Métodos de controle baseado em dados utilizam dados de operação da planta para minimizar algum critério de desempenho, tipicamente quadrático, sem que seja necessário o conhecimento de um modelo da planta. O Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) é um destes métodos, utilizando dados obtidos da operação da planta em malha fechada para gerar uma estimativa não-polarizada do gradiente do critério de desempenho, que é então minimizado através de algum variante do método de Newton. Alguns resultados da literatura tratam da aplicação do IFT em sistemas não-lineares, sempre sob a condição de diferenciabilidade da não-linearidade (linearização em torno do ponto de operação). Um exemplo prático da aplicação do método na sintonia do controlador de um servomotor com folga é o único resultado encontrado. Este trabalho investiga, através de casos simulados e práticos, a aplicabilidade do método IFT em sistemas com não-linearidades não-diferenciáveis comumente encontradas em sistemas mecânicos, como a folga e a zona-morta, e a saturação, presente em todo e qualquer sistema físico. / Data based control methods use data collected from a plant’s “regular” operation to minimize a performance criterion, typically in quadratic form, without any information about a system’s model. Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) is one such method that uses closed-loop operating data to generate an unbiased estimate of the cost criterion gradient, which is then minimized with some form of the Newton method. Results in the literature for IFT applied to non-linear systems require that the non-linearity is differentiable (basically, linearizing the system around an operating point). One practical application of the algorithm to tune a controller for a servomotor system with backlash is the only result found. This work investigates, using simulated and practical examples, the suitability of the use of IFT in systems with non-differentiable non-linearities commonly found in mechanical systems, such as backlash and dead-zone, and saturation, found in every physical system.

Nous nous intéressons au développement ainsi qu’à la modélisation théorique de techniques de spectroscopie optique de champ lointain capables de coupler résolutions spatiale et temporelle grâce à l’utilisation de faisceaux d'excitation mis en forme spatialement. Nous établissons, théoriquement et expérimentalement, que dans une expérience de mélange de quatre ondes réalisée avec des faisceaux de Laguerre-Gauss, la charge totale du moment orbital est conservée. Nous montrons comment cette propriété peut être mise à profit pour travailler en géométrie colinéaire dans le but d’améliorer la résolution spatiale des expériences. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons une technique de spectroscopie « pompe-sonde » résolue spatialement que nous avons conçue et développée : l’imagerie temporelle est obtenue via la détection interférométrique des variations d’indice d’un matériau vues par une sonde étendue et consécutives à l’excitation par une impulsion pompe focalisée à la limite de diffraction. Nos modélisations démontre d’un tel montage associé à l’emploi d’une impulsion pompe modulée spatialement doit permettre, grâce au battement entre les fréquences spatiales des inhomogénéités de l’échantillon et de la modulation spatiale de l’excitation, de dépasser la limite de Rayleigh. / This work focuses on developing and modelling far-field spectroscopic methods that couple spatial and time resolutions by using beam-shaping. In a first part, we demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, that generating a signal in a four-wave mixing experiment performed with Laguerre-Gauss beams, implies the conservation of the total charge of the orbital momentum. We show that this specificity can be used to perform experiments with collinear beams in order to improve spatial resolution. In a second part, we present a time- and spatially-resolved pump-probe technique of our own design: time-resolved imaging is obtained by the interferometric detection of variations in the refraction index of a material, undergone by a wide probe and induced by a diffraction-limited pump-pulse. Improving such an experiment set-up with a spatially-modulated pump-pulse should enable, thanks to the beating between spatial frequencies of sample inhomogeneities and the excitation spatial-modulation, to increase spatial resolution go the Rayleigh criterion.

Les travaux réalisés dans ce manuscrit portent sur la fabrication de fibres optiques microstructurées (FOMs) à cœur suspendu en verre de tellurite pour la génération de supercontinuum au-delà de 2µm. Pour atteindre notre but nous avons tout d'abord réalisées les études des propriétés thermiques et optiques des verres TeO2-ZnO-R2O et TeO2-WO3-R2O (où R= Li, Na et K). La composition du verre 80TeO2-10ZnO-10Na2O (% molaire) a été sélectionnée pour la fabrication des FOMs destinées aux caractérisations du développement des effets non linéaires. La synthèse sous atmosphère sèche et oxydante nous a permis de réduire la concentration des groupements hydroxyles d’un facteur 30 par rapport à la fabrication du verre sous air. L’utilisation d'agents déshydratants (ZnF2 et TeCl4) permet d'abaisser encore la concentration des groupements OH jusqu’à quelques ppm. La composition du verre 80TeO2-5ZnO-5ZnF2-10Na2O donne une fibre transparente jusqu’à 4 µm laissant apparaître l’influence de l’absorption multiphonon. Utilisant les précurseurs commerciaux les plus purs nous avons pu réaliser une fibre de tellurite avec de très faibles pertes à 0,1 dB/m.Nous avons fabriqué des FOMs à cœurs suspendus avec des diamètres de cœurs variant de 2,7 µm à 3,5 µmet permettant de gérer la dispersion chromatique et de ramener la longueur d'onde du zéro dispersion entre 1500 nm et 1660 nm. Pour optimiser la génération du supercontinuum nous avons utilisé des sources laser pulsées pico- et femtosecondes pour pomper les fibres en régime de dispersion anormale. En parallèle aux mesures expérimentales, nous avons effectué des modélisations numériques basées sur la résolution de l'équation de Schrödinger non-linéaire généralisée. Les résultats expérimentaux, en bon accord avec les simulations, nous ont permis d'obtenir un élargissement spectral s’étalant de 850 nm à 2850 nm avec un niveau de puissance de sortie de 112 mW, dont l'extension à plus grandes longueurs d'ondes dans l'infrarouge est encore pour l'instant fortement limitée par l’absorption des groupements hydroxyles. Cependant la déshydratation du matériau, même si elle doit encore être améliorée a permis de montrer que lors de pompage à 2000-2200 nm le supercontinuum peut atteindre 4000-4500 nm, gamme de longueurs d’onde à partir de laquelle l’absorption multiphonon commence à être perceptible / The work reported in this thesis deals with the fabrication of suspended core tellurite microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) for supercontinuum generation beyond 2 µm. In order to reach our aim, we first studied thermal and optical properties of TeO2-ZnO-R2O and TeO2-WO3-R2O (where R = Li, Na and K) glasses. The glass 80TeO2-10ZnO-10Na2O (molar %) has been chosen in order to make MOFs for characterization of the generated non linear optical effects. Synthesis performed under dry and oxidative atmosphere allowed us to reduce the hydroxyl groups concentration by a factor of 30 compared to fabrication in air atmosphere. Use of dehydrating agents (ZnF2 and TeCl4) allowed to reduce again the OH groups concentration down to a few ppm. The glass composition 80TeO2-5ZnO-5ZnF2-10Na2O increases the fiber transparency up to 4 µm letting the influence of multiphonon absorption appear. Using the purest commercial raw powders, we have fabricated one tellurite fiber exhibiting very low losses (0,1 dB/m). We have fabricated suspended core MOFs with a core diameter varying from 2,7 µm up to 3,5 µm allowing to deal with the chromatic dispersion and to shift the zero dispersion wavelength down to the 1500-1660 nm range. In order to optimize the supercontinuum generation, we have used pico- and femtosecondes pulsed laser sources to pump the fibers in anomalous dispersion regime. In parallel to the experimental measurements, we have performed numerical simulations based on the resolution of the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The experimental results, in good agreement with the simulations, allowed us to point out a spectral broadening expending from 850 nm up to 2850 nm with a total output power of 112 mW, with an extinction near the longest infrared wavelengths which is again strongly limited by the hydroxyl groups absorption. However, the dehydrated material, even though it needs to be improved further, allowed to show that by pumping at 2000-2200 nm, the supercontinuum can reach 4000-4500 nm, the wavelength range from which the multiphonon absorption starts to be perceptible

No description available.

Um navio de guerra é considerado uma plataforma complexa no que tange o projeto de sistemas de comunicação RF, uma vez que diversos desempenhos devem ser considerados para sua adequada integração à mesma. Dentre eles está o controle da interferência de radiofrequência conhecida como co-site interference, causada primariamente pela alta potência radiada de alguns sistemas emissores em relativa proximidade física entre antenas à sistemas receptores de considerável sensibilidade. É o caso do sistema de comunicação civil satelital Inmarsat FB e do receptor GPS civil marítimo, os quais são encontrados em diversos navios mercantes e de guerra e têm frequências de operação próximas. Logo, esta dissertação foca na modelagem e estudo da interferência de radiofrequência entre um emissor Inmarsat FB civil em 1627 MHz (perturbador) e um sistema receptor GPS marítimo (vítima) em 1575 MHz, com suas respectivas antenas em proximidade física a bordo de um submarino; neste estudo, o classe Los Angeles original SSN-688. Adicionalmente, este estudo projeta mitigações para controlar e prevenir tal interferência. A metodologia proposta consiste na determinação do \"caminho da interferência\" por meio de simulação eletromagnética 3D da isolação eletromagnética entre as antenas perturbadora e perturbada em diferentes hipóteses de alocação nos mastros do SSN-688; caracterização dos efeitos da RFI causados pelo sinal interferente na recepção do sinal desejado, utilizando modelo de circuito cabeça de RF de um receptor típico GPS marítimo em avançado simulador de circuitos incluindo suas respectivas não linearidades; e na proposta, projeto, e fabricação de mitigações adequadas: neste estudo pré-filtros de micro-ondas em tecnologia planar de microfita. O desempenho dos pré-filtros fabricados é comparado com a simulação e com os requisitos de projeto, de maneira a adequadamente mitigar e controlar a interferência. / A war ship is considered a complex environment when it comes to the design of RF communication systems, since several performances must be considered for their integration into the platform. Among them is the control of co-site interference, mainly caused by high power transmitters co-located with sensitive receivers on an antenna to antenna limited space environment, such as on a submarine. It is the case of civilian Inmarsat FB satellite communication and maritime GPS systems, which are both typically encountered on several war and merchant ships and share close frequency bands. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on modelling and studying the RF interference between a civilian Inmarsat FB emitter on 1627 MHz (culprit) and a GPS maritime receiving system on 1575 MHz (victim) on close antennas proximity onboard a submarine: in this study the US Navy retired Los Angeles SSN-688 original class. Additionally, it proposes design of mitigations to attenuate and prevent such interference. The proposed methodology consists on determining the \"interference path\" by 3D EM simulation of the electromagnetic decoupling between culprit and victim\'s antennas on different antenna placement hypothesis onboard the SSN-688\'s masts; estimating the RFI effects on a typical GPS front end receiver circuit model on advanced circuit simulator including its non-linearities; and on proposing, designing and fabricating adequate mitigations: in this study microwave pre-filters based on planar microstrip technology. The performance of the pre-filters fabricated is compared with the simulation and with the requirements in order to attenuate and mitigate as much as possible the detected RFI.

Processing of visual stimuli in the vertebrate retina is complex and diverse. The retinal output to the higher centres of the nervous system, mediated by ganglion cells, consists of several different channels. Neurons in these channels can have very distinct response properties, which originate in different retinal pathways. In this work, the retinal origins and possible functional implications of the segregation of visual pathways will be investigated with a detailed, biologically realistic computational model of the retina. This investigation will focus on the two main retino-cortical pathways in the mammalian retina, the parvocellular and magnocellular systems, which are crucial for conscious visual perception. These pathways differ in two important aspects. The parvocellular system has a high spatial, but low temporal resolution. Conversely, the magnocellular system has a high temporal fidelity, spatial sampling however is less dense than for parvocellular cells. Additionally, the responses of magnocellular ganglion cells can show pronounced nonlinearities, while the parvocellular system is essentially linear. The origin of magnocellular nonlinearities is unknown and will be investigated in the first part of this work. As their main source, the results suggest specific properties of the photoreceptor response and a specialised amacrine cell circuit in the inner retina. The results further show that their effect combines in a multiplicative way. The model is then used to examine the influence of nonlinearities on the responses of ganglion cells in the presence of involuntary fixational eye movements. Two different stimulus conditions will be considered: visual hyperacuity and motion induced illusions. In both cases, it is possible to directly compare properties of the ganglion cell population response with psychophysical data, which allows for an analysis of the influence of different components of the retinal circuitry. The simulation results suggest an important role for nonlinearities in the magnocellular stream for visual perception in both cases. First, it will be shown how nonlinearities, triggered by fixational eye movements, can strongly enhance the spatial precision of magnocellular ganglion cells. As a result, their performance in a hyperacuity task can be equal to or even surpass that of the parvocellular system. Second, the simulations imply that the origin of some of the illusory percepts elicited by fixational eye movements could be traced back to the nonlinear properties of magnocellular ganglion cells. As these activity patterns strongly differ from those in the parvocellular system, it appears that the magnocellular system can strongly dominate visual perception in certain conditions. Taken together, the results of this theoretical study suggest that retinal nonlinearities may be important for and strongly influence visual perception. The model makes several experimentally verifiable predictions to further test and quantify these findings. Furthermore, models investigating higher visual processing stages may benefit from this work, which could provide the basis to produce realistic afferent input.

Ce travail se concentre sur l'étude de la dynamique des dislocations dans le réseau cristallin et il est découpé en deux parties : la première partie porte sur les mouvements horizontaux d'une chaîne d'atomes en interaction contenant une dislocation. Bien que, la deuxième partie traite de l'accumulation de dislocations formant ce qu'on appelle des murs de dislocations. Dans la première partie, nous considérons une généralisation complètement nonlinéaire des équations de diffusion de réaction discrète également appelée “modèles de Frenkel-Kontorova complètement amortis” qui décrivent la dynamique des défauts cristallins (dislocations) dans un réseau. Nous étudions à la fois : les non-linéarités bistable et monostable. Dans des conditions suffisantes, nous montrons l'existence et l'unicité des ondes progressives pour le cas de non-linéarité bistable. Pour le cas monostable, nous étudions l'existence de la branche des solutions d'ondes progressives pour une non-linéarité Lipschitz général. Nous montrons également que la vitesse minimale est positive et délimitée ci-dessous. Dans cette partie, nous étudions aussi la généralisation du modèle de Frenkel-Kontorova pour laquelle nous pouvons ajouter un paramètre de force motrice. Nous illustrons également, dans ce cas, la variation de la vitesse de propagation des ondes progressives en fonction du paramètre de force. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions l'accumulation des dislocations dans les murs de dislocations. Nous montrons en fait la convergence de plusieurs dislocations qui interagissent sur les murs de dislocations. Nous présentons aussi les résultats de quelques expériences numériques qui confirment les résultats théoriques que nous obtenons / This work focuses on the study of the dislocation dynamics in the crystal lattice and it is splitted into two parts : the first part is concerned with the horizontal motion of a chain of interacting atoms containing a dislocation. While, the second part deals with the accumulation of dislocations forming what is known as walls of dislocations. In the first part, we consider a fully nonlinear generalization of the discrete reaction diffusion equations “fully overdamped Frenkel-Kontorova models” that describe the dynamics of crystal defects (dislocations) in a lattice. We study both : the bistable and the monostable non-linearities. Under sufficient conditions, we show the existence and uniqueness of traveling wave solution for the bistable non-linearity case. For the monostable case, we study the existence of branch of traveling waves solutions for general Lipschitz non-linearity. We also prove that the minimal velocity is non-negative and bounded below. In this part, we as well study the generalization of Frenkel-Kontorova model for which we can add a driving force parameter. We also illustrate, in this case, the variation of the velocity of propagation of traveling waves in terms of the parameter force. In the second part, we study the accumulation of dislocations in walls of dislocations. We prove actually the convergence of several interacting dislocations to walls of dislocations. We also present results of some numerical experiments that confirm the theoretical results that we obtain

Cette étude concerne la caractérisation optique non linéaire (NL) principalement d’ordre 3 dans le visible, l’UV et l’IR en régime picoseconde de différents matériaux tels que certains solvants, le niobate de lithium et les nano-feuilles de graphène. Nous présentons d’abord les expressions des susceptibilités NL. Nous décrivons ensuite la technique de caractérisation Z-scan et ses variantes. Nous présentons une nouvelle méthode qui combine les avantages de Z-scan avec ceux de la microscopie en champ sombre. Nous montrons que cette technique d’imagerie, nommée DFZscan (Dark Field Z-scan), peut mesurer les coefficients de réfraction NL en présence d'une forte absorption NL. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent une importante amélioration de la sensibilité. Finalement, nous comparons les réponses NL des solvants les plus utilisés, dont l’eau qui possède la réfraction NL la plus faible. Ce liquide est utilisé pour caractériser la réponse NL d’une suspension de points quantiques de graphène. Grâce à un modèle simple, nous estimons l'indice de réfraction et d’absorption NL d'une nanofeuille de graphène monocouche. Nous étudions également les non linéarités d’ordres supérieurs dans les matériaux liquides (toluène) et solides (LiNbO3) en vue d’applications potentielles pour la génération de la deuxième harmonique et des modulateurs de guides d'ondes. Ces coefficients peuvent intéresser une grande communauté de chercheurs dans des domaines aussi variés que la filamentation, les solitons, le traitement tout optique du signal et les réseaux de télécommunications. / This study concerns the nonlinear (NL) optical characterization mainly of order 3 in the visible, UV and IR in the picosecond regime of different materials such as solvents, lithium niobate and graphene nanosheets. We first present the expressions of NL susceptibilities. We then describe the Z-scan characterization technique and its variants. We present a new method that combines the advantages of Z-scan with those of dark field microscopy. We show that this imaging technique, called DFZ-scan (Dark Field Z-scan), can measure NL refractive coefficients in the presence of high NL absorption. The experimental results show a significant improvement in the sensitivity. Finally, we compare the NL responses of the most commonly used solvents, including water with the lowest NL refraction. This liquid is used to characterize the NL response of a suspension of graphene quantum dots. Using a simple model, we estimate the refractive index and absorption index NL of a single-layer graphene nanosheet. We also studied higher order non-linearities in liquid (toluene) and solid (LiNbO3) materials for potential applications in second harmonic generation and waveguide modulators. These coefficients can be of interest to a large community of researchers in fields as diverse as filamentation, soliton, all-optical signal processing and telecommunications networks.

Une méthode innovante pour simuler des interactions fluide-structure complexes tout en gardant un bon compromis temps de calcul/précision est présenté.Pour réduire le temps de simulation des modèles d’ordre réduits sont utilisés au lieu des modèles complets aussi bien pour les modèles structuraux que pour les modèles aérodynamiques. Un des challenges de base était d'utiliser des modèles industrielles hautes fidélités. La technique de condensation dynamique est utilisée pour réduire la taille du modèle éléments finis structures et la décomposition aux valeurs propres est utilisé sur une base de données aérodynamiques construite à partir de simulations CFD.Les non-linéarités structurelles sont réintroduites à posteriori.Une comparaison poussée des méthodes classique d'interpolation comme des méthodes de spline, d’interpolation sur des Manifold de Grassmann avec des méthodes innovantes d'apprentissage statistiques a été amené.Afin de valider complètement la méthodologie développée, une maquette expérimentale visant à imiter le comportement du carénage au sol avant le décollage a été conçue.Ce cas a pu être assimilé à une plaque avec des raideurs de liaisons dans une couche de mélange.La validation de cette méthode est réalisée en comparant les résultats des simulations numériques avec les données enregistrées pendant des essaies en soufflerie. On pourra ainsi comparer aussi bien des champs que des mesures locales. L'ensemble des essais a permis d'améliorer la compréhension de ce phénomène vibratoire qui mène à des problèmes récurrents de fatigue dans cette sous structures.Cette méthode est enfin appliquée à une structure aéronautique: les carénages de volet hypersustentateur / An innovative method for numerical simulating complex problems of fluid structure interaction, such as non-linear transients, characterized by good performances and high precision is presented in this manuscript. To cut down the simulation time, reduced order models are used for both the aerodynamic and structural modules. High fidelity industrial models have been used. A technique of dynamic condensation is employed to reduce the size of the finite element model while the technique of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is used on a database of aerodynamic pressures built from CFD simulations. Structural non-linearities are reintroduced a posteriori. Different interpolation techniques such as the classic spline interpolation, interpolation on a Grassmann Manifold with more innovative methods of statistical learning have been compared. In order to validate the developed methodology a test campaign has been designed to reproduce a simplified mechanism of interaction inspired by a flap track fairing in take-off configuration. A plate whose stiffness depends on the springs at its attachment to the wind tunnel test section floor is immersed in a mixing layer. In parallel to the test activities a numerical model of the test rig has been developed. The validation of the methodology of fluid structure interaction is done through direct comparison between test data and simulation results. The testing activities have granted a deeper comprehension of the vibratory phenomenon that has led to recurrent fatigue problems on the impacted structures. The methodology is ultimately applied to an industrial problem: the load prediction on flap track fairings excited by engine exhaust.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 813665 bytes, checksum: 8aa09df2661d8ea4c0561ebad8cd9584 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The goal of our work is to prove the existence of solutions to a class of semilinear elliptic equations in a bounded domain, involving concave-convex type nonlinearities. We use a variety of methods to and these solutions, such as Mountain Pass Theorem, Ekeland's Variational Principle, Lagrange Multipliers Theorem, Nehari Manifold and sub and supersolution method. / O objetivo da nossa dissertação é provar a existência de soluções para uma classe de equações elípticas semilineares em um domínio limitado, envolvendo não linearidades do tipo côncavo-convexas. Mostraremos alguns casos diferentes e métodos diversificados para encontrar tais soluções, usando o Teorema do Passo da Montanha, o Princípio Variacional de Ekeland, Teorema dos Multiplicadores de Lagrange, a Variedade de Nehari e sub e supersolução.