With the emergence of urban transformation concept in 1980s, the concept of eligibility has also started to be discussed as a new term in Turkey. However, the absence of a sustainable urban transformation law which defines the criteria of eligibility of stakeholders has undoubtedly brought about violations and disagreements between stakeholders. Especially the uncertified gecekondu possessors who are not determined as eligible stakeholders have been subjected to forced and arbitrary evictions. This study aims to clarify the problem of eligibility of uncertified gecekondu possessors in urban transformation and attempts to determine the criteria for the eligibility of this particular group. It argues that since the claims of uncertified gecekondu possessors like right to adequate housing, labor and possession have moral characters which do not depend upon legal acts, they can not be criteria of eligibility. The legal property ownership must be the criteria of eligibility in urban transformation practices in the law. On the other hand, this study urges that no matter living in a legal or illegal housing, the vulnerable families who lack of basic economic security and living in the project area must be determined as eligible stakeholders. In the first part of this master study, the problem of eligibility was discussed from theoretical perspective. In the second part, this problem was discussed in the case of Dikmen Valley 4th and 5th phases Urban Transformation Project. The knowledge obtained from the case can be useful for the local governments to develop sustainable policies on this particular problem.

Property rights within historical urban contexts, an important aspect when considering how inhabitants create an urban pattern from an urban context, being starting point of living, using, building, designing and forming the built environment. Property rights can refer not only to the physical forms, socio-cultural structures, administrative issues, and political and economic conditions of the urban context, but also their way of defining an order between the context and its inhabitance, investigates the combination of tangible and intangible values and their continuity in an urban context, which has emerged as an important issue in urban conservation studies. While urban conservation studies have sought rational solutions to investigating the combination of tangible and intangible values and its hidden values in the historical urban context, the thesis is to focus to research the relationship between ownership and the physical urban context so as to define the tangible and intangible values of human experiences within the urban context. The city of Antakya (Antioch) has been selected as the case study of this thesis as not only a crucial empirical case owing to its rich historical, multi-cultural historic urban core, but also due to the fact that the current historical urban form was affected and formed under Islamic ownership norms, and later developed under Ottoman land tenures. Additionally, as archive documents such as title deeds have been translated into Turkish, and the cadastral plans of the urban form have been prepared during the French Mandate Period, they can be viewed as sources of reliable information on ownership norms for every single property unit, which is a key asset when attempting to decode the physical urban structure and reveal the hidden salience of the city. Fundamentally, this research clarifies that ownership has the means of affecting something that lies beyond the existence, beyond the apparent, beyond the known and beyond the man-made settlement boundaries that define elusive historical urban forms. The Antakya case reveals clearly that property rights have major implications when attempting to understand the formation and persistence of every single component of an urban form / and accordingly, these aspects deserve greater consideration in urban conservation when attempting to make holistic assessments.

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在台灣經濟發展的過程中，政府自民國49年依據獎勵投資條例投入開發基隆六堵工業區以來，隨著不同時空的經濟發展背景及產業生產環境需求變遷，陸續開發設置功能、目的及時代任務相異的工業區，滿足產業或廠商對工業用地的使用需求。長期以來政府採取直接設置工業區管理單位介入工業區管理的政策模式，擔負起維護管理工業區公共設施（備）設施及生產所需公共服務之供給者角色。90年代隨著法令逐步放寬，各類型工業區管理制度代表著政府、市場力量不同程度介入；從財產權觀點，各管理制度對於廠商共有的集體資產在產權配置上亦有所差異，且與需求者在消費過程的滿意程度具有關聯性。然而，從廠商需求者的角度分析，對於工業區管理的滿意度是否因管理制度差異，亦或集體資產在產權配置的不同而有所關聯。 本研究從廠商角度，藉由新竹科學工業園區、新竹工業區、南港軟體工業園區、以及宏碁智慧園區工業區為研究案例之實證調查結果，分析發現工業區廠商對管理費（維護費）收費計價方式、收支運用資訊公開程度、管理事務決策、管理單位瞭解公共服務需求程度等產權配置狀態認知與各項工業區管理滿意度，都存有顯著正向關聯；在制定管理規章的需求程度的配置狀態認知上，則對公共服務、整體管理等兩項滿意度，亦存有顯著正向關聯性；但各研究案例工業區管理制度差異，並未完展現在廠商對管理滿意度的影響，廠商可以感受到的是對管理費（維護費）收費計價方式合理性、收支運用公開程度滿意度。故本研究就前述實證結果，針對各研究案例制度運作及未來工業區管理制度等，提出相關建議意見，作為政府制定管理相關法令制度及後續研究的參考。 / Since 1960, in order to satisfy the industries and entrepreneur’s need, the industrial estates, with different purpose, mission, and function, are continually developed by the government during the processes of the economic development in Taiwan. At this period, the estates are all managed directly by the administrative agencies established by the government. However, during the 90s, the regulations have been loosened, and the several different types of management system have been formed as such result. For the management system, with reference to Property Right, the different allocation of the Collective Property Rights and the degree of satisfaction with the management are closely related. Hence, this study is aimed to investigate, from an entrepreneur’s point of view, whether the degree of satisfaction on the management of industrial estate will be differed, in relation to different type of management system, or, the different allocation of the Collective Property Rights. Thus, this study is focused on the research and investigation of 4 typical industrial estates, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu Industrial Park, Nankang Software Park, and Acer Aspire Park, of which each operates under different type of management system. After detailed analysis, it is discovered and proved that the existence of positive relationship between the different allocation of Collective Property Rights and the degree of satisfaction on the management of industrial estate. On the other hand, there is no obvious effect observed on the degree of satisfaction with different type of management system, however, the positive relationships are also found with calculation and collection of the management fee (maintenance fee) and the openness of utilization of the same. In this study, therefore, according to the above mentioned findings, relevant recommendations for the future industrial estate operation and management system are provided, which will not only serve as a reference to the government to amend the related management regulations, but also for the follow-up study in depth.

This paper attempts to present and analyze problems that may arise from the use of Genetically Modified (GM) products and issues raised by the Intellectual Property (IP) rights that Genetic Engineering (GE) companies have on their products. Arguments in favor and against the existence of health risks and environmental risks of GM products are presented. The European policy of the socioeconomic effects of the GM products is discussed and is proposed the application of the precautionary principle for the prevention of unintended consequences from the GM products to other than health and environmental domains. The need of IP rights is supported, but is also suggested an IP rights flexibility. Do IP rights violate the rights of all people to a nourishing life, natural resources, the right to decide about what they eat and the right to live in a viable ecosystem? Finally, I provide an analysis of the effects on the farmers due to the IP rights on GM crop for cultivation and state dependency issues that may occur.

Aims: The main aims of this research are to provide more empirical evidences for theory of property rights and public choice theory and to test these theories in a new environment i.e. banking sector of Pakistan. This research compares performance of public and private banks in Pakistan on the basis of four performance measures, profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. It also studies the effect of politics on public banks. Method: Mainly quantitative approach is utilized in this thesis to compare performance of public and private banks in Pakistan in terms of profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. Ratio analysis is used for this purpose. Qualitative analysis is based on qualitative study of empirical findings of quantitative analysis with respect to elections and observing lending behavior of public and private banks along with study of net interest margin during election years. Major Findings: The theory of property rights and public choice literature support private ownership for superior performance as compared to public ownership. From empirical findings, very weak support is found for both theories. Out of twelve ratios used in ratio analysis, ten ratios support public ownership for superior performance as compared to private ownership and only two ratios quote that private ownership is superior in performance than public ownership. From empirical findings it can be concluded that performance of public banks is superior to private banks in Pakistan in terms of profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. Similarly, out of twelve ratios, only six ratios provided evidence of effect of elections on performance of public ownership which is a weak support for public choice theory. Moreover, lending behavior of public and private banks along with study of net interest margin has totally ruled out the presence of political influence on public banks. It can be concluded from these empirical findings that either political influence on public banks is minimized or political influence is affecting both sectors of banks in Pakistan. As banking sector in Pakistan is highly competitive now due to introduction of financial reforms in Pakistan, it can be concluded that theory of property rights and public choice theory do not work well in competitive markets especially Pakistan. It can also be concluded from empirical findings that privatization is not the only solution to poor performance of public ownership. The introduction of competition can substantially improve performance of public ownership. / mobile: +92-333-8102302

This dissertation focuses on the economics of household water access in developing countries. The first paper explores whether improvements in water technology enable changes in household time allocation and, thereby, productivity gains. To do so, it exploits differences in timing of shared water tap construction across Kyrgyz villages. Households in villages that received the drinking water infrastructure are more likely to have water close to their homes. This reduced the time intensity of home production activities impacted by water. Village-level incidence of acute intestinal infections fell amongst children. Although adults show no signs of health improvements, they do benefit from reductions in the time spent caring for sick children. Individuals reallocate time savings to additional leisure and market labor, primarily work on the household farm, and the returns to the additional farm labor approximately equal the hourly farm wage. Time intensive water collection can be a source of gender inequality in households lacking water infrastructure. The second paper uses a natural experiment to investigate culture as a source of gender inequality and its role in determining gender roles for activities, such as water collection. Using exogenous variation in district-level cultural composition due to events in Kyrgyzstan during Soviet rule, I estimate the persistence of differences in gender equality between traditional sedentary farming cultures and nomadic herding cultures. Results indicate that Soviet institutions increased educational attainment in both cultures. Other cultural differences - such as gender of household water collector and perceptions of domestic violence - persist. One impediment to the construction of water infrastructure is insecure land tenure or property rights. The third paper explores whether alleviating this impediment through a program providing land titles in rural Peru is associated with improvements in water access. Utilizing the phased in timing, I exploit the differences in project implementation timing between households that held property titles prior to the project and those that did not. Results indicate that land titling is associated with increases in water access. Supporting evidence suggests that either the government or a utility might be responsible for the improvements.

China's policy makers see international standards as a barrier to their country's economic development, more importantly, as an offence to the country's national pride. This belief has been reinforced by the view that multi-national companies have used international standards to force developing countries to deprive them of the ability to enter the international markets by forcing them to pay high royalty rates, due to the patents incorporated in these standards. Moreover, these standards, as they believe, have been created at international standards setting platforms dominated by multi-national companies and developed countries. In return, China has launched several initiatives to create home-made Chinese standards free from patent claims of these companies. China's home-madestandards, some of which differ significantly from international standards, also reportedly serve to protection of its domestic market. China's accession to the WTO was formally approved in November 2001 and China became the WTO's 143rd member on December 11, 2001. WTO membership opened a new era for China. In spite of the international expectations for removal of all trade protection mechanisms which are incompatible with the international trade regime, China is reported to have sought to reform its policies by employing new strategies concerning IPR and standards. The thesis of this report is that China has not diverged significantly from developing home-made Chinese standards after the country’s entry into the WTO, but Chinese authorities have adopted more flexible strategies to implement this policy. Accordingly, this report is about change in policy strategies. I argue that China has continued to enforce its own will upon foreign companies with a strong self-confidence stemming from its ability to negotiate on unequal terms with foreign companies, owing to its sheer market size. However, China's new strategies have been shaped by weak coordination and disagreement among government agencies and institutions. To illustrate the potential explanatory power of this account, I have examined two important home-made standards initiatives by China; Wireless Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and Audio Video Coding Standards (AVS). From the examination of the WAPI and AVS cases, I conclude that China's strategies have continued to evolve through disagreements and negotiations between Chinese government institutions within policy boundaries set by China's WTO membership and increasing international criticism. / text

Η προστασία των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων και η απόδειξη γνησιότητας του κατόχου, επομένως και η πιστοποίηση της αυθεντικότητας των ψηφιακών αντικειμένων είναι ένα πολύ καυτό ζήτημα και για την επίλυσή του επιστρατεύονται μέθοδοι απόκρυψης πληροφορίας και τεχνικές υδατογράφησης. Εκτός από τη φιλοσοφική αντιμετώπιση του θέματος, προτείνονται μια μέθοδος απόκρυψης πληροφορίας και δύο τεχνικές υδατογράφησης, με σκοπό την προστασία των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων και την πιστοποίηση της αυθεντικότητας των ψηφιακών αντικειμένων. Η μέθοδος απόκρυψης πληροφορίας δανείζεται έννοιες από την κρυπτογραφία εισάγοντας σε μεγάλες εικόνες ένα δύσκολο στιγμιότυπο, δηλαδή έναν τρία χρωματίσιμο γράφο. Ο γράφος μαζί με το χρωματισμό του αποτελεί το κλειδί. Για να μην αποκαλυφθεί όλος ο χρωματισμός του γράφου σε μια πιθανή διαμάχη, εφαρμόζεται το πρωτόκολλο των διαντιδραστικών αποδείξεων μηδενικής γνώσης (ZKIP) για δύσκολα υπολογιστικά προβλήματα. Η διαδικασία της ένθεσης γίνεται με χρήση του μετασχηματισμού wavelets, παρέχοντας καλή ποιότητα των παραγόμενων εικόνων και ανθεκτικότητα σε περιπτώσεις επιθέσεων. Οι δύο τεχνικές υδατογράφησης εφαρμόζονται στο χωρικό πεδίο και στο πεδίο συχνοτήτων, αντίστοιχα. Η τεχνική που εφαρμόστηκε στο χωρικό πεδίο εκμεταλλεύεται τυχόν ομοιότητες του υδατογραφήματος με τις αρχικές εικόνες για να επιλεγούν οι θέσεις ένθεσης. Αντίθετα στην τεχνική υδατογράφησης που εφαρμόστηκε στο πεδίο συχνοτήτων γίνεται χρήση του μετασχηματισμού wavelet. Σε όλες τις τεχνικές παρατηρήθηκαν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα μετά την ένθεση της εισαγόμενης πληροφορίας έτσι ώστε να μη είναι οπτικά αντιληπτή. Επίσης εξετάστηκε και η ανθεκτικότητα της εισαγόμενης πληροφορίας στις εικόνες ύστερα από πιθανές επιθέσεις και επιβεβαιώθηκε ότι επιζεί ένα αρκετά μεγάλο ποσοστό της εισαγόμενης πληροφορίας, γεγονός που καταξιώνει τις προτεινόμενες μεθόδους. / The copyright protection and the authentication is a very hot topic and for its solution are called up data hiding methods and watermarking techniques. Αpart from the philosophical confrontation of the subject, there are proposed a data hiding method and two watermarking techniques that aim to copyright protect and the authenticate digital objects. The data hiding technique combines concepts from cryptography and it can be applied to large images by inserting a hard instance, i.e. a 3-colorable graph. The graph itself with its coloring compose the key. In order not to reveal all its coloring in a possible conflict, the Zero Knowledge Interactive Proof Protocol (ZKIP) is applied. The insertion process has been done using wavelets transformation, offering good quality of the produced images and robustness against possible attacks. The two watermarking techniques are applied in spatial domain and in frequency domain, respectively. The technique that was applied in spatial domain is exploiting any similarity between the watermark and the initial images so that to select at best the insertion positions. On the contrary, in the watermarking technique that is applied in the frequency domain, wavelets transformation has been used and the watermark was inserted in the differential coefficients of the image, in order to be imperceptible. To all the above techniques, it has been observed sufficient results after the insertion of the redundant information, so that it turned to be visible imperceptibly. Moreover, the robustness of the redundant information was each time after possible attacks examined, and it was confirmed that a rather big percentage of the redundant information is survived, making more reliable the proposed techniques.

This study seeks to contribute to an understanding of the patterns of environmental governance in Chile which is both an international model for natural resource-led economic development and an emblematic case of "free market" policy-making. It asks how the typical challenges of environmental governance--the coordination of multiple uses of land/seascapes and resources, the resolution of conflicts, and the reconciliation of competing claims--are addressed given the constraints on state regulatory capacity and authority associated with decades of neoliberal restructuring. My general research proposition is that in this context, property rights have become the key sites where the political and institutional logics of environmental and resource governance are expressed and contested. The dissertation consists of four appended articles that analyze different aspects and implications of this "property-centric" approach to governance. These cover the emergence of environmental legislation, the growth of private land conservation and the political and legal barriers it faces, the policy and political dynamics associated with the allocation of public coastal waters, and the role of property rights in shaping the development and regulation of aquaculture. The analysis draws on and integrates political ecology-oriented literature on environmental governance, legal property theory, and a focus on institutions for common resource management. From this theoretical foundation it develops a legal geographic approach that moves between a focus on formal policy-making and a ground-level view of law as it is interpreted and enacted in specific contexts. Research relied on a combination of primarily qualitative methods and materials including the review of archival and documentary sources, semi-structured interviews with key informants, participant observation, and the mapping of resource rights. Common or overlapping findings in the four studies provide support for several general conclusions regarding the relationships between environmental governance, neoliberalism, property rights, and the management of common resources. a) In the first place, and contrary to expectations, market-based environmental regulation (in a strict sense) has been limited in Chile. b) The legal frameworks which, following neoliberal prescriptions, are designed so as to avoid public deliberation and governmental interference in the economy have facilitated rapid growth in many areas but only by deferring key governance tasks. c) These same arrangements tend to displace and channel politics through property rights, and in the process produce a variety of unintended consequences. d) The privileged position of property rights has resulted in self-reinforcing and path dependent tendencies associated with the collective action of resource users in the pursuit of various political and economic ends. e) At the same time, this project documents the institutionally diverse nature of private property rights, including a multivalent orientation toward markets. f) Finally, the research documents how common property arrangements and ideas have emerged through efforts by various actors to address governance challenges in contexts as diverse as private land conservation and the management of salmon aquaculture production.