This doctoral dissertation revisits the horse in Blackfoot culture in order to explore how its adoption altered Blackfoot hunting practices and landscape uses during the Contact Period in the Northwestern Plains of North America. The Blackfoot provide one of the best avenues for research into the horse's impact on big-game hunters because of their pre-contact trajectory, history of interaction with other groups, detailed ethnographic record, and continued investment in equestrianism. While the socio-economic consequences of the horse's introduction have been studied from a historical perspective, the archaeology of this transition remains ambiguous. This project presents a new, archaeological dimension to the dynamics of the Blackfoot equestrian transition by incorporating material culture with traditional knowledge, historic accounts, and geospatial data into a multi-scalar, transnational interpretation of the horse's impact on both Blackfoot social, economic, religious, and spiritual life, as well as the way in which Blackfoot peoples used and understood their landscape. The results of this study show how these changes may be best understood as a transition in modes of production from hunting and gathering to nomadic pastoralism. In this endeavor, this project contributes new theoretical and methodological approaches as well as substantive new data to our understanding of hunting and pastoralism among people of the Northwestern Plains.

Mobile devices have evolved over the years from resource constrained devices that supported only the most basic tasks to powerful handheld computing devices. However, the most significant step in the evolution of mobile devices was the introduction of wireless connectivity which enabled them to host applications that require internet connectivity such as email, web browsers and maybe most importantly smart/rich clients. Being able to host smart clients allows the users of mobile devices to seamlessly access the Information Technology (IT) resources of their organizations. <p>One increasingly popular way of enabling access to IT resources is by using Web Services (WS). This trend has been aided by the rapid availability of WS packages/tools, most notably the efforts of the Apache group and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) vendors. But the widespread use of WS raises questions for users of mobile devices such as laptops or PDAs; how and if they can participate in WS. Unlike their wired counterparts (desktop computers and servers) they rely on a wireless network that is characterized by low bandwidth and unreliable connectivity.<p>The aim of this thesis is to enable mobile devices to host Web Services consumers. It introduces a Model-Driven Dual Caching (MDDC) approach to overcome problems arising from temporarily loss of connectivity and fluctuations in bandwidth.

Mobile devices have evolved over the years from resource constrained devices that supported only the most basic tasks to powerful handheld computing devices. However, the most significant step in the evolution of mobile devices was the introduction of wireless connectivity which enabled them to host applications that require internet connectivity such as email, web browsers and maybe most importantly smart/rich clients. Being able to host smart clients allows the users of mobile devices to seamlessly access the Information Technology (IT) resources of their organizations. <p>One increasingly popular way of enabling access to IT resources is by using Web Services (WS). This trend has been aided by the rapid availability of WS packages/tools, most notably the efforts of the Apache group and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) vendors. But the widespread use of WS raises questions for users of mobile devices such as laptops or PDAs; how and if they can participate in WS. Unlike their wired counterparts (desktop computers and servers) they rely on a wireless network that is characterized by low bandwidth and unreliable connectivity.<p>The aim of this thesis is to enable mobile devices to host Web Services consumers. It introduces a Model-Driven Dual Caching (MDDC) approach to overcome problems arising from temporarily loss of connectivity and fluctuations in bandwidth.

Internet has changed our lives. It has made the true distributed computing paradigm a reality. It has opened up a lot of opportunities both in the research domain and in business domain. One can now think of developing software and make it available to the large community of users. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which was originally developed for the purpose of requesting/transferring content (text, images, etc.), is now a standard for remotely invoking services and getting back results. The wireless technologies have also matured. 802.11 is the existing standard for wireless communication in a LAN environment. Today, even the small computers like the Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) is wireless enabled. This makes access to information and computing significantly much more convenient. Hotspot! server has been designed to provide connectivity and services in public places (called hotspots). It acts as a wireless Network Access Server (NAS) to users who want to obtain connectivity and services at public places. We believe that the primary applications that have importance and relevance in public places are Internet Access, and specific context-based or location specific services. These services are deployed by Internet Service Providers. Secure access is one of the primary concerns in public networks. We designed, developed and tested a framework for secure access to HTTP-based services through the Hotspot! server. Internet Access is a special case of a HTTP-based Proxy service.

As the Oil Sands in Northern Alberta continue to develop and new companies take up leases, they continue to fragment the region’s communities and landscape. Rather than continuing the trend of subdividing the lands and the population, through isolated workers camps, this thesis proposes a moving city that can follow industry, remediate its path and reconnect the community through its processes. Large scale canopies will cover past mining and tailings sites to create micro-climates and harvest energy through solar updraft. The elevated temperatures under the canopies will provide improved climatic conditions for human inhabitation and a bioremediation industry. Beneath the canopy, the inhabitants will be free to ‘plug-in’ to the provided infrastructure with their own version of ‘home’. A stronger attachment to the community, between people, and new clean industries that the population can find pride in, will vastly improve the reputation of the region.

The Kel Tamachek and Hassanya are nomadic people who live in Sahel‐Sahara but some of them have become semi‐nomad or sedentary throughout the time. Since the independence they were divided in five countries. In Mali they occupy the 75% with 932 490 sqm of the territory which is 1 241 238 sqm5 and 10% of the population’s 13 millions.6 Their area is the north Mali which is administratively divided in three regions: Timbuktu, Gao and Kidal called also respectively the 6th region, 7th region and 8th region. They share the area with other ethnic groups such as Fulbe which are nomadic peoples and indigenous peoples and the Songhai or Sonrhai, Sorko and Bambara. The Kel Tamachek as other indigenous peoples of the world were discriminated and marginalized which started since the colonization. The colonizers tried to exterminate them because of their resistance and their refusal to be dominated and assimilated. The Frenchmen after establishing their power on the colonies started to ‘civilize’ their subjects. However, the nomads were forgotten in these programs because no school was created in their area. And when an exceptional leader Mohamed Ali Ag Attaher Alansary11understood that the best arm for combating the colonizers was to learn their knowledge which will ensure also the success for the future. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Ms Odile L. Tung, Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Countless centuries has sailed by since humanity first discovered the method of travelling across the far stretched oceans that divided undiscovered continents. As noted by Le Corbusier, these liners were deemed being an engineering feat of the twentieth century, as their design resembled an epitome of indulgence and hospitality. As the average lifespan of a commercial liner is 25 years, the shipping industry is reaching a pinnacle point in time where countless ships will be decommissioned. As these vessels were originally built to be both functional and appealing in nature, why have them reduced to hazardous scrap metal, when they can be repurposed on land? In order to physically implement such an interior endeavor, both a decommissioned ship ideal in typology and status, along with a suited location for docking was to be advocated. The selection of Robinson Dry Dock as host and the SS Nomadic as habitant allowed for the spatial intervention of a retail-orientated and recreational facility to be envisioned. As opposed to the mere institution of a heritage approach, the appendage of a new layer is proposed that will allow for past recollection and future addition thereon - thus a palimpsest of design in terms of programmatic response and actual materiality. As the spatial and structural formation of vessels primarily rely on steel and the construction of a dock on concrete, these materials will be probed comprehensively in standings of their vulnerability to degradation. Proposed avenues of material investigation permits corrosion protection, historic decay preservation and intentional oxidation techniques that can conceivably ground potential design implementations. The decisive spatial outcome aims to endorse the idea that corrosion can act as a tool of architectural beautification, rather than a mere entity of intimidation. This idea is heightened by the insertion of a microbrewery that factually exemplifies the splendor of aging. Rather than promoting slavish alternative shipbreaking approaches and mere demolition practices, layered architectural alteration, as outlined by Fred Scott in his book, On Altering Architecture, will allow for the creation of a spatial intervention that is honest, nonintrusive and profound. / Ontelbare eeue het verby geseil sedert die mensdom 'n reismetode ontwikkel het wat hul in staat sou stel om uitgestrekte oseane, wat onontdekte kontinente verdeel, te verken. Soos opgeteken deur Le Corbusier, was hierdie lynbote beskou as 'n kordaatstuk vir ingenieurswese in die 20ste eeu, aangesien die ontwerp daarvan getuig van toegeeflikheid en gasvryheid. Omdat die gemiddelde leeftyd van 'n kommersi?le boot 25 jaar is, het die skeepindustrie 'n punt bereik waar heelwat skepe onaktief verklaar is. As hierdie werktuie oorspronklik bedoel was om funksioneel sowel as aantreklik van aard te wees, waarom dit dan reduseer tot 'n hoop skrootmetaal as dit vir 'n ander doel op land aangewend kan word? Ten einde so 'n poging te implementeer, moes 'n onaktiewe boot, tesame met 'n gepaste ligging vir die dok daarvan, voorgestel word. Die keuse van Robinson Droogdok as gasheer en die SS Nomadic as inwoner, laat ruimte vir 'n omgewings-vriendelike produk waarin die moontlikheid van kleinhandel en fasiliteite vir vermaak, voorkeur geniet. Teenoor die blote ingesteldheid van 'n erfenis-aanslag, is die byvoeging van 'n nuwe laag voorgestel, wat ruimte laat vir dit wat in die verlede gevestig is, sowel as toekomstige byvoeging ? dus 'n palimpses van ontwerp in terme van 'n programmatiese oplossing en materialiteit. Soos wat die ruimtelike en struktuele formasie van werktuie hoofsaaklik afhanklik is van staal en die konstruksie van 'n dok uit beton, sal hierdie materiale deeglik en omvattend ondersoek word in terme van hul kwesbaarheid wat degradering betref. Voorgestelde maniere om hierdie materiale te ondersoek en te toets, sal beskerming teen roes, asook historiese verval en doelbewuste oksidasie-tegnieke insluit, wat moontlik die grondslag kan l? vir potensi?le ontwerp implementering. Die uitkoms kan die idee bevorder dat verval en agteruitgang kan bydra tot argitektuele verfraaiing, eerder as om 'n blote entiteit vir intimidasie te wees. Hierdie idee word verder bevorder deur die 'n mikro-brouery by te voeg, wat die glorie van oudword beklemtoon. Eerder as om skeepsloping en blote vernietiging voor te staan, sal argitektuele verandering, soos uiteen gesit deur Fred Scott in sy boek, On Altering Architecture, die skep van 'n ruimtelike ingryping toelaat wat eerlik, nie-opdringerig en grondig sal wees. / Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MInt (Prof) / Unrestricted

People are nomadic; traveling from place to place. As a user travels, he may need access to his digital information, including his data, applications, and settings. A convenient way to supply this access is to have the user carry that digital information in a portable computer such as a laptop or smart phone. As Moore's Law continues to operate, devices such as smart phones can easily perform the computing necessary for a user's work. Unfortunately, the amount of data a human can receive and convey through such devices is limited. To receive more information humans require more screen real estate. To transmit more information humans need rich input devices like mice and full-sized keyboards. To allow users to carry their digital information in a small device while maintaining opportunities for rich input, this research takes the approach of allowing users to carry a small portable device and then annex screens, keyboards, and mice whenever those devices are available in a user's environment. This research pursued the "carry it with you" paradigm first by building an ideal annexing framework which helps maximize the screen real estate while minimizing the resources—RAM, CPU, and wireless radio—consumed on the personal device. The resource consumption is demonstrated through a comparison with existing remote rendering technologies. Next, a privacy-aware framework was added to the annexing framework to help protect the user's sensitive data from damage and theft when he annexes a potentially malicious device. A framework like this has not existed before, and this research shows how the user's sensitive data is protected by this framework. Third, legacy machines and software are allowed to participate in the carry-it-with-you experience by scraping pixels from the user's existing applications and transmitting those pixels to an annexed display. Finally, when a user encounters a display space he does not own, but which he needs to control (e.g. by preventing anyone else from annexing it simultaneously, or by constraining each user to a different section of the display space), rather than forcing the user to learn and use control software supplied by the display, the user can bring his own control software and use it to enforce the user's desired control paradigm. This dissertation shows the carry-it-with-you paradigm is a powerful potential avenue which allows users to confidently use display spaces with varying configurations in an assortment of environments.

The aim with this work is to investigate whether and to what extent the three first inspectors of the nomadic schools in Sweden revealed any signs of socialdarwinistic thought in their yearly reports from 1917 to 1945. For this reason I read through not only the named reports but also other official writings belonging to the inspectors as well as articles in Samefolkets Egen Tidning from that time. Darwin’s theory about the evolution of species and the human race was soon applied to explain the development of the human races and their various cultures. Furthermore it was combined with earlier notions concerning the effect of environmental influences on man’s development and a resulting cultural hierarchy. Thus leading scientists of that time placed the farming and industrial societies above gathering-hunting and nomadic societies. Societies placed on a lower level on the development scale, it was believed, would die out if they came into contact with higher societies. This was also true to the treatment of the mountain Saami population in Sweden. The nomadic school system which was introduced by law in 1913 aimed at keeping the mountain Saami segregated, not only from the Swedish population but also from the forest Saami who where regarded an even lower society. With the first two inspectors it becomes obvious that their ideology was based on socialdarwinistic thought. Vitalis Karnell even refers to racial premisis and Erik Bergström uses words that are almost directly taken from socialdarwinistic argumentation. With Axel Calleberg it is unclear whether he regarded the Saami as an inferior society. He reveals a less paternalistic attitude towards the mountain Saami than did his predecessors. The underlying ideas concerning the nomadic school system were not seen by some, or were strongly refuted by other leading Saami personalities.

Road safety is one of the world’s largest challenges. New technologies have made roads both safer, but also more dangerous as people to a greater extent drive distracted. The Swedish startup Consenz AB aims to solve this by creating a hardware/software system of connected Head Up Displays (HUDs). The purpose of this thesis isto create concepts of aftermarket HUDs that can help Consenz create their first hardware. More specifically this thesis focuses on creating a device that can fit into most vehicles and provide an appropriate image. The work followed a version of the Double diamond design process, with four parts. In the first two parts the challenge was assessed, and a set of requirements made. In the second half of the project concepts were generated and evaluated from the requirements made in the first half. The first part of the project was aimed at gathering knowledge about the topic, the market today and its potential customers, this was done by contacting various stakeholders, documenting car interiors, and reading research and regulations around the topic. The second part of the project evaluated available display technologies and together with the first part, resulted in a set of requirements for the second half of the project. The third part of the project used a number of concept generation methods to create several concepts. These concepts were evaluated and narrowed down to two concepts. In the final part of the project these concepts were refined and evaluated. The work resulted in two concepts, physical models of the concepts and a recommendation for which concept to continue with. / Trafiksäkerhet är en av världens största utmaningar. Ny teknik har gjort vägar både säkrare men också farligare eftersom människor i större utsträckning kör distraherade. Svenska startupen Consenz AB vill lösa detta genom att skapa ett hårdvaru- / mjukvarusystem med anslutna Head Up Displays (HUD). Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa koncept för eftermarknads-HUD som kan hjälpa Consenz att skapa sin första hårdvara. Mer specifikt fokuserar projektet på att skapa en enhet som passar in i de flesta fordon och som ger en lämplig bild. Arbetet följde en version av Double Diamond design processen, med fyra delar. I de två första delarna utvärderades problemet och en uppsättning krav ställdes. Under andra halvan av projektet genererades och utvärderades koncept utifrån de krav som ställts under första två delarna. Den första delen av projektet samlade kunskap om utmaningen, marknaden idag och dess potentiella kunder, detta gjordes genom att kontakta olika stakeholders, dokumentera bilinteriörer och genom att studera texter kring området. Den andra delen av projektet utvärderade olika displayteknologier och tillsammans med den första delen resulterade det i flera krav. Den tredje delen av projektet använde olika konceptgenereringsmetoder för att skapa flera koncept. Dessa koncept utvärderades och begränsades till två koncept. I den sista delen av projektet förfinades och jämfördes dessa koncept. Arbetet resulterade i två koncept, fysiska modeller av koncepten och en rekommendation för vilket koncept att fortsätta med.