Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-02T14:25:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão final Dissertação Lassana CD.pdf: 1870227 bytes, checksum: 07b7ee23503d967524b8be573e306d58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T14:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão final Dissertação Lassana CD.pdf: 1870227 bytes, checksum: 07b7ee23503d967524b8be573e306d58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / CAPEs / O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a construção social do ebola na mídia impressa brasileira à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais, articulando conceitos de alteridade, do risco, problema social, mídia e racismo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa feita por intermédio da análise do conteúdo clássica e do tratamento automático com ajuda do IRAMUTEQ. Foram feitos dois estudos, uma na revista Veja (5 matérias publicadas no último surto) e outro no jornal Folha de São Paulo (291 matérias publicadas desde 1976 até março de 2015). Os resultados do estudo na revista Veja, através da análise de conteúdo com foco no eixo semântico (sentidos) e sintático (forma) apontam para 4 eixos de construção de sentidos: uso da metáfora da companhia militar para demonstrar o combate do homem contra um vírus potencialmente destrutivo; a alteridade radical, colocando o outro africano como “estranho e “poluente”, neste caso, com qualidades essencialmente negativas; o distanciamento, em que o vírus ebola é colocado como problema inerentemente africano e África como lugar que oferece condições propícias para disseminação da doença; a ideia da infra-humanização, colocando as qualidades do africano e respectivas crenças ou traços culturais como sub-humanas. O estudo do jornal Folha de São Paulo foi realizado com ajuda de tratamento automático de texto pelo software IRAMUTEQ, proporcionado a Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e análise fatorial de correspondência. Os resultados mostram mundos léxicos organizados em função, de um lado, do discurso do especialista, e de outro, do discurso do não especialista. O discurso dos especialistas traduz as hipóteses científicas explicativas em torno do vírus do ebola focalizadas no macaco como principal responsável pela passagem em humanos e o caráter destrutivo do ebola. O segundo eixo, dos não especialistas, aponta para a dicotomia ocidente versus África, representada através das oposições: ordem/caos, controle/descontrole, longínquo/próximo, “civilidade”/“incivilidade”, “superior”/“inferior”. Os resultados da Análise Fatorial de Correspondência nos permitiram constatar a emergência de dois polos. No polo horizontal vimos na classe 5 o discurso de especialista se opondo aos discursos das outras classes, que agrupam os discursos de não especialistas: a transnacionalização e pânico global (classe 3); mobilização mundial versus distanciamento (classe 1); olhar exótico e ambiente caótico (classe 4); histórico, prognóstico e dados epidemiológicos (classe 2). No polo vertical vimos as classes 1 (mobilização mundial versus distanciamento) e 2 (histórico, prognóstico e dados epidemiológicos) se opondo às classes 3 (transnacionalização e pânico global) e 4 (olhar exótico e ambientes caóticos). Apesar dos dois estudos serem feitos em períodos e veículos midiáticos diferentes, as representações sobre ebola não mudaram com o tempo. Percebem-se uma atitude ambivalente da mídia na construção do risco (aproxima e afasta); alteridade radical que relega ao africano e sua cultura o caráter essencialmente negativo e infra-humanização do africano. Por meio destes dois veículos de comunicação os sentidos atribuídos sobre ebola se organizam nas seguintes oposições: pureza /impureza, sujeira/limpeza, civilidade/incivilidade, caos/ordem. Os nossos achados demonstraram que a crise do ebola reatualiza a thêmata do reconhecimento social pela sua negativa. Vimos o olhar valorativo do outro africano pelo viés negativo, ligado à sujeira, impureza, incivilidade, descontrole. / This work aimed to study the social construction of Ebola in Brazilian's media using TRS, articulating concepts of alterity, risk, social problem, media and racism. It is a qualitative research done through the classical content analisys and automatic data processing with the help of IRAMUTEQ. Two studies, one in Veja magazine (5 articles published in the latest outbreak) and one in the newspaper Folha de São Paulo (291 articles published from 1976 to March 2015), were made. The results of the study in Veja magazine, through content analysis focused on the semantic axis (mean) and syntactic (build) point to 4 axis of construction: use metaphor of military company to demonstrate man's fight against a virus potentially destructive; the radical alterity, setting other African as "strange and pollutant", in this case, with essentially negative qualities; the distance, where the virus is Ebola placed as inherently African problem and Africa as a place that offers favorable conditions for spread of the disease; the idea of infrahumanization, setting the qualities of African and their beliefs or cultural traits as subhuman. The study of the newspaper Folha de São Paulo was accomplished out automated processing of help text by IRAMUTEQ software, provided a Descending Hierarchical Classification and correspondence factor analisys. The results show lexical worlds organized in function, on the one hand, the specialist speech and, in another speech, the non-specialist speech. Speaking of experts translate the explanatory scientific hypotheses around the Ebola virus in monkeys as focused primarily responsible for the passage in humans and the destructive character of Ebola. The second axis, the non-specialist, points to the dichotomy versus West Africa, represented by the oppositions: order/chaos, control/lack, far/close, "civility"/"incivility", "superior"/"inferior". The results of the AFC allowed us to note the emergence of two poles. The horizontal pole we saw, in class 5, specialist speech opposing the speeches of other classes, the speeches of non-specialists that talking about the transnationalization and global panic (Class 3); global mobilization versus distance (Class 1); exotic look and chaotic environment (class 4); history, prognosis and epidemiological data (class 2). The vertical pole we saw class 1 (global mobilization versus distance) and 2 (history, prognosis and epidemiological data) opposing Classes 3 (transnationalization and global panic) and 4 (exotic look and chaotic environments). Although the two studies were made in different periods and newspapers, the representations of Ebola have not changed over time. Realize up an ambivalent attitude of the media to building risk (approach and move way); radical alterity that relegates to the african and his culture an essentially negative character and infrahumanization of Africa. The Brazilian's media organizes the meanings attributed to Ebola around the following oppositions: purity/impurity, dirt/cleanliness, civility/incivility, chaos/order. Our findings demonstrate that ebola crisis renews the themata social for its negative. We saw the valuative gaze of the other African by the negative bias on the dirt, uncleanness, incivility, lack.

Health officials estimate that the 2014 Ebola crisis disproportionately victimized women, who made up 75% of the disease's victims. This interdisciplinary study has two main goals. The first is to evaluate the news media's performance in relation to their representation of women caught up in the Ebola crisis because the media play an important role in influencing public responses to health. This study sought to understand the information behavior patterns of journalists who covered the Ebola crisis by analyzing how job tasks influence a journalist's information behavior. This study employed qualitative methods to study the perceptions of journalists who covered the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Liberian and American journalists who covered the outbreak to understand the choices that guided their reporting of the Ebola crisis. A content analysis of The New York Times, The Times, and The Inquirer was also conducted to examine the new media's representation of women in an outbreak which mostly victimized women. The findings suggest that covering a dangerous assignment like Ebola affected the information behavior patterns of journalists. Audience needs, the timing of coverage, fear, and the accessibility of sources, were some of the factors that influenced the news gathering decisions taken by the reporters. The findings also suggest that women were mostly underrepresented by the media as sources, experts and subjects.

Au cours de l’infection par le virus Ebola (EBOV), plusieurs glycoprotéines solubles sont massivement libérées à partir de cellules infectées mais le rôle précis de ces protéines virales n’a pas encore été identifié. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que l'altération de l’hémostase et du système et vasculaires observée au cours de l'infection à virus Ebola pourrait être, au moins en partie causée par ces glycoprotéines solubles. Ainsi pour la première fois, nous avons identifié les cibles cellulaires de la protéine soluble « shed GP » d’Ebola et nous avons démontré que sa partie glycosylé peut activer les cellules dendritiques et les macrophages non infectés, induisant, par le récepteur TLR4, la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Nous démontrons aussi que l'activité de la shed GP est neutralisé lors de l'addition de la MBL, une protéine connue pour interagir avec certains motifs glycosylés présents à la surface de différents micro-organismes. Nous avons également montré que la shed GP active la perméabilité des HUVEC de façon directe et indirecte, via la libération de cytokines. En conclusion, cette étude suggère que la shed GP peut être l'un des principaux facteurs responsables de la stimulation précoce des cellules immunitaires qui produisent alors de grandes quantités de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, des éléments qui, combinés avec la réplication massive du virus et les dommages cellulaires induits par le virus, peuvent conduire à un syndrome de type choc septique et une mortalité élevée. / During Ebola virus (EBOV) infection several soluble glycoproteins are released in high amounts from infected cells but as yet still no clear role has been identified for these viral proteins. We hypothesized that the impairment of coagulation and vascular systems observed during EBOV infection could be, at least in part, due to these soluble glycoproteins.Here, for the first time we identify the cellular targets of EBOV soluble protein shed GP and provide evidence that through its glycosylation, shed GP can activate non-infected dendritic cells and macrophages, inducing, through TLR4, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also demonstrate that shed GP activity is negated upon addition of Mannose-Binding sera Lectin (MBL), a molecule known to interact with sugar arrays present on the surface of different microorganisms. We have also revealed that shed GP activates permeability of HUVECs both directly and indirectly through cytokine release. Overall, this study suggests that shed GP may be one of the principal factors responsible for the early stimulation of immune cells that then produce high amounts of proinflammatory cytokines that, combined with massive virus replication and virus-induced cell damage, can lead to a septic shock-like syndrome and high mortality.

Durante os anos de 2013 a 2016, a África do Oeste, mais precisamente a região do Mano River Union Libéria, Serra Leoa e Guiné-Conacri viveu sob uma das piores epidemias do vírus do ebola ocorridas desde 1976, ano do primeiro relato do vírus no antigo Zaire (atual Congo). Entendendo a epidemia como locus privilegiado para a compressão das estruturas de uma sociedade, podendo descortinar conflitos políticos e desigualdades sociais e econômicas, dediquei-me à feitura de uma etnografia na Serra Leoa, durante 9 meses, momento em que morei em Freetown, a capital do país, e também em comunidades rurais. Na medida em que a epidemia neste país matou mais mulheres do que homens, busquei entender o porquê deste fato. Para tanto, segui as histórias de três mulheres mortas por conta do vírus: Jinnah Amana da comunidade de Komende-Luyama, Isha Tullah de Devil Hole e Fatmata de John Thorpe. A partir de um intenso trabalho de campo, concluí que a maior mortandade de mulheres serra-leonenses estava diretamente relacionada ao trabalho do cuidado dispendido a seus familiares e amigos. Deste modo, a epidemia do ebola na Serra Leoa era generificada, colocando mulheres em risco por conta da pesada responsabilização destas perante a trama de parentesco e afetos. Diante disso, cunhei o termo cuidado perigoso como uma categoria boa para pensar as relações de gênero por detrás da epidemia do ebola na Serra Leoa. Portanto, esta pesquisa segue as narrativas reveladoras de mulheres, vivas e mortas, a respeito do ebola na Serra Leoa. Narrativas estas que apontaram para a impossibilidade de se entender a epidemia do Ebola ou qualquer outro fenômeno social da Serra Leoa - sem se acessar as memórias da guerra civil vivida no país durante os anos de 1991 a 2002. / From 2013 to 2016, the West Africa, more precisely the Mano River Union region Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea-Conakry went through one of the worst Ebola virus epidemics since 1976, the year when the virus was first reported in Zaire (now, Congo). Understanding the epidemic as a privileged locus to understand the structures of a society, revealing political conflicts and social and economic inequalities, I dedicated myself to do ethnography in Sierra Leone for 9 months, when I lived in Freetown, the capital of the country, but also in rural communities. As the epidemic in this country killed more women than men, I sought to understand why this was occurred. In this way, I followed the stories of three women killed by the virus: Jinnah Amana from Komende-Luyama community, Isha Tullah from Devil Hole and Fatmata from John Thorpe. From an intensive fieldwork, I concluded that the large number of female death in Sierra Leonean was directly related to the work of the care expended on their relatives and friends. Thus, the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone was gendered, placing women at risk because of their heavy accountability to the network of kinship and affections. Faced with this, I coined the term \"dangerous care\" as a good category to think about the gender relations behind the ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. Therefore, this research follows the revealing narratives of women, alive and dead, regarding the ebola in Sierra Leone. These narratives pointed to the impossibility of understanding the Ebola epidemic - or any other social phenomena in Sierra Leone - without accessing the memories of the civil war in the country during the years 1991 to 2002.

This article is to scrutinize Western media on the Ebola outbreak in West Africa by looking more closely at the largest Swedish newspapers. It is to investigate the otherization of Africa and the African, more specifically, whether there are Orientalist features within the media reporting that can construct an Africanness, the Africanization of Africa, as well as the reinforcement of West's own identity, the de-Africanization of the West, portarying it as non-African, and more importantly whether the Ebola disease has undergone this de-Africanization process. Thus, also investigating whether Orientalism is applicable on Africa. Mainly Edward Saïd's Orientalist theory is used as theoretical framework along with other scholars representing ideas that can support the Orientalist claim. What will be concluded is that there are certain news articles that can be interpreted in a way that reinforces the Orientalist discourse, but that these are well hidden and in some cases only implicitly understood due to the selective reporting on certain incidents.

Introduktion Afrika har haft flera utbrott av ebola (EVD). Det Västafrikanska EVD-utbrottet 2014-2016 var det mestförödande med mer än 28 000 fall och mer än 11 000 dödsfall. Utbrottet började i Guinea och spredsöver gränsen till Sierra Leone och Liberia. 2018-2020 var det ett utbrott av EVD i DemokratiskaRepubliken Kongo (DRC) som spreds till Uganda. På grund av utbrotten av EVD har de drabbadeländerna byggt upp kapacitet att hantera epidemier. Syfte Syftet med studien är att beskriva den kapacitet som byggts upp i respons till EVD-utbrott, och hurkapaciteten har varit till nytta för staterna under deras första sex månaders respons till covid-19 iLiberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Uganda, samt DRC. Metod Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat De tre Västafrikanska länderna var hårt drabbade av EVD på grund av svaga hälsosystem, en historiaav interna konflikter, porösa gränser och det faktum att EVD kunde spridas till fler områden innan detupptäcktes. De Västafrikanska staterna kunde med internationell hjälp bygga upp kapacitet för atthantera epidemier, vilken har använts i arbetet mot covid-19. EVD-utbrottet i DRC hade en snabbarerespons eftersom det hade byggts upp kapacitet både på en afrikansk- och internationell nivå sedandet Västafrikanska utbrottet. Slutsats De Afrikanska länderna i denna studie har kunnat använda sig av kapacitet som de byggt upp för atthantera EVD i sin hantering av covid-19. Detta trots att de fortfarande har fortfarande svagahälsosystem och saknar resurser. / Introduction Africa has had several outbreaks of Ebola (EVD). The West African EVD outbreak 2014-2016 was themost devastating with more than 28 000 cases and more than 11 000 deaths. It started in Guinea andspilled over the border to Sierra Leone and Liberia. In 2018–2020, there was an outbreak of EVD inDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which spilled over the border to Uganda. Due to the outbreaksof EVD, the affected countries have built capacity to respond to epidemics.AimThe aim of the study is to describe the capacity that was built-up to respond to EVD outbreaks andhow the capacity has aided the countries in their first six months of response to COVID-19 in Liberia,Guinea, Sierra Leone, Uganda and DRC. Methods The study is a systematic literature study. Results The three West African countries were severely affected by EVD because of weak health systems, ahistory of civil conflicts, porous borders and the fact that the EVD could spread to several locationsbefore it was discovered. The West African countries have with international help built up capacityagainst epidemics that has been used in response to COVID-19. The EVD outbreak in DRC had a moreswift response since there has been capacity building on an African and International level since theWest African outbreak. Conclusion The African countries in this study have been able to use capacity that was built-up to respond to EVDin their response to COVID-19, despite of the fact that they still have weak health systems with lack ofresources.

Wenige Studien haben erste Hinweise darauf geliefert, dass die insektivore Fledermausart Mops condylurus ein natürliches Reservoir von Ebolaviren sein könnte. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurden weitere Hinweise gesucht, um die Bedeutung dieser Fledermausart als Reservoirwirt für Ebolaviren besser beurteilen zu können. Dafür wurden die Expressionslevel des Membranproteins Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), welches essentiell für den Eintritt von Ebolaviren in ihre Wirtszellen ist, in vitro durch konfokale Mikroskopie und Durchflusszytometrie charakterisiert. In dieser Arbeit generierte Primärzellkulturen aus 12 verschiedenen Organen von M. condylurus zeigten für die meisten Primärzellen deutlich niedrigere Expressionslevel als Kontrollzellen von Mensch, Affe oder einer europäischen Fledermaus. Die untersuchte Replikationskinetik von Ebola virus (EBOV) zeigte in allen Primärzellen von M. condylurus niedrigere Replikationsraten, die meistens mit den niedrigen NPC1 Rezeptor-Expressionsleveln korrelierten. Geringere Mengen von NPC1 könnten in vivo zur Virusreplikation auf niedrigerem Niveau beitragen. Desweiteren zeigten alle Primärzellen von M. condylurus eine hohe Toleranz gegenüber EBOV ohne Zelltot. Eine beobachtete Persistenz in Lungenprimärzellen könnte die intrinsische Fähigkeit widerspiegeln, dass Ebolaviren auch in vivo in dieser Fledermausart persistieren könnten. Mit den geringeren NPC1-Rezeptor-Expressionsleveln, der geringeren Virusreplikation, der hohen Toleranz gegenüber EBOV und der Etablierung von persistenten Infektionen in Primärzellen von M. condylurus wurden in vitro zusätzliche Hinweise gewonnen, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit dieser Fledermausspezies als ein mögliches natürliches Reservoir von Ebolaviren erhöht. Ergebnisse von zusätzlichen Temperaturversuchen lassen vermuten, dass die Heterothermie der Fledermäuse einen Schlüsselfaktor für die Toleranz von Ebolaviren in vivo darstellen und darüber hinaus an der Balance zwischen Viruskontrolle und Virusvermehrung beteiligt sein könnte. / Few studies provide first evidence that Mops condylurus, an insectivorous microbat, could be a natural reservoir for ebolaviruses. The aim of this thesis was to investigate indicators to determine the potential role of this bat species in the ecology of ebolaviruses. Therefore, the expression levels of the membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), essential for the entry of ebolaviruses into their host cells, were characterized in vitro by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Our generated primary cell cultures from 12 different organs from M. condylurus showed significantly lower expression levels in most primary cells compared to control cells from human, monkey or a European bat. In most cases, lower Ebola virus (EBOV) replication rates in primary cells from M. condylurus, determined by RT-qPCR, correlated to lower NPC1 receptor expression levels. Low NPC1 receptor expression levels may contribute to decreased virus replication rates also in vivo. Additionally, all primary cells were highly tolerant to EBOV infections without cell death. The observed establishment of persistent EBOV infections in lung primary cells from M. condylurus may reflect the intrinsic ability to persist in vivo in this bat species. With lower NPC1 receptor expression levels, lower virus replication rates, high tolerance to EBOV infections and establishment of persistent infections in primary cells from M. condylurus, the in vitro experiments provided further evidence that this bat species is a potential reservoir of ebolaviruses. Results from additional temperature experiments suggest, that heterothermy of M. condylurus could be a key factor for tolerance to EBOV infections in vivo and be involved in balancing the level of virus replication.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse aux luttes d'influence entre deux groupes élitaires au Libéria post-conflit (2003-2018): les Warlords, dont le pouvoir repose sur la mobilisation d'acteurs violents et les technopols, dont l'infuence repose sur leur possession de diplômes reconnus internationalement et leurs contacts avec certains acteurs internationaux (FMI, BM, USAID, la Citi bank,etc.). Nous soutiendrons dans cette thèse que les technopols libériens ont réussi à exclure les warlords des institutions étatiques en se réappropriant les moyens et les discours de certains acteurs internationaux, mais ont continué à collaborer avec certains warlords pour exercer un contrôle relatif sur des régions en marge de l’influence de l’État.