The basic aim of the dissertation is: to present the theoretical background of the problem-based learning educational process, which would enable the emancipation of the spoken English.

Literatūrinis portretas, kaip ir bet kuris kitas meninio kūrinio elementas, nėra statiškas, uždaras. Jis yra veikiamas istorinio laiko, kultūrinio konteksto kaitos, neatsiejamos nuo meninių stilių, judėjimų ir krypčių persipynimo. Literatūrinio portreto transformacijos neišvengiamos ir dėl to, kad jis atspindi tiek kuriančiojo, tiek kuriamojo asmens savivokos apsektus, fiksuoja socialinius visuomenės pokyčius, iš kurių ryškiausią vietą šiandieninėje visuomenėje užima informavimo priemonės, neretai išstumiančios etinius ir kultūrinius kanonus. Moterų tekstuose sukurto portreto kaitos procesą įtakojo feministinis judėjimas, suformavęs feministinę literatūrologiją. Joje svarbiausia vieta skiriama moters patirčiai, moteriškam rašymui, moteriškajai tradicijai literatūroje. Svarbu akcentuoti tai, kad lietuvių literatūroje iki XIX a. antrosios pusės moterų portretai iš esmės yra kuriami vyrų: S. Daukantas, M. Valančius, V. Pietaris, J. Basanavičius, Maironis. Šie kūrėjai yra veikiami krikščioniškosios tradicijos, įskiepijusios vaizduojamoms moterims privalomas dorybes: kuklumą, skaistumą, nuolankumą. Minėto amžiaus pabaigoje vyriškąsias gretas papildo moterys rašytojos: Žemaitė, Šatrijos Ragana, Bitė, Lazdynų Pelėda, I Simonaitytė. Šių rašytojų sukurtas moters portretas nepasižymi ryškiu išskirtinumu, tačiau plačiai atskleidžia komplikuotą moters padėtį to meto lietuviškoje visuomenėje. Nuo 1981 – 1986 metų moterų prozoje pasirodo savitesnis bei dinamiškesnis moters portretas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / A literary portrait as well as any other element of artistic creation is not static, closed. It is influenced by changes of historical time, cultural context integral with interlacing of artistic styles, movements, trends. Transformations of a literary portrait are unavoidable also because it reflects the aspects of self-perception of both creating and created persons; it records social changes, which include the means of information taking the salient place in nowadays society usually even replacing ethnic and cultural canons. The process of change of portraits created in women’s texts has been influenced by feministic movement, which formed feministic literature. The most significant place there is allocated to woman’s experience, feminine writing and feminine tradition in literature. It is important to emphasise that the portraits of women in Lithuanian literature until the second part of the XIX century had been mostly created by men: S. Daukantas, M. Valančius, V. Pietaris, J. Basanavičius, Maironis. These creators were influenced by Christian tradition, which indoctrinated obligatory virtues to portrayed women: modesty, purity, obedience. At the end of the abovementioned century, the masculine ranks were complemented by women writers: Žemaitė, Šatrijos Ragana, Bitė, Lazdynų Pelėda, I. Simonaitytė. The portraits of women created by these writers were not distinguished for striking oneness, however they widely revealed a complicated women’s situation in Lithuanian... [to full text]

Problem background: There has been an extensive amount of research done within the field of learning among children. Research regarding the teaching and the context of which this research is aimed to be performed on, is on the other hand scarcer. Costa Rica is one of the countries that has focused on human rights, and with this background, this thesis intends to study how the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is communicated to children in Costa Rica. We will preform our study on two types of schools; both private and public. We will also examine the impact the context has on communication for teachers when instructing about children’s rights. Purpose: We aim to study the development communication and contexts of which the principles of the CRC are communicated and taught to school children in Costa Rica.  Method: This thesis contains qualitative research. We have relied upon conversational interviews with a hermeneutical approach. Conclusion: This thesis clearly indicates that choice of communication channel has an impact on the interaction between teachers and pupils. Digitized channels are effective in the sense of speed and quantity of information regarding the CRC. However, the context in which the pupils receive and the teachers teach about the CRC is of great importance. The teachers experience many difficulties when teaching since the context not only builds barriers but also challenges them to find more creative ways of teaching. The material used when communicating the CRC varied depending on the economic status of the school. The children wanted and expected technology and digitalization to be a fundamental part of their education.

<p>S. 1-45: sammanfattning, s. 49-132, [2] s.: 7 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Bibliogr.: f. 201-226. Publié aussi en version électronique.

abstract: Social situational awareness, or the attentiveness to one's social surroundings, including the people, their interactions and their behaviors is a complex sensory-cognitive-motor task that requires one to be engaged thoroughly in understanding their social interactions. These interactions are formed out of the elements of human interpersonal communication including both verbal and non-verbal cues. While the verbal cues are instructive and delivered through speech, the non-verbal cues are mostly interpretive and requires the full attention of the participants to understand, comprehend and respond to them appropriately. Unfortunately certain situations are not conducive for a person to have complete access to their social surroundings, especially the non-verbal cues. For example, a person is who is blind or visually impaired may find that the non-verbal cues like smiling, head nod, eye contact, body gestures and facial expressions of their interaction partners are not accessible due to their sensory deprivation. The same could be said of people who are remotely engaged in a conversation and physically separated to have a visual access to one's body and facial mannerisms. This dissertation describes novel multimedia technologies to aid situations where it is necessary to mediate social situational information between interacting participants. As an example of the proposed system, an evidence-based model for understanding the accessibility problem faced by people who are blind or visually impaired is described in detail. From the derived model, a sleuth of sensing and delivery technologies that use state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms in combination with novel haptic interfaces are developed towards a) A Dyadic Interaction Assistant, capable of helping individuals who are blind to access important head and face based non-verbal communicative cues during one-on-one dyadic interactions, and b) A Group Interaction Assistant, capable of provide situational awareness about the interaction partners and their dynamics to a user who is blind, while also providing important social feedback about their own body mannerisms. The goal is to increase the effective social situational information that one has access to, with the conjuncture that a good awareness of one's social surroundings gives them the ability to understand and empathize with their interaction partners better. Extending the work from an important social interaction assistive technology, the need for enriched social situational awareness is everyday professional situations are also discussed, including, a) enriched remote interactions between physically separated interaction partners, and b) enriched communication between medical professionals during critical care procedures, towards enhanced patient safety. In the concluding remarks, this dissertation engages the readers into a science and technology policy discussion on the potential effect of a new technology like the social interaction assistant on the society. Discussing along the policy lines, social disability is highlighted as an important area that requires special attention from researchers and policy makers. Given that the proposed technology relies on wearable inconspicuous cameras, the discussion of privacy policies is extended to encompass newly evolving interpersonal interaction recorders, like the one presented in this dissertation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011

La pratique et l'encadrement des psychothérapies sont des enjeux majeurs actuels des politiques de santé publique. Même si la psychothérapie est en général une entreprise efficace, les taux d'abandons, de détérioration et les mauvais résultats associés au suivi d'une psychothérapie sont loin d'être insignifiants et les cliniciens constituent une part importante de la variance d'efficacité des soins, tout en méconnaissant leurs résultats. Le Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) est une méthodologie assez récente développée pour répondre à ces enjeux, validée empiriquement, et peu utilisée dans les contextes de soins francophone. Les effets du feedback instrumental sont en outre mal expliqués. Dans l’étude numéro 1, nous avons réalisé la validation transculturelle des échelles ORS et SRS du système PCOMS (Miller et al., 2005). Ces échelles françaises possèdent des qualités psychométriques comparables aux versions américaines. Des données prénormatives françaises, et des indices de seuils et de changement fiable sont également documentés. Dans une seconde étude pilote, nous avons réalisé une analyse multiniveau quant à l’association entre les capacités des psychothérapeutes à percevoir des signaux non verbaux et l’efficacité due au traitement sur un échantillon de 11 psychothérapeutes anglo-saxons délivrant une psychothérapie à 386 patients, en étant engagés dans une pratique ROM. La détection des signaux présents dans la voix (avec randomized splicing) est associée à de meilleurs résultats et constitue un tout premier élément dans le sens du modèle supplétif du feedback instrumental en psychothérapie, pour lequel de nouvelles recherches sont nécessaires. / The practice and management of psychotherapy is a current stake in health policies. Even if psychotherapy is generally deemed efficient and that outcomes compare or exceed best medical practices, drop-out, deterioration rates and poor results associated to care are far to be insignificant, and clinicians represent a major part in the variance of therapy outcomes; without having access to their results or getting simple means to access these data. Clinicians efficacy decline during the career without benefiting from reliable method to help in the growth of the efficiency. Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) is a quite recent methodology based on patient feedback regarding the outcomes and the therapeutic alliance, which are predictors of the most efficient therapies. This methodology is evidence-based but not much used in French settings of care. ROM seems to be associated to better outcomes for patients who initially did not benefit from their treatments, with moderate gains, especially noticed in outpatient settings. Therapists do not seem to learn from feedback exposure and theoretical models of ROM posit that therapist’s related characteristics modulate the outcomes (gender, self-efficacy, feedback propensity); therapists vary in feedback benefits. Feedback could act as a corrective negative signal helping therapists to inform the treatment. Summarizing these results, we suggest that ROM feedback could interact with nonverbal naturalistic feedback signals for whom therapist would vary in detection abilities. Instrumental feedback could complete or maximize the potential to use these information in order to help the therapeutic process. In a first study we realized the French transcultural validation of the PCOMS scales (ORS and SRS, Miller et al., 2005). These French scales share many properties with the American version (factorial structure, validity, reliability). Pre-normative data, cut-off score and reliable change index are also documented.In a second pilot study, we explored the association between therapist abilities to detect non-verbal signals (macro and micro emotion, in the voice and in the body) and treatment outcomes with a sample of 11 English speaking therapists delivering psychotherapy to 386 patients, engaged in a ROM practice. A multilevel analysis revealed that the detection of voice signals (with a randomized spliced filtering) was associated to better outcomes in treatment. This data is a first element for an auxiliary model of instrumental feedback in psychotherapy (the lens model), for which new researches are needed.

Indivíduos com transtornos do espectro autista (TEA) demonstram maior facilidade para expressar e compreender a comunicação pré-verbal a partir da interação com a música. Neste sentido, foi elaborado um ensaio controlado randomizado (ECR) para a investigação dos efeitos da Musicoterapia improvisacional na comunicação pré-verbal de crianças com TEA. Uma amostra de 20 participantes foi recrutada para as seguintes situações: grupo controle (apenas 3 sessões de avaliação descritiva pela escala Category System of Music Therapy-KAMUTHE, n=10), e grupo experimental (3 sessões de avaliação descritiva da escala KAMTUHE, mais 10 sessões de tratamento em musicoterapia improvisacional, n=10). As mensurações dos desfechos foram obtidas através da escala de comportamentos de comunicação pré-verbal KAMUTHE. As comparações de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas (GEE) encontraram resultados estatisticamente significativos para 6 de todos os desfechos avaliados: aumento intragrupo da duração (W= 4,08 e P=0,04) e aumento entre os grupos da frequência (W=6,28 e P=0,01) do comportamento "criar sonoridades" no grupo experimental durante a atividade de improvisação livre; aumento da frequência intra (W=4,54 e P=0,03) e intergrupo (W=6,53 e P=0,01) do comportamento “vocalizar” na atividade de “improvisação com o objeto” e aumento da frequência do comportamento '''comunicação pré-verbal" no grupo experimental intra (W=4,84 e P=0,03) e intergrupo (W=20,71 e P<0,01). Embora a presente investigação não tenha apresentado resultados positivos para todos os desfechos, seus resultados confirmam a eficácia da musicoterapia verificada em ECRs anteriores sobre o mesmo tema. / Individuals with autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) demonstrate a greater ability to express and understand the pre-verbal communication from the interaction with music . In this sense , a randomized controlled trial (RCT ) was designed to investigate the effects of improvisational music therapy in pre verbal children with ASD. A sample of 20 participants was recruited for the following situations: control group (only 3 sessions of descriptive assessment by the Category System of Music Therapy scale- KAMUTHE , n = 10) and experimental group ( 3 sessions of descriptive assessment of KAMTUHE scale , more 10 treatment sessions in improvisational music therapy , n = 10) . Outcomes measures were obtained across the range of pre - verbal communication behaviors by KAMUTHE scale . Comparisons of Generalized Estimating Equations ( GEE ) found statistically significant results for 6 of all assessed outcomes : increasing in duration intragroup ( W = 4.08 and P = 0.04 ) and in frequency between groups ( W = 6.28 and P = 0.01 ) of " creating sounds " behavior in the experimental group during the activity of free improvisation ; intra ( W = 4.54 and P = 0.03) and intergroup ( W = 6.53 and P = 0 , 01 ) incrising of the frequency of " vocalize " behavior in the " improvisation with the object " activity and increased frequency of' ' pre - verbal communication " behavior intra ( W = 4.84 and P = 0.03) and intergroup ( W = 20.71 , P < 0.01 ) . Though this study has not shown positive results for all outcomes, their results confirm the effectiveness of music therapy seen in previous RCTs on the same topic.

Submitted by ANA REGINA FERREIRA DOS SANTOS null (enfanaregina@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T13:59:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MESTRADO Final pdf 1.pdf: 1862885 bytes, checksum: 6af429279b5f3f763aa67bf9f7981a34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-06T13:51:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_arf_me_bot.pdf: 1862885 bytes, checksum: 6af429279b5f3f763aa67bf9f7981a34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T13:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_arf_me_bot.pdf: 1862885 bytes, checksum: 6af429279b5f3f763aa67bf9f7981a34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / O objetivo deste estudo foi apreender a comunicação não verbal da equipe de enfermagem com o idoso hospitalizado e propor recomendações desta interação que possam contribuir para o cuidado desses indivíduos. Foi uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, realizada na Clínica Médica de um hospital de ensino localizado no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada em duas etapas, com 18 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem após parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Na primeira etapa, a pesquisadora permaneceu durante dois meses, por um período médio de duas horas diárias, em horários alternados e abrangendo todos os turnos, observando as atividades cotidianas e o comportamento comunicativo dos Enfermeiros e Técnicos em Enfermagem com os idosos internados, preenchendo a Escala de uso efetivo e/ou ineficaz da comunicação não verbal. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada entrevista com os participantes, utilizando da questão norteadora: Fale-me como você se comunica de forma verbal e não verbal com os idosos internados nesta unidade. Os resultados desta pesquisa foram tratados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo segundo Bardin, e categorizados em quatro temas: 1) A atenção ao idoso constrói a confiança; 2) A comunicação não verbal permite conhecer os sentimentos do idoso; 3) O acolhimento emocional auxilia quando o idoso sente solidão; 4) O comportamento comunicativo da equipe de enfermagem, inclui a família no cuidado do idoso. Os resultados deste estudo nos permitiram propor recomendações do comportamento não verbal dos profissionais que possam contribuir para o cuidado do idoso em internação hospitalar, quais são: manter a valorização do idoso e a identidade, chamando-o pelo nome com contato direto dos olhos; a postura relaxada, porém atenta aos sinais que o idoso transmite; utilizar os móveis do ambiente para o conforto, com a intenção de proximidade; usar roupas simples, limpas e com odor agradável, incluindo a utilização correta de equipamentos de proteção; demonstrar sentimentos por meio da expressão facial e emocional de acordo com o contexto, permitindo a melhor a decodificação dos sinais não verbais; comunicar-se com tom de voz calmo e audível, clarificando e sempre validando as informações; manter distância interpessoal de aproximação adequada com procedimento a ser executado; tocar o idoso somente após permissão, com os gestos firmes e seguros, especialmente no momento do banho no leito, como oportunidade de interação e valorização; utilizar o meneio positivo para reforço e encorajamento; evitar sons paraverbais e movimentos corporais bruscos que possam causar prejuízo a recuperação; buscar capacitação em comunicação interpessoal verbal e não verbal para estabelecer relações efetivas e melhorar, assim, a qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem. Nessa perspectiva, espera-se que as possibilidades de melhor compreender e utilizar a comunicação não verbal para estabelecer uma relação interpessoal efetiva, possam implementar a qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem aos idosos hospitalizados. / The objective of this study was to comprehend the nursing crew’s non-verbal communication with the hospitalized elderly and propose recommendations of this interaction that might contribute to the care of these individuals. It was a qualitative approach and it took place at a Medical Clinic of a teaching hospital in the inner state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data was collected in two steps, with 18 professionals of the nursing crew after the favorable opinion of the Ethics Research Committee. On the first step, the researcher remained for two months, for an average of two hours per day, in alternate shifts ranging all shifts, observing the daily routines and the communicative behavior of the Nurses and nursing technicians with the hospitalized elderlies. On the second step, an interview with the participants was made, using the question: Tell me how you communicate verbally and non-verbally with the hospitalized elderlies of this unit, as a guideline. The results of this research were treated based on the Content Analysis according to Bardin, and categorized in four topics: 1) The attention towards the elders builds trust; 2) The non-verbal communication allows knowing the elderlies’ felling’; 3) The emotional embrace helps when the elders feel lonely; 4) The communicative behavior of the nursing crew includes the family in the elderlies’ care. The results of this study allowed us to propose recommendations to the non-verbal behavior of the professionals that might contribute to the care in hospitalized elderlies, which are: keep the elderlies value and identity, calling them by name with eye contact; relaxed posture, but alert to the signs that the elderlies emits; use the environment’s furniture to the comfort, with intention of proximity; wear simple, clean and odorless clothes, including the correct use of the protection equipment; demonstrate felling by facial and emotional expression according to the context, allowing the better decoding of the non-verbal signs; communicate with a calm and audible tone, clarifying and Always validating the information; keep interpersonal proximity distance adequate with the procedure that will be executed; touch the elderlies only after allowed, with firm and safe gestures, especially in the moment of the bed bath, as an opportunity of interaction and appreciation; use the positive wriggle for reinforcement and encouragement; avoid paraverbal sounds and sudden body movement that could cause damage to the recovery; look for qualification in interpersonal verbal and nonverbal communication to establish effective relation and improve, thus, the quality of the nursing care. In this perspective, it is expected that possibilities of improvement do better comprehend and use the non-verbal communication to establish an effective interpersonal relation, implementing the quality of the nursing care to the hospitalized elderlies.

Grounded in fieldwork within a civil association of street vendors in Mexico City, my research interweaves ethnographic and historical approaches to better understand the ways people read and interpret each other in everyday encounters. The study explores representations of street markets in Mexico City’s dominant discourses. Using field methods such as participant observation, filmmaking and street photography, I outline the benefits and difficulties implicated in the assemblage of a periodic market in public spaces. I also trace the trajectories of street market participants in order to understand the role and significance of street markets in their everyday lives and existence in the city. I use the notion of ‘trajectories’ proposed by Massey to define street markets as places of encounters. Following daylight and the daily rhythm of the market, I relate social interactions with the nuances of living in the city. By exploring methods of verbal and non-verbal communication in social interactions in the street market such as dar vista and tantear, I examine the kind of socialities that emerge from these encounters. These practices of communication also allow people to formulate social critiques about the ways of living and socialising in a megacity. Finally, the website that accompanies the thesis, www.diadetianguis.org, is grounded in the idea of trajectories. It aims to explore non-linear modes of ethnographic representation that can enhance and interrelate different ways of approaching and interpreting ethnographic data through a variety of means, such as audiovisual media, mapping and hypermedia. I recommend that one reads the thesis along with the hyperlinks given in particular sections, as a means to encourage the reader to make her own way to explore the website and remaining chapters. The website is also available in the complementary DVD entitled ‘www.diadetianguis.org’. To access the home page, please open the DVD and click on the file: tianguis/index.html. Clicking on this file will open the web browser and allow for navigating the website offline.