação de forças e afectos presentes nos sons antes da articulação, em uma língua poética em íntimo enlace com a musicalidade. Também se propõem, nessa ocasião, leituras de Cara-de- Bronze, de Corpo de Baile, e de Duelo, de Sagarana. / [en] The present thesis approaches the writing of Guimarães Rosa from the perspective of the inarticulate. It attends to those occasions in which his writing takes language to its intensive limit, at which it incorporates animal noises (grunting, howling, cawing, chirping, bleating, hissing, wheezing), natural sounds (wind, water, fire, etc.), and the musical register. Exploring the singular manner in which Rosa cultivates sonorities invested with anarchical and creative forces, the study shows that one of the most striking aspects of his work is the way it gives voice to the experience of the inarticulate within language. Such an experience manifests itself as a privileged site of destabilization of the traditional frontiers between what is conventionally called language and what is called life. This serves to reveal the material body of language as an irreducible condition for the creation of an intensive connection with life through literature. Rosa s thinking, as it is presented through his writing, is also put into dialogue with Gilles Deleuze s and Felix Guattari s notion of the intensive language and Friedrich Nietzsche s account of the Dionysian experience of music. The thesis consists of three chapters. The first approaches the inarticulate in the novella Buriti, from Corpo de Baile. It focusses on the character Chief Zequiel, who possesses a prodigious auditory sensitivity that allows him to perceive very slight, night-time sounds and convert them into a language that borders on squealing, howling, the whispering of the wind. The following chapter draws parallels between the reintroduction of noise into contemporary music by John Cage in particular and the intrusion of a multitude of non-lexicographic sonorities into Rosa s writing. This musical analogy is also intertwined with an interpretation of the neglected novella, A estória do homem do Pinguelo, from Estas Estórias. The third and final chapter discusses the alliance between poetry, music and inarticulate language at the heart of Rosa s literary oeuvre. It regards his creative process as a transmutation of the pre-articulate forces and affects present in sounds into a poetic language that is intimately intertwined with musicality. Finally, it proposes a reading of Cara-de-bronze from Corpo de Baile and Duelo from Sagarana.

La pollution sonore est un problème majeur pour les résidents des zones urbaines. La directive Européenne 2002/49/CE impose aux états membres l’établissement de cartes de bruit. Ces dernières sont construites sur la base de l’indice énergétique Lden, également utilisé dans les relations dose-effet établies pour prédire la gêne. Toutefois, pour l’évaluation de la gêne due au bruit dans les zones urbaines, la pertinence de cet indice est souvent remise en question. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré que les caractéristiques temporelles et spectrales des bruits environnementaux influencent aussi les réponses de gêne et ne sont pas prises en compte dans cet indice. Cette thèse vise à contribuer à l’amélioration de la caractérisation de la gêne due au bruit des véhicules routiers en ville. Elle est basée sur des expériences réalisées en laboratoire. Elle comprend deux parties principales. La première partie a comme objectif de progresser sur la caractérisation physique et perceptive du bruit des passages de divers véhicules routiers en milieu urbain tels que les bus, les deux-roues motorisés, les poids lourds et les véhicules légers. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la caractérisation de la gêne due aux deuxroues motorisés qui sont cités parmi les véhicules routiers les plus gênants et sont peu étudiés dans la littérature. Dans cette perspective, un indicateur acoustique caractéristique de la gêne due au bruit routier urbain a été déterminé : il rend compte de différents attributs auditifs gênants en associant la sonie, un indice spectral et deux indices de modulation proposés dans le cadre de ces travaux. Dans les zones urbaines, les riverains sont souvent exposés à la circulation routière en présence d’autres sources de bruit de l’environnement. L’objectif principal de la deuxième partie est la prédiction de la gêne totale due au bruit du trafic routier urbain combiné avec le bruit de tramway. Dans le but de caractériser la gêne totale, les phénomènes perceptifs liés à la combinaison de ces bruits sont tout d’abord étudiés. Ensuite, l’indicateur proposé précédemment pour caractériser la gêne due au bruit des passages de différents véhicules routiers est testé lorsque différents trafics routiers urbains sont considérés. Sur la base de ces résultats, des modèles permettant de caractériser la gêne due au bruit de trafic routier urbain combiné au bruit de tramway ont été proposés. / Noise pollution is a major concern for residents of urban areas. To date, the European directive 2002/49/CE requires member states to represent community noise through noise maps. These are produced using the Lden (day-evening-night level) index which is also employed for dose-effect relationships in noise annoyance prediction. However, for the assessment of noise annoyance in urban areas, its relevance is often questioned. Numerous studies have shown that noise annoyance due to community noise is not solely based on the sound pressure level and other acoustical signal characteristics such as temporal and spectral features influence noise annoyance ratings. This thesis aims to improve the assessment of noise annoyance due to various road vehicle noises in cities. It is based on experiments carried out in laboratory conditions and comprises two main parts. The first addresses the enhancement of the physical and perceptual characterization of annoyance due to various urban road vehicle pass-by noises, such as buses, poweredtwo- wheelers, heavy vehicles and light vehicles. A specific focus is put on the characterization of annoyance due to powered-two-wheelers which are among the most annoying road vehicles and studied little in the existing literature. An indicator accounting for annoyance-relevant auditory attributes of urban road vehicle pass-by noises is determined: it comprises loudness, a spectral index and two modulation indices proposed in this work. In urban agglomerations, people are often exposed to road traffic in presence of a variety of other environmental noise sources. The focal point of the second part is on the prediction of total annoyance due to urban road traffic noise combined with tramway noise. In the aim of adequately characterizing total annoyance, first the perceptual phenomena involved in annoyance due to the combination of the sources are studied. Furthermore, the analysis allows for the testing of the proposed noise annoyance indicator for the characterization of urban road traffic noise. To characterize annoyance due to tramway noise, an indicator determined in a recent study is employed. Based on these indicators and the findings regarding perceptual phenomena, models for the prediction of total annoyance due to combined urban road traffic and tramway noise are proposed.