In this thesis I offer an alternative to the hyper–individualistic, hyper-performative means-end dynamic that dominates contemporary educational practice. I foreground dimensions of experience that possibilise an approach that is neither instrumentatlised nor instrumentalising; an approach I term (a) (more) just education. The thesis opens with an analysis of how the reduction of education to use-value is both dependent on, and perpetuating of, a conception of subjectivity that overlooks the facticity of embodied life. The prevalence of dualist assumptions in both liberal and critical educational thinking and the persistence of these assumptions despite explicit attempts to think otherwise is mapped out and I draw a link between these assumptions and the privilege accorded to displays of understanding. Alongside this analysis I propose that the seemingly all-pervasive Cartesian legacy might be circumvented by approaching the question of subjectivity from a kinaesthetic perspective. This kinaesthetic approach is outlined with reference to the somatic dance practice of Skinner Releasing Technique (SRT). The practice of SRT offers up three ‘kinaesthetic provocations’ that invite re-thinking both the dynamics of education and the dynamics of justice. Throughout the thesis I explore an interplay between these provocations and the work of Derrida and Deleuze/Deleuze and Guattari; and through this interplay I unsettle the dualisms of self and other, self and world, and self and work. By approaching the shaping of subjectivity from a bodily, kinaesthetic perspective I submit the bodies called teachers and students, the bodies of practice called teaching and learning, the bodies of knowledge called curricula and the ideal body called justice to processes of deterritorialisation. Untethering education from its ends in this way affords the possibility of approaching education as an experience of passage. I argue that an emphasis on passage offers up educational consequences that are shared in rather than shared out and that therefore escape the grip of performative categorising trends. Through this account the role of the educator becomes one of affirmation, rather than validation, and I conclude the thesis by examining the particular sensitivities that this demands.

En prenant pour toile de fond l’analyse de la métaphysique du dualisme cartésien de substances, la présente thèse a pour objectif de discuter la question de savoir quel serait le sujet des prédicats qui dénotent des sentiments dans les textes de Descartes. L’hypothèse proposée est que seules substances peuvent être considérées comme des « sujets ultimes d’inhérence » de ces prédicats. Pourtant, il sera argumenté que les hommes et les animaux, qui ne sont pas des substances, peuvent être considérés comme les « sujets d’attribution » de ces prédicats, puisqu’ils possèdent un type spécial d’unité, à savoir, une « unité de composition », qui assure une telle attribution. Ainsi, la thèse sera développée selon trois axes principaux. En partant d’un examen de la théorie cartésienne de la substance et de ses définitions, nous analyserons le concept de substance étendue, en prenant compte du débat entre les interprétations moniste et pluraliste de ce concept. Dans ce contexte, nous examinerons la spécificité du corps humain par rapport aux autres corps de la nature, en considérant certains aspects de la théorie cartésienne des animaux-machines. Ensuite, nous discuterons la question de l’unité de l’homme, ainsi que d’autres types d’unité reconnus par Descartes. Finalement, nous analyserons la théorie cartésienne de la causalité dans le but de déterminer quelles théories parmi celles de la causalité, interactionniste ou occasionaliste, pourraient servir, dans la vision de Descartes, de modèles explicatifs des sentiments humains et des sentiments animaux. L’hypothèse défendue dans cette thèse est en consonance avec la vision selon laquelle la théorie cartésienne des trois notions primitives particulières, à savoir, pensée, étendue et union, est totalement compatible avec le dualisme métaphysique de substances que Descartes propose et, par conséquent, n’implique pas un affaiblissement de ce dernier. / The goal of this thesis is to address the question of what would be the subject of the predicates that denote sentiments in Descartes’ writings. The proposed hypothesis is that substances can only be regarded as « the ultimate subjects of inherence » of these predicates. Nevertheless, it will be argued that men and animals, although they are not substances, may be considered the « subjects of attribution » of such predicates, since they have a specific unit, namely, a « unity of composition », which ensures that attribution. Therefore, the thesis will be developed in three main axes. From an examination of the Cartesian theory of substance and its definitions, we analyze the concept of extended substance, taking into account the existing debate between monistic and pluralistic interpretations of this concept. In this context, we examine the specificity of the human body in relation to other bodies of nature, considering certain aspects of the Cartesian theory of animal machines. Then we address the question of the unity of man, as well as other types of unity recognized by Descartes. Finally, we examine the Cartesian theory of causality in order to determine which theories of causality, interactionism, or occasionalism, in Descartes view, could serve as explanatory models for sentiments in humans and animals. The hypothesis to be defended in this thesis is consistent with the view that the Cartesian theory of three particular primitive notions, namely, thought, extension, and union, is fully compatible with the metaphysical dualism of substances that Descartes proposed, and therefore does not imply a weakening of the latter.

In this dissertation, I argue for the philosophical consistency of Aquinas’ hybrid view of human souls - that is, the idea that human souls, and only human souls, are at once substantial forms and subsistent things. I contend that the best way to understand the ontological status of human souls according to Aquinas is by means of the concept of ‘subsistent parts’. Since Aquinas characterizes souls as parts of substances, I propose a mereological analysis of the different types of part in Aquinas, and I conclude that souls should be seen as metaphysical parts of substances. An influential contemporary view holds that Aquinas’ doctrine is inconsistent on the grounds that nothing could be an abstract (form) and a concrete (subsistent) at the same time. I respond to this view by denying the widespread notion that substantial forms are purely abstract entities. I hold that the best way to make sense of Aquinas’ twofold approach to human souls is by saying that substantial forms possess an element of concreteness which is accounted for by the fundamental relationship between form and being. Finally, I address the question of taxonomy: how can we classify Aquinas’ view of the soul-body relation in light of the concepts that are currently used in philosophy of mind. I argue that the notion of a subsistent part entails the concept of ‘part-dualism’, which I present as standing midway between substance-dualism and nonreductive materialism, and also as being ontologically richer than property-dualism. I conclude this dissertation with a refutation of the idea championed by some prominent scholars that the existence of the soul is sufficient for the existence of the person.

Les rapports du corps et de la médecine n'ont cessé de se transformer tout au long de notre histoire. Cette évolution a été marquée de façon radicale par la révolution scientifique figurée par Copernic pour ce qui est de l'univers et Vésale pour ce qui est du corps. Sous l'égide de Descartes le corps - déjà infériorisé par le dualisme de Platon - s'est vu réduit au statut d'objet de science, de mécanique, par la suprématie du dualisme épistémologique. Le but de ce travail est tout d'abord d'essayer de comprendre le cheminement d'une telle réduction, d'en montrer ses origines ainsi que ses dérives passées et actuelles avec leurs conséquences éthiques dès lors qu'il s'agit de penser le corps et, par lui, la médecine. Ensuite il faudra se poser la question de savoir dans quel cadre concevoir ce corps pour lui rendre toute sa place, celle que lui donne l'incarnation qui fait du patient une totalité irréductible à sa maladie. / The relationships of the body and the medicine did not stop being transformed throughout our history. The evolution was marked in a radical way by the scientific revolution inaugurated by Copernic as for the universe and by Vésale as for the body. Under the aegis of Galilee then of Descartes, the body – already underestimated by the dualism of Platoon – saw itself reduced in the status of object of science, mechanics, under the ascendancy of the epistemological dualism. The purpose of this work is first of all to try to understand the progression of such a reduction, to show its origins as well as its past and current drifts, with their ethical consequences, since it is a question of thinking the body and, by it, of the medicine. Then the question arises to know which frame must be conceived to give back the body its entire place that the embodiment gives to it making the patient an inflexible whole which can't be confined to illness.

The relevance of individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the context of post-apartheid South Africa is a contentious issue. The western-centric universalist bias of this treatment approach has been criticised for not being applicable to Black South African individuals. With these criticisms in mind the appropriacy and efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy was examined by focusing on three Black English-speaking South African women between the ages of 25 and 35 from the urban Western Cape. A collective case study design situated within a postmodern framework of enquiry was chosen for its capacity to incorporate both the therapist’s and the participant’s experience of the therapeutic process over time. This study focused on the analytic attitude, which comprises the basic template through which psychoanalytic psychotherapy is practised. The model used was that described by Ivey (1999) which includes five elements: generative uncertainty, abstinence, neutrality, countertransference receptivity, resoluteness and three related concepts: the task process and setting. The therapeutic dyad comprised the principal unit of analysis; by examining the interactive responses within this dyad in terms of the eight sub-units of the analytic attitude it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness of this modality. The findings showed that this model was successful with an emerging group of individuals who simultaneously hold traditional collective values and western values of individuation and self-determination. Some adjustments to abstinence and neutrality were necessary and a high degree of vigilance and self-reflection on the part of the therapist was required. It was revealed that western ideals of individualism, subject/object dualities, and taken-for-granted assumptions tend to obscure the practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy across culture. The relational two-person model was able to accommodate cultural difference to good effect, opening the way for universalistic assumptions to be challenged and re-thought. This attitude was effective both as a treatment model and as a research tool. The participants in this study represent an emerging class of Black South Africans who are seeking different pathways for psychological concerns. The findings of this study can be generalised to a body of knowledge concerning the use of the analytic attitude in specific cross-cultural contexts in South Africa. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jose_josivan_bezerra_sales.pdf: 953664 bytes, checksum: eb63ef51fa4a41b743fc9d3fb9b06f88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-15 / This study aimed to perform a qualitative bibliographic research that probes Freud‟s analogy about his Pulsional Theory and the Eros of Plato Theory. For that, we choose the topic of antagonistic dualism as a similarity factor after we had observed several themes which were studied by other authors. In the first chapter we analyzed how this antagonistic dualism was shown in the theories of three original philosophers, Thales, Anaximader and Anaximenes. After, we analyzed the same topic in relation to Heraclitus‟s and Empedocles‟ theories and we studied the antagonistic dualism conceptions of soul and Eros in the compositions of Phaedo, Symposium, The Republic and Phaedrus from Plato. In the second chapter we studied present the epistemological context of the urge concept. From this point we studied Freud‟s composition and its antagonistic dualism between self-preservation and sexual drives in the First Drive Theory. We then went through the narcissistic libido and studied this opposition between life and death urges in the Second Drive Theory. In the third chapter we first started to compare the antagonistic dualism in Plato‟s and after in Freud‟s modus operandi. By trying to explain the man under a rational perspective, these philosophers couldn‟t had left the contradictory of myth and metaphysics in their theories. We then started studying the approximation made by different authors in order to understand the similarities and dissimilarities in the theory of Eros and the Libido. We concluded that the urge dualism is far from being contradictory and is a competitor and confluent in the sense of they both help each other in its own opposition. This fact allowed us to get close to three authors who point to this type of opposition: Garcia-Roza, André Green and Ivan Corrêa. So that our study is far from presenting a conclusion and it will remain open to reinforce in this opposition that generates life. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa qualitativa de natureza bibliográfica que aprofundasse a analogia feita por Freud sobre sua Teoria Pulsional e a Teoria sobre Eros de Platão. Para isso escolhemos o tema do dualismo antagônico como elemento de semelhança, depois de ter observado as várias aproximações que outros autores já haviam estudado. Num primeiro capítulo, analisamos como se apresentava este dualismo antagônico nas teorias dos três filósofos originários, a saber, Tales, Anaximandro e Anaxímenes, depois analisamos o mesmo tema nas teorias de Heráclito e Empédocles, e por fim, estudamos as obras Fédon, Banquete, República e Fedro, de Platão, para encontrar nelas o dualismo antagônico nas suas concepções de alma e de Eros. Num segundo capítulo, apresentamos o contexto epistemológico do conceito de pulsão, para a partir dele estudarmos na obra de Freud o dualismo antagônico entre pulsões de autoconservação e pulsões sexuais na Primeira Teoria das Pulsões, passarmos pela libido narcísica, e estudarmos esta oposição entre as pulsões de vida e pulsão de morte, na Segunda Teoria das Pulsões. No terceiro capítulo passamos a comparar o elemento escolhido dualismo antagônico encontrando-o primeiro no modus operandi de Platão e de Freud, que esforçando-se por explicar o homem de modo racional, não puderam deixar de acolher nas suas teorias o contraditório do mito e da metafísica. Passamos a estudar as aproximações feitas por diversos autores para, enfim, estudar as semelhanças e dessemelhanças na teoria do Eros e da Libido, e acabamos concluindo que o dualismo das pulsões longe de ser contraditório é concorrente e confluente, no sentido de ambos se ajudarem mutuamente na sua própria oposição. Isto nos permitiu aproximar-nos de três autores que indicam este tipo de oposição: Garcia-Roza, André Green e Ivan Corrêa. No entanto, o nosso estudo longe de apresentar uma conclusão fica aberto para aprofundar este modo de oposição que gera vida.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第21856号 / 人博第885号 / 新制||人||212(附属図書館) / 2018||人博||885(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 水野 尚之, 教授 土屋 由香, 准教授 小島 基洋, 教授 西山 けい子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

What values, if any, is moral psychology based on with regard to what humans should be like? While the value-free ideal of science requires at least the bracketing of values in regards to the conducting of research and influence on its results, this investigation takes seriously the concerns of leading social psychologists that biases may influence the subdiscipline. Textual analyses of moral psychology's literature involving content analysis of codes and cultural discourse analysis of value themes illuminate values involving moral problems and moral goods that may inherently influence research at various levels. It is proposed that values are impossible to eliminate from moral psychological research and that a simple epistemic/nonepistemic value distinction is inadequate for deciding which values are appropriate. A norm of value disclosure to replace the norm of the value-free ideal is recommended.

The master's thesis discusses basic elements of metaphysics by René Descartes. The first part of the thesis focuses on his personal life because certain events shaped and influenced his further actions and ideas. To understand the context of time, the paper presents history knowledge that is relevant to the topic. René Descartes is still known today for his philosophical ideas which helped to develop findings in the field of metaphysics. During his lifetime, that is the first half of the 17th century, natural sciences were gaining in popularity. The thesis follows up with mathematization and geometrization of nature. Descartes' basic premise of knowledge is methodical skepticism which ultimately results in his first personal certainty of philosophy. Next part focuses on the clarification of the dualistic concept of two different substances - rez extensa and res cogitans. The largest and most important part deals with the mechanical conception of the human body. René Descartes believes that the human body is a machine operated by mechanical principles. The thesis introduces a systematic description of the body which logically justifies the primary ideas of this French philosopher. KEYWORDS René Descartes, methaphysics, dualism, mind, body, God, machine, mathematics, geometry

Relationship Between Private and Public Law: Past and Present Abstract This dissertation addresses the dualism of private and public law from Roman times to the present. It focuses on developments in the content of these concepts in a historical context. The dissertation examines primary sources from Roman law and highlights the significant difference between the distinction between private and public law in Roman law and later misinterpretations of the same. Particular attention is paid to the approach legal science takes to private and public law through the various phases of reception of Roman law, noting the political circumstances that led to the use of the dual concepts of ius publicum and ius privatum from Roman law as well as the change in content of those concepts. The dissertation compares the main differences between modern society and the earlier social system, especially with reference to the socio-legal structure of relationships. It describes the modern ideological sources of values on which modern society is based and traces the ways these values are reflected in modern legal systems. Constitutionalism, emphasis on the legal code as the written source of law, the concept of natural rights, and the concept of the legal state (Rechtsstaat) all made their mark on private and public law in...