In my research, I conducted semi-structured interviews with the help of a qualitative method to investigate how formative assessment is applied by teachers and what the pros and cons they experience there are. The interviewed teachers have presented several different methods and strategies for how they apply formative assessment in the history subject, they have also presented the advantages and disadvantages of formative assessment in the history subject. The methods presented by the teacher include two stars and a wish in which the teacher gives students formative feedback in the form of a comment on what can be improved and two comments on what was good about the work. Another method is self-assessing in which students can judge themselves on a scale of 1-10 where 10 is that they have worked to the best of their ability. The advantages presented by several teachers are that the formative assessment helps students to advance their learning, it develops into the tool that helps students to develop the ability to reflect and analyze their own knowledge development. Some disadvantages presented are that teachers find it more difficult to work with assessment in the history subject because of the substance and it becomes harder for the teachers to motivate their students to learn compared to other subjects. Another disadvantage is that skills must be developed in the subject of history and the teachers find that it can be difficult to take on what abilities it is that should be developed and how to proceed. / I min undersökning har jag med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer för att undersöka hur formativ bedömning tillämpas av lärare och vilka för och nackdelar de anser att det finns. De intervjuade lärarna har presenterat flera olika metoder och strategier för hur de tillämpar formativ bedömning i historieämnet, de har även presenterat vilka för och nackdelar formativ bedömning har i historieämnet. De metoder som lärarna presenterat är bland annat two stars and a wish i vilket läraren ger elever formativ feedback i form av en kommentar om vad som kan förbättras och två kommentarer om vad som var bra med arbetet. En annan metod är självskattning i vilket elever får bedöma sig själva på en skala 1–10 där 10 är att de har arbetat utefter sin bästa förmåga. De fördelar som presenteras bland flera lärare är att den formativa bedömningen hjälper elever att föra fram sitt lärande, det utvecklas till verktyget som hjälper elever att utveckla förmågan att reflektera och analysera över sin egen kunskapsutveckling. Några nackdelar som presenteras är att lärarna upplever att det är svårare att arbeta med bedömning i historieämnet på grund av stoffet och det blir svårare för lärare att motivera sina elever att lära sig jämfört med andra ämnen. En annan nackdel är att det måste utvecklas förmågor i historieämnet och lärarna upplever att det kan vara svårt att ta på vilka förmågor det är som ska utvecklas och hur man ska gå tillväga.

Although the overall quantity of international research has increased, existent studies tend to adopt an instrument developed in one culture to use in the other, leading to measurement bias. In addition, previous cross-cultural research mainly focuses on comparisons between collectivist and individualistic backgrounds (e.g., American vs. Chinese) without considering the similarities and differences within the collectivist societies (e.g., China vs. Mexico). This dissertation project has two purposes, with Study 1 aiming to examine measurement equivalence of two widely used instruments while Study 2 investigating if an attachment-based two-serial mediation model remained constant among three cross-cultural samples collected from the US, Mexico, and China. A total of 1211 participants, including 360 American university students, 441 Mexican students, and 410 Chinese students participated in the study. Differential item functioning (DIF) in lordif package in R and structural equation modeling (SEM) in Mplus 8.1 were adopted for Study 1 and 2, respectively. The results of Study 1 indicated the proposed instruments were culturally invariant in English, Spanish, and Chinese with some modifications. Study 2 showed that assertiveness/self-conscious emotions mediated the association between adult attachment and depression/aggression only in the US group. However, the two-serial mediation model in which the link between adult attachment and depression/aggression via assertiveness to self-conscious emotions was supported in Mexican and Chinese groups, not in the US group. Findings from these two cross-cultural adult attachment studies provide additional insights for future attachment research and useful implications for psychologists working with diverse individuals from the US, Mexico, and China.

Parents play an important role in socializing children's emotion understanding. Previous research on parents' conversations with their children shows that parents emphasize different aspects of emotion contexts depending on the emotion depicted. However, there is limited research on how parents and children discuss self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment, guilt, and shame. The current study explored the socialization of self-conscious emotions in parent-child conversations during a storybook task. One hundred and sixty-six children between the ages of 24 and 36 months were observed reading a storybook with their parent. Analyses of parent-child conversations revealed that while parent and child utterances were highly correlated, only parents differentially discussed different aspects of each self-conscious emotion. Additionally, the frequency of parents' causality and knowledge-based questions directed towards their children differed by self-conscious emotion. Whether parent communication of emotion serves as a framework for child understanding and interpretation of self-conscious emotions will be discussed.

Symptoms and syndromes in neuropathology, whether expressed in conscious or nonconscious behaviour, remain imbedded in often complex diagnostic categories. Symptom-based strategies for studying brain disease states are driven by assessments of presenting symptoms, signs, assay results, neuroimages and biomarkers. In the present account, symptom-based strategies are contrasted with existing diagnostic classifications. Topics include brain areas and regional circuitry underlying decision-making and impulsiveness, and motor and learned expressions of explicit and implicit processes. In three self-report studies on young adult and adolescent healthy individuals, it was observed that linear regression analyses between positive and negative affect, self-esteem, four different types of situational motivation: intrinsic, identified regulation, extrinsic regulation and amotivation, and impulsiveness predicted significant associations between impulsiveness with negative affect and lack of motivation (i.e., amotivation) and internal locus of control, on the one hand, and non-impulsiveness with positive affect, self-esteem, and high motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation and identified regulation), on the other. Although presymptomatic, these cognitive- affective characterizations illustrate individuals' choice behaviour in appraisals of situations, events and proclivities essentially of distal perspective. Neuropathological expressions provide the proximal realities of symptoms and syndromes with underlying dysfunctionality of brain regions, circuits and molecular mechanisms.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the prevalence of compliance of Postgraduate Pediatric Dentistry Programs (PPDPs) in the United States with the current American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) sedation guidelines and Commission On Dental Accreditation (CODA) sedation curriculum requirements and identify barriers to and facilitators for implementation of such guidelines; (2) identify changes to-date in sedation practices of PPDP since the previously published AAPD sedation guidelines (2011); and (3) determine the independent association of compliance of PPDP with program setting. Methods: A 40-item questionnaire was emailed to all postgraduate pediatric dentistry program directors (PPDPDs) of CODA accredited programs in the U.S. (n=74). Bivariate analysis, chi-square, Monte Carlo simulation and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. Results: 70% of surveyed participants responded (n=52). On average, PPDPs were found to be compliant with both AAPD and CODA sedation standards. The bivariate analysis showed that both current setting of PPDPs and PPDPDs training setting did not affect the compliance of the program with the AAPD and the CODA sedation guidelines. Directors that stated receiving an “excellent sedation training” were more likely to be compliant with the CODA sedation standards (p=0.01). In this study, a major perceived barrier for increasing the number of non-IV conscious sedation cases per residents was a lack of patient pool (37%). When comparing changes in the sedation practice of PPDPs between 2009 and 2011, more sedation emergency drills were found to be performed in 2015 (p=0.05). Conclusion: Most PPDPs were compliant with both the AAPD and CODA sedation standards. Most PPDPDs were in favor of the 2013 increase number of sedation required by CODA. Both PPDPD training setting and PPDP setting did not affect the compliance of the programs with the AAPD sedation guidelines and the CODA sedation standards. PPDPs with PPDPDs who reported an excellent sedation training were more likely to be more compliant with the CODA sedation guidelines. Finally, PPDP setting did not affect the number of patients receiving non-IV conscious sedation or the number of sedation ER experienced per year.

付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20432号 / 農博第2217号 / 新制||農||1048(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5053(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 河田 照雄, 准教授 井上 和生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Psykisk ohälsa ökar i världen, varav ångest har blivit en av nutidens stora folksjukdomar. Förutom att detta skapar lidande hos drabbade individer, uppstår stora kostnader för samhället samt belastar en redan hårt ansatt sjukvård. Den vanligaste behandlingsformen mot ångest är idag farmakologi och psykoterapi. Sjuksköterskan kan behöva alternativa verktyg för att skapa ett mer effektivt hållbart alternativ. Studier har visat på att yoga kan vara ett alternativ mot ångest och att sjuksköterskan skulle kunna rekommendera och implementera detta alternativ i preventivt likväl lindrande syfte för patienten i hälso- och sjukvården samt som egenvård.   Syfte Syftet var att belysa yoga som egenvård mot ångest inom omvårdnad.   Metod Den valda metoden är en litteraturöversikt och innefattar 19 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna PubMed, CINAHL samt PsycINFO. Artiklarna analyserades genom en integrerad analys samt kvalitetsgranskades enligt Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömnings-underlag, för att slutligen sammanställas till detta resultat.   Resultat Resultatet visade att yoga har en positiv effekt mot ångest, både på friska som sjuka och kan användas som en behandlingsmetod eller som komplement till den konventionella terapin inom sjukvården för att minska ångest och skapa ökat välbefinnande. Yoga visade sig även vara kostnadsbesparande och verka för ett hållbart samhälle.   Slutsats Yoga visade på positiv effekt mot ångest, inom både de fysiologiska och psykologiska parametrarna, både bland friska och sjuka individer. Den visade sig vara en säker metod att utföra, nästan lika effektiv som farmakologisk behandling men utan biverkningar, samt att den är kostnadsbesparande och hållbar i längden. Behov på vidare forskning på större studier som kan ge mer objektiva mätbara resultat kan följaktligen öka trovärdigheten för att yoga ska bli mer erkänt som en behandlingsmetod inom hälso- och sjukvården. / ABSTRACT Background Mental ill health is increasing in the world and anxiety has become one of today’s major common disorders. In addition to causing suffering to the affected individuals, this leads to major costs for society and is a burden on a healthcare system already under pressure. The most common treatment for anxiety today is pharmacology and psychotherapy. Nurses may need different tools to provide a more effective and sustainable alternative. Studies have shown that yoga can be an alternative for anxiety and that nurses could recommend and implement this alternative as a preventive measure and to provide relief for patients receiving healthcare and as self-care.    Aim The aim was to identify yoga as self-care as part of nursing against anxiety.   Method The method chosen is a literature review comprising 19 scientific articles from the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. The articles were analyzed through an integrated analysis and quality controlled according to Sophiahemmet University’s assessment documentation and finally compiled into these results.   Results The results showed that yoga has a positive effect on anxiety, among both healthy and sick individuals and can be used as a treatment method or as a complement to conventional therapy within the healthcare sector in order to reduce anxiety and increase well-being. Yoga also proved to be cost effective and to promote a sustainable society.   Conclusions Yoga showed a positive effect on anxiety, within both the physiological and psychological parameters, for both healthy and sick individuals. It proved to be a safe method to perform, almost as effective as pharmacological treatment but without side-effects. It also saves costs and is sustainable over time. There is a need for further research in larger studies that can provide more objective measurable results and thereby increase the credibility of yoga becoming more recognised as a treatment method within healthcare.

<p>The intent of this study is to consider changes in the naturalization of the self-as-object in both behavioral and mental spheres, or the "self-as-instrument" and "self-consciousself", respectively. The concern here is on the naturalness versus historicalness accorded these two aspects of the self-as-object. A focused examination of the treatment of the self-as-object in three theoretical schools, the Chicago School, Mass Society Theory, and Post-Modern school, assists in drawing the conclusion that the more the self-as-object is separated in these two spheres, the more the self-as-instrument, and in particular and self-as-egoistic-instrument, is naturalized. Further attendant with this separation is a selfconscious-self that becomes an increasingly historical and problematic construct.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

My thesis is a novel about a Dutch environmentalist who, disenchanted with the environmental movement in The Netherlands, expatriates to a peninsula in Turkey, which he hopes to save from development. He is a missionary, environmentalism is his religion. He carries an inheritance of colonialism and doesn’t understand (nor feel he needs to) the local culture. After several missteps, he is murdered. His story is told retrospectively through the eyes of an American biologist who befriended him.

In this era of environmental upheaval, this study sought clarity on the matter of green purchasing behavior. How the fashion industry’s specific impact on the environment has affected consumers' attitude towards companies and their collections. It was identified that customers have been requesting sustainable products from their retailers more and more and yet, a conscious willingness to help on the part of the consumer did not necessarily equate to purchasing more sustainable products.  The empirical part of the study was based on a quantitative research approach. The findings and data collection were obtained through an online questionnaire, generating responses from 40 individuals. Deductive reasoning was selected in this thesis as a scientific approach. The research has been done from the consumer's perspective. Furthermore, the collected data that created the hypothesis was analyzed and gathered from existing theories.  The conclusion of this research demonstrated that consumers did possess a willingness to be more conscious of their own climate change footprint by adapting green purchasing intentions such as buying less new clothes at present than 5 years ago. The findings indicated that consumer awareness did not necessarily result in a change in their green buying behavior. Finally, it was found that an unchanged position in consumers' green buying behavior would have been due to a lack of sustainable fashion alternatives readily available. The authors believe that further research is needed to shed light on the divide between consumers' attitude and actual purchasing behavior.