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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
311

L’écoefficacité : améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau potable en milieu rural des pays en développement / Eco-efficiency : improving the governance of drinking water in developing counties countryside

Zombo, Morris Musema 16 February 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse aborde le thème de l'efficacité au regard du management public, de l'écologie et de l’économie des capitaux pour comprendre les problèmes qui aujourd’hui font obstacle au développement de nombreux pays. Nombre de systèmes d’alimentation en eau potable dans leur milieu rural, ne sont pas à mesure d’apporter une réponse adéquate aux besoins réellement ressentis par les populations concernées. Elle se pose la question de savoir pourquoi tant d’investissements ont-ils donné aussi peu de résultats dans le secteur de l’eau dans les pays en développement. Elle se propose d’appliquer une nouvelle approche dans le cadre de la modélisation et de la simulation des systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau potable. Elle se propose aussi d’intégrer le même modèle au « mix » concernant l’eau et les énergies renouvelables. Il entend, enfin, réaliser une modélisation numérique pour permettre un prototypage virtuel du système proposé et d’aider à la conduite de projets de réalisation. Sans prétendre résoudre l’ensemble des problèmes associés à la gouvernance de l’eau potable en milieu rural dans des pays en développement, cette recherche fournit aux décideurs des moyens d’améliorer la performance opérationnelle des services d’eau à l’aide d’un modèle éco-efficace de conception de systèmes éco-efficaces et de coordination avec les usagers. Le nouveau modèle proposé riche de trois méta-règles débouchent au calcul d’indice ZOMBO (Iz), utilisé comme une métrique de fiabilité pour la validation et l’évaluation de la maitrise dudit modèle. Elle apporte aussi des supports de participation des populations locales à travers une démocratie traditionnelle africaine sous l’arbre à palabres / This thesis deals with the theme of efficiency in public management, ecology, and capital economics, in order to understand the problems that today hinder the development of many countries. Many drinking water systems in rural areas in developing countries are not able to provide an adequate response to the real needs felt by the concerned populations. The question arises as to why so many investments have yielded so little success in the water sector in developing countries? The research proposes to apply a new approach in the modeling and simulation of drinking water supply systems. It also intends to integrate the same model into the "mix" concerning water and renewable energies. Finally, it intends to carry out a numerical modeling to allow a virtual prototyping of the proposed system and to assist in the conduct of realization projects. Without seeking to solve all the problems associated with the governance of drinking water in rural areas in developing countries, this research provides decision-makers with the means to improve the operational performance of water services, an eco-efficient design of procurement systems, and coordination with users. The proposed new model of three metarules leads to the calculation of the ZOMBO index (Iz), used as a reliability metric for the validation and evaluation of the mastery of the model. It also provides support for the participation of local communities through a traditional African democracy approach under the Palaver tree
312

Modelos para a tomada de decisão quanto ao tipo de sistema predial de água não potável. / Models for decision-making in relation to the type of non-potable water system.

Dias, Christine Miranda 28 April 2017 (has links)
Os sistemas prediais de água não potável podem ser do tipo centralizado, quando os efluentes oriundos de diversas edificações são coletados e transportados para um único local de tratamento e redistribuídos para um conjunto de residências; ou descentralizado, quando a coleta, o tratamento e o transporte dos efluentes ocorrem próximos ao local de produção. Porém, tanto o sistema centralizado quanto o descentralizado possui particularidades que os fazem interessantes ou não em aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi formular modelos matemáticos que permitissem comparar o sistema centralizado com o descentralizado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica com o intuito de coletar informações sobre as principais variáveis que interferem na tomada de decisão de cada tipo de sistema. A partir dos princípios da Programação Linear Inteira foram formulados três modelos que permitiram encontrar qual tipo de sistema apresenta o menor custo total acumulado, quanto é o valor desse custo ao longo do tempo e quantos sistemas são necessários instalar para atender a uma demanda específica. Com base nos dados da literatura consultada, o sistema centralizado apresentou-se mais vantajoso do que os sistemas descentralizados quanto aos custos de implantação, de manutenção e de operação considerando uma vida útil de 20 anos. Todavia, verificou-se que a escolha do sistema mais viável não deve se concentrar apenas nos custos, mas também devem ser consideradas variáveis qualitativas. Deste modo, as formulações gerais dos modelos permitem a inserção de outras variáveis de decisão e restrições para aprimorar a tomada de decisão quanto ao tipo de sistema predial de água não potável a ser implantado. / Non-potable water systems may be of the centralized type when effluents from several buildings are collected and transported to a single treatment site and redistributed to a set of residences; or decentralized, when the collection, treatment and transportation of the effluent occurs near the place of production. However, both the centralized and decentralized systems have particularities that make them interesting or not in social, economic and environmental aspects. In this way, the main objective of this research was to formulate mathematical models that allowed to compare the centralized system with the decentralized one. For the development of the study a bibliographic review was carried out in order to collect information on the main variables that interfere in the decision making of each type of system. From the principles of Linear Programming, three models were formulated that allowed to find out which type of system has the lowest cumulative total cost, what is the value of this cost over time and how many systems are needed to meet a specific demand. Based on the data of the literature, the centralized system was more advantageous than the decentralized systems in terms of the implantation, maintenance and operation costs considering a useful life of 20 years. However, it has been found that the choice of the most viable system should not only focus on costs but should also be considered as qualitative variables. In this way, the general models formulations allow the insertion of other decision variables and constraints to improve the decision making regarding the type of non-potable water system to be implanted.
313

Avaliação durante operação de sistemas prediais de água não potável. / Evaluation during operation of non-potable water building systems.

Castilho, Carolina Paula de 21 January 2016 (has links)
A preocupação mundial com o cenário de escassez do recurso natural \"água\" é sintetizada no slogan adotado pela WateReuse Research Foundation em campanha pelo reuso de água: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once\". Progressivamente tem-se melhorado os processos de gestão da água, com controle de desperdício, procedimentos e utilização de fontes alternativas de abastecimento, não apenas na escala dos sistemas públicos, mas nos sistemas prediais. No Brasil, seguindo esta tendência global, existem iniciativas independentes de sistemas prediais de água não potável sendo instalados em edifícios residenciais e comerciais. Estas iniciativas, no entanto, contam hoje com pequeno respaldo técnico normativo, diretrizes ou legislação que orientem gestores, executores e profissionais sobre as práticas adequadas de implantação, gestão e monitoramento deste tipo de sistema, colocando em risco a segurança dos usuários e o sucesso da tecnologia. Considerando-se que para produzir um edifício de qualidade é fundamental atender às necessidades dos usuários, adequando as soluções ao uso que será feito do produto, a Avaliação Durante Operação (ADO) do edifício apresenta-se como uma ferramenta adequada para a análise da situação atual do sistema. Inserindo-se neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor uma ferramenta que auxilie a avaliação de desempenho de sistemas prediais de água não potável durante sua operação em edifícios residenciais, no que se refere à operação e manutenção. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre sistemas prediais de água não potável, tratamentos de água disponíveis e avaliação de desempenho. Seguindo a metodologia de ADO, foram realizados estudos de casos em edifícios residenciais para levantamento de dados atuais de desempenho. Ao término da análise dos casos selecionados, foi possível validar a ferramenta proposta e constatar que a falta de capacitação técnica, normas técnicas e legislações específicas que orientem projetistas, executores, gestores e usuários e padronizem os sistemas prediais de água não potável contribui para o cenário encontrado nos estudos, caracterizado por sistemas que operam com desempenho inferior ao adequado para atender às necessidades e garantir a segurança de seus usuários. / The global concern with the scenario of increasing natural resource scarcity is synthesized in the slogan adopted by WateReuse Research Foundation for a reuse campaign: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once.\" Progressively, the water management processes have been improved, by controlling waste, procedures and use of alternative sources of water supply, not only at the city level but also individually. In Brazil, following this global trend, there are independent initiatives of non-potable water systems being installed in residential and commercial buildings. These initiatives, however, have today little technical normative support, guidelines or legislation to orientate managers, performers and professionals on the appropriate practices for deployment, management and monitoring of this type of system, endangering the safety of users and the success of technology. Considering that to produce a quality building it is critical to meet the user\'s needs, suiting the solutions according to the product use, the evaluation during operation (EDO) presents itself as adequate tool for analyzing the current situation and proposing improvements on the system performance. In this context, this study aims to propose a tool that assists the performance evaluation of non-potable water systems during its operation in residential buildings, regarding the design, implementation, operation and maintenance. In order to do that, it was performed bibliographical survey on nonpotable water systems, available water treatments and performance evaluation. Following the EDO methodology, case studies were conducted in a sample of residential buildings for current performance data collection. Upon completion of the analysis of selected cases, the proposed tool was validated and it was found that the lack of technical training, technical standards and specific legislation to guide designers, performers, managers and users, and to standardize the non-potable water systems contributes to the scenario found in the case studies, characterized by systems operating with performance unsuited to meet the needs and ensure the safety of its users.
314

Beneficios ambientales del control de pérdidas en un sistema convencional de tratamiento de agua potable

Cáceres Huisacayna, Kathia Nátaly 07 July 2016 (has links)
El propósito de este estudio es presentar la evaluación de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida realizada a la Planta de Tratamiento Chen Chen ubicada en la ciudad de Moquegua. Dicha evaluación responde tanto al ámbito de eficiencia operativa como a los impactos ambientales que produce cada m³ de agua. Además, mediante el apoyo de una herramienta cualitativa, la entrevista, busca conocer la perspectiva de los usuarios sobre la calidad del sistema de agua proveído por la Empresa Prestadora de Servicios Moquegua. El análisis cuantitativo realizado considera una parte general de la fase de construcción y de manera detallada la fase de operación de la empresa. Dentro de esta última fase se tomarán en cuenta las etapas de dosificación y mezcla rápida, floculación, decantación, filtración y cloración. La metodología utilizada para la evaluación de impactos ambientales en cada etapa es el análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV o LCA). Esta herramienta ayuda a evaluar la contribución de cargas ambientales y a su vez comparar distintos escenarios a través del tiempo. Esto permite comparar la influencia que tiene el utilizar técnicas para reducir el volumen de agua producida frente a años anteriores en los que se utilizaba la reducción de pérdidas en menor medida. Los resultados muestran el proceso histórico que siguió el consumo de químicos y electricidad, con el fin de ver las mejoras anuales. Los dos principales motivos del aumento en los requerimientos de energía y químicos son, por un lado, el aumento de la población en un rango aproximado de mil personas (INEI 2015) y por otro lado la creciente contaminación del agua procedente de la cuenca hídrica que abastece a la región (GRM 2014). La evaluación de impactos ambientales evidencia que la fase de operación es la que presenta mayores cargas ambientales. A su vez dentro de dicha fase, la etapa de dosificación con los productos policloruro de aluminio (PAC), cloruro férrico (FeCl₃) y el respectivo transporte de productos representa aproximadamente el 60% de cargas para la mayoría de las categorías de impacto de punto medio. Se concluye que una reducción de pérdidas afecta significativa y positivamente a la disminución de cargas ambientales. Además se evidencia que la perspectiva de la población podría ser un factor importante al comunicar los logros actuales y futuros de la empresa. Se espera que este aporte ayude a la mejora en la toma de decisiones tanto para la Empresa Prestadora de Servicios Moquegua como para futuras evaluaciones en otras potabilizadoras tradicionales en el Perú. / Tesis
315

Os desafios para a democratização do acesso a água no semiárido da caatinga do sertão central cearense

Valdivia, Antonia Marcia Araujo Guerra Urquizo 21 May 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonia Marcia Araujo Guerra Urquizo Valdivia.pdf: 5791170 bytes, checksum: 78b76ac202a331996c399504a566732c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation presents in itself important components of critical analysis about the challenge of democratization of the access to potable (drinkable) water at the seminar of the central wild drought and arid region of caatinga, in the state of Ceará, when defending with grate enthusiasm that the fact of northeastern drought (lack of water) is not a simple environmental phenomenon but it is, in truth, one of the most complete expressions (utterances) of the social question. To this, the social Marxist theory, takes as base the structure of development of this research the way that put the conflicts for water as part of the capitalist system. It is based on the exploration and domination, either, from the employees and of the natural richness. The theorethical methodological argumentation about the present study is supported by various pillars indispensable for the construction of this dissertation developed (divided) into four chapters: 1) POLITICAL CONJUNTURE OF THE WATER It deals with the historic and distribution of water on the earth (ground), and also, the political management of the water, starting from the commitees of hydrographical basins, the world forum of the water and of the counsels of hydric resources, beside of problemize the current role of the world council of water in the commercialization of the water. 2) THE WATER AS MARCHANDISE (COMODITY) IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM It discusses aspects of the capitalist system in the expropriation of the water to transform it into merchandise and yet exposes the capitalist democracy of the water, mainly the offensive of the neo-liberal project in Latin America. The war for water and for the life . 3) THE BRAZILIAN NORTHEAST INVENTION It brings elements to analyse the socio-historical formation of the brazilian space in special the north-eastern Region, resultant of a national pact in intrinsical resistence-domination relation, country-city, and development-subdevelopment.; time space. It discusses yet the agreements and divergencies, respecting the North-eastern drought (seca) a critical vision about the heterogeneous condition of DNOCS. 4) THE WAY OF LOOKING FOR WATER It shows the ethics as the structural part of the socio-historical dynamics emerged from the dispute to power, configured by the conflicting interests of the social classes, besides socialize antihegemonical, iniciatives, having as perspective the democratization of the water. Jet this reseach is regarded, of importance, not, only for the municipality of Itatira/CE (birth-place of the author) but, when taking in account the national hydrographical scenary making part of the discussions inherent to the social-service contribution, in the effort for the democratization of the access to water / Esta dissertação traz importantes elementos constitutivos de análise crítica sobre os desafios para a democratização do acesso à água potável no semiárido da caatinga do sertão central cearense, ao defender veementemente que a seca nordestina (falta d‟água) não é um fenômeno meramente ambiental, e sim uma das expressões cabais da Questão Social. Para isso, a Teoria Social Marxista embasa a estrutura do desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, na medida em que coloca os conflitos pela água como inerentes ao sistema capitalista. Tem em sua base a exploração e a dominação, tanto dos trabalhadores como também de toda a riqueza natural. A argumentação teórico-metodológica sobre o estudo em questão é sustentada por diversos pilares, imprescindíveis para a construção desta dissertação desenvolvida por meio de quatro capítulos: 1) CONJUNTURA POLÍTICA DA ÁGUA trata do histórico e distribuição da água na Terra, bem como da gestão política da água, a partir dos comitês de bacias hidrográficas, Fórum Mundial da Água e dos conselhos de recursos hídricos, além de problematizar o papel atual do Conselho Mundial da Água na comercialização da água. 2) A ÁGUA ENQUANTO MERCADORIA NO SISTEMA CAPITALISTA aborda as facetas do sistema capitalista na expropriação da água para torná-la mercadoria e traz ainda a democracia capitalista da água, sobretudo a ofensiva do projeto neoliberal na América Latina A guerra pela água e pela vida . 3) A INVENÇÃO DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO traz elementos para se analisar a formação sócio-histórica do espaço brasileiro, especialmente a Região Nordeste, resultado de pacto nacional numa intrínseca relação resistência-dominação; campo-cidade e desenvolvimento-subdesenvolvimento; tempo-espaço. Discute ainda os encontros e desencontros na seca nordestina, uma visão crítica sobre a heterogeneidade do DNOCS. 4) O CAMINHO EM BUSCA DAS ÁGUAS apresenta a ética como parte estrutural da dinâmica sócio-histórica, construída numa disputa de poder, configurada pelos contraditórios interesses das classes sociais, além de socializar iniciativas contra-hegemônicas tendo como perspectiva a democratização do acesso à água. Considera-se ainda a importância desta pesquisa, não somente para o município de Itatira/CE (terra natal da autora), ao colocá-lo como importante no cenário da hidrografia nacional, mas para compor as discussões inerentes à contribuição do Serviço Social na luta pela democratização do acesso à água
316

La qualité de l'eau de la ressource au robinet : proposition d'une méthodologie pour l'identification de situations à risque à l'échelle du bassin versant / The water quality from the resource to the tap : proposal for a methodology for the identification of at risk situations at river basin scale

Piel, Stéphanie 10 April 2013 (has links)
Cette thèse se propose de contribuer aux connaissances relatives à l’impact des facteurs spatiaux (occupation du sol) et temporels (saisons, étiages, pluies) sur la qualité des eaux de ressource à l’échelle du bassin versant. Ainsi les zones et conditions à risque pourront être identifiées à l’aide de l’exploitation et de l’interprétation de bases de données historiques et expérimentales de qualité d’eau à l’échelle du bassin versant de la Vilaine en Bretagne. Cette étude se focalise principalement sur les micropolluants, avec notamment les pesticides et les produits pharmaceutiques vétérinaires pour le contexte agricole, mais également les produits pharmaceutiques humains compte tenu de l’intérêt grandissant qui leur est porté dans le domaine de l’évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux. De plus, cette thèse se propose également de contribuer à l’amélioration et à l’adaptation des traitements des produits pharmaceutiques humains en usine de production d’eau potable compte tenu de l’évolution de la règlementation et de la protection du consommateur. / This thesis aims at contributing to knowledge about the impact of spatial (land use) and temporal (seasonal, low water levels, rainfall) factors on the resource quality at river basin scale. Thus at risk conditions and areas risk could be identified with the exploitation and interpretation of historical and experimental databases on water quality of the Vilaine’s river basin in Brittany. This study focuses mainly on micropollutants, including pesticides and veterinary pharmaceutical products for the agricultural context, but also on human pharmaceutical products considering the growing interest which is carried in the field of health and environmental risk assessment. In addition, this thesis also proposes to contribute to the improvement and adaptation of human pharmaceuticals treatment in drinking water treatment plant according to regulation evolution and to consumer protection.
317

Propuesta de un modelo predictivo para efectivizar el proceso de validación de la información de los sistemas de agua y saneamiento de los centros poblados del Perú

Cueva Sánchez, Jean Marcos, Elguera Meza, Paul Eugenio, Vilela Girón, Guillermo Daniel 25 January 2019 (has links)
El Sistema de Agua y Saneamiento en el Perú es esencial para el desarrollo de la población rural. Para el año 2030, el gobierno peruano tiene proyectado cubrir al 100% de agua potable y saneamiento al ámbito rural. El Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento – MCVS, a través del Programa Nacional de Saneamiento Rural – PNSR, promueve la aplicación de las políticas de agua y saneamiento rural, en coordinación con los Gobiernos Regionales. El proceso de Diagnóstico de Agua y Saneamiento del MVCS, recopila la información de los centros poblados y luego esta información debe ser validada. En la validación de la información, se selecciona a los centros poblados a validar de manera aleatoria, debido a que no pueden identificar realmente a los centros poblados que ingresan información inconsistente. Esto afecta negativamente a la toma de decisiones para la priorización de los proyectos de construcción y mejoramiento de los sistemas de agua y saneamiento. En nuestra investigación, con las técnicas de minería de datos hemos identificado los perfiles de los centros poblados que deben ser considerados para la validación de su información, es decir los centros poblados que cuentan con información inconsistente y por tal razón deben ser validados y subsanados. Para probar lo antes mencionado, hemos considerado los 9,937 centros poblados de la región del Cusco, aplicando la metodología CRISP-DM y los algoritmos naive bayes, vecinos cercanos, árbol de decisión (Clasificación) y simple k-means (Agrupamiento) que nos han permitido obtener los modelos (predictivos y descriptivo) mediante el software WEKA. / The Water and Sanitation System in Peru is essential for the development of the rural population. By 2030, the Peruvian government plans to cover 100% of drinking water and sanitation in the rural area. The Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation – MCVS, through the National Rural Sanitation Program - PNSR promotes the application of rural water and sanitation policies, in coordination with the Regional Governments. The Water and Sanitation Diagnosis process of the MVCS collects the information from the population centers and then this information must be validated. In the validation of the information, the population centers are selected to be validated in a random way, because they can not really identify the population centers that enter inconsistent information. This negatively affects decision-making for the prioritization of construction projects and improvement of water and sanitation systems. In our research, with data mining techniques we have identified the profiles of the population centers that should be considered for the validation of their information, that is, the population centers that have inconsistent information and for that reason should be validated and corrected. To prove the aforementioned, we have considered the 9,937 populated centers of the Cusco region, applying the CRISP-DM methodology and the naive bayes algorithms, close neighbors, decision tree (Classification) and simple k-means (Clustering) that have given us allowed to obtain the models (predictive and descriptive) using the WEKA software. / Trabajo de investigación
318

Une meilleure gestion patrimoniale des réseaux d'eau potable : le modèle de prévision du renouvellement à long terme OPTIMEAU / Better asset management of drinking water systems : OPTIMEAU the long-term forecasting model of renewal

Large, Aurore 27 June 2016 (has links)
Dans les pays développés, l’eau potable est distribuée au domicile des usagers. Ce confort requier tun long linéaire de réseau de forte valeur patrimoniale. Pour maintenir un équilibre entre ressources financières et performances, il est important d’essayer de renouveler les tronçons au meilleur moment possible. Ce manuscrit présente les modèles court (1 à 3 ans), moyen et long terme ( > 30 ans)actuellement employés. Les processus court terme semblent assez efficaces, mais les méthodes moyen et long terme restent frustes. Le modèle OPTIMEAU propose une approche long terme pour obtenir une vision globale du patrimoine de canalisations et rationaliser sa gestion, tout en restant en phase avec les pratiques opérationnelles de programmation à court terme. Cette démarche, fondée sur des modèles statistiques de survie, est testée à partir des données réelles de 3 services d’eau Européens : le SEDIF (Syndicat des Eaux d’Ile de France), le Grand Lyon et eau service Lausanne en Suisse. L’originalité de ce modèle réside dans l’estimation de la distribution des âges à la mise hors service passée, clef de voûte dans la construction de onze indicateurs liés aux finances, aux réalisations et à la performance future des services. / In developed countries, drinking water is distributed to households. This comfort requires a long networkwith a high value. To optimize resources and performance, it is important to renew pipe sectionsat the best possible time. This thesis presents the short (1-3 years), medium and long term (> 30 years)models commonly employed. The short-term processes seem quite effective, but long term methods remainrough. The OPTIMEAU model proposes a long-term approach to get a prospective overview ofpipes and improve its management, while remaining connected to the technical practices at short-termlevel. This approach, based on survival statistical models, is tested using actual data of three Europeanwater services : SEDIF (Syndicat des Eaux d’Ile de France), Grand Lyon and eauservice Lausanne inSwitzerland. The originality of this model lies in the estimation of the past decommissioning age distribution,keystone in the construction of eleven indicators related to finance, achievements and futureperformance of water utilities.
319

Quand une citadelle technique se (sou)met à l'épreuve de l'" impératif délibératif ".Récit et analyse pragmatique d'une procédure de type " mini public " dans le domaine de l'eau potable.

Clémence, Bédu 27 September 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Les procédures participatives et délibératives fondées sur le recours au citoyen profane connaissent un regain d'intérêt dans les démocraties actuelles, caractérisées par la remise en cause de la délégation de la décision à l'Elu et à l'Expert et par la montée en puissance des politiques de l'usager dans l'action publique locale. Ces expériences de " démocratisation de la démocratie " sont étudiées par un champ académique prolifique. A partir de l'analyse d'un projet de démocratisation de la vie d'un service d'eau potable d'une communauté urbaine mené dans le cadre d'une recherche-action, ce travail concentre l'attention sur certains angles délaissés dans la littérature : comment un projet de participation citoyenne est-il reçu et vécu en interne par une organisation qui le convoque ? Comment des citoyens profanes s'y prennent-ils pour penser et produire un avis dans le cadre d'une procédure de type " mini public ", et qu'est-ce qui contingente la trajectoire de cette production collective ? Comment une telle initiative de participation citoyenne impacte-t-elle ses protagonistes et le système d'action publique locale, en l'absence de controverse et de " prises " de participation ? Pour décrire cette entreprise située de mise à l'épreuve de l'hypothèse de la démocratie technique, nous développons une approche inductive inspirée de la sociologie pragmatique. On s'efforcera de contribuer sur un plan théorique d'une part, à la description de l'activité délibérative, sur un plan opérationnel d'autre part, aux conditions d'efficacité et de prise au sérieux des démarches participatives de type " mini public " au niveau local.
320

Conflicto por la gestión del servicio de acueducto en Dosquebradas (Risaralda-Colombia). Un estudio desde la ecología política, El

Quintana Ramírez, Ana Patricia 14 November 2008 (has links)
La investigación sobre el conflicto por la gestión del servicio de acueducto en Dosquebradas, es un estudio que aprovecha el enfoque ofrecido por la ecología política, para explicar la manera como en un municipio colombiano se presentan desacuerdos entre la administración municipal y las asociaciones de acueductos comunitarios para la solución del problema de desabastecimiento de agua potable para los habitantes pobres de la localidad.Este conflicto ambiental aparece por la presencia principalmente de tres factores: En primer lugar, la urbanización del municipio de Dosquebradas en manos de particulares, sin control y orientación estatal obligó a los pobladores a construir sus propios sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable. Se trata de asentamientos periurbanos, en muchos casos sin licencias ni permiso de urbanismo, que convirtió el territorio biquebradense desde 1948 en una feria de predios. Como consecuencia de ello, una gran proporción de urbanizaciones se han construido sin garantía de acceso a los servicios públicos de agua.En segundo lugar, esta situación se ha dado en el marco de unas políticas ambientales y de servicios públicos municipales, regionales y nacionales que han favorecido progresivamente la mercantilización del sector en general y del servicio público en particular, y su traspaso a manos de actores privados o empresas mixtas. Con ello, se debilitó la responsabilidad estatal en la prestación de los servicios públicos a la población más pobre.Estos dos antecedentes, contrastaron con un modelo de gestión colectiva del servicio de acueducto, que en Dosquebradas comenzó desde 1925. Para los habitantes de diferentes zonas de Dosquebradas, la autogestión fue y continúa siendo la solución más efectiva para cubrir muchas de sus necesidades básicas como apertura de brechas, caminos, vías y saneamiento básico, construcción de acueducto y alcantarillado. Sin embargo, este modelo de gestión colectiva se debilitó a medida que parte de los líderes de las Juntas de Acción Comunal y de las Asociaciones de acueductos comunitarios, ante la urgencia por satisfacer las múltiples necesidades de los pobladores pobres a quienes representaban y mantener las infraestructuras necesarias para garantizar el servicio de acueducto a mayor número de habitantes, se articularon a redes clientelares de políticos que ofrecían solución a las demandas de la población en épocas electorales, para luego generalmente incumplirlas durante el desarrollo de la gestión pública. A cambio de ello, los directivos redujeron la autonomía política que caracteriza al modelo de gestión colectiva del agua, ya que su gestión para sostener la infraestructura dependió en algunos casos de promesas irresueltas por parte de los políticos de turno.El conflicto ambiental que afronta hoy el municipio de Dosquebradas contrapone a distintos prestadores que gestionan el servicio de acueducto, a la sociedad civil y las instituciones públicas, y se manifiesta como una competencia entre dos modelos de prestación del servicio público de agua potable, el estatal-empresarial y el colectivo. Cada uno de estos modelos supone esquemas distintos de propiedad de la infraestructura, de administración y de organización social. Se encuentra conectado con una problemática más global de confrontación por el manejo y la administración de los recursos naturales, que forma parte del proceso de mercantilización y privatización del agua y los servicios públicos en Colombia, América Latina y el mundo.NOTA BENE: En la actualidad, la autora es docente de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. / The research about the Dosquebradas conflict for management aqueduct service to be considering from theory politics ecology, for to explain in a Colombian municipality the way disagreement between city hall and community aqueduct association for solution the abasto problem the potable water for poor resident of this locality.This environmental conflict emerges because: one, the particular cultural and socio-politics characteristics of housing development. The private person has had responsibility of housing development and the poor person was not having aqueduct service. It neither has had state control. Two, the politics environmentalist and public's services municipal, regional and national has evolution for privateers. Three, the collective systems of administration for abasto of water was debilitate.The environmental conflict of Dosquebradas is principality one confrontation between civil society and public's institution, one competition between the state model and collective model for to pay attention the public's services. Each model has different types of infrastructure property, administration and social organization. The environmental conflict of Dosquebradas is communicate with the grown-ups problems is concerned to negotiations of natural resources, also with the water privatization, as well with to attend public's services for poor people in Colombia, Latin America and the world.

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