The nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has not been assessed in swine. The nutritional value of corn and wheat DDGS, and possibilities to improve the nutritional value of wheat DDGS were for swine were investigated in two studies. <p>In study 1, two experiments were conducted to determine digestibility and digestible contents of energy, amino acids (AA) and P in corn and wheat DDGS and wheat grain, together with N and P excretion and growth performance in grower-finisher pigs. In experiment 1, 12 barrows (64.6 ± 6.4 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulae and had restricted access (2.6 x maintenance) to a wheat control diet or one of three diets with 40% corn, wheat+corn (4:1) or wheat DDGS. For energy, apparent total tract digestibility was highest for wheat (85%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS (77 to 79%; P > 0.10). Total tract digestible energy (DE) was highest for corn DDGS (4292 kcal kg-1 DM; P < 0.05) and tended to differ among wheat+corn and wheat DDGS and wheat (4038, 4019, and 3807, respectively; P = 0.06). For lysine, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was highest for wheat (71%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS (59 to 63%; P > 0.10). The apparent ileal digestible lysine content was highest for corn DDGS (0.51% DM; P < 0.05), intermediate for wheat+corn and wheat DDGS (0.45 and 0.42), and lowest for wheat (0.37%). For P, total tract digestibility was lowest for wheat (15%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS samples (53 to 56%; P > 0.10). Total N excretion was highest for wheat+corn and wheat DDGS (55 and 58 g d-1; P < 0.05), intermediate for corn DDGS (44) and lowest for wheat (36). Total P excretion did not differ among DDGS (11 g d-1) and was lowest for wheat (8; P < 0.05). In experiment 2, 100 pigs (52.0 ± 3.3 kg) were fed a wheat-pea control diet or one of three 25%-DDGS (corn, wheat+corn or wheat) diets (3.375 Mcal DE kg-1; 2.50 g AID lysine Mcal-1 DE) for 5 wk. Overall, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and daily gain (ADG) were higher for wheat than DDGS (P < 0.05) but feed efficiency did not differ (P > 0.10). In summary, the nutritional value of wheat DDGS for swine is higher than wheat and lower than corn DDGS and feeding DDGS reduced growth performance, partly via a reduced ADFI, indicating that anti-nutritional factors in DDGS require further investigation.<p>In study 2, the effect of xylanase supplementation of wheat DDGS on nutrient digestibility and nutrient excretion was evaluated in grower-finisher pigs. Wheat-based diets with or without 40% wheat DDGS were tested with or without supplementary xylanase (4,000 U kg-1 feed) as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a repeated Latin square design using eight barrows (29.4 ± 2.0 kg) fitted with ileal T-cannulae. Following a 6-day acclimation, faeces and urine were collected for 3 d, and ileal digesta for 2 d. The apparent ileal energy digestibility and DE content were not affected either by ingredient or xylanase (P > 0.05). The total tract energy digestibility and DE content were affected by ingredient (P > 0.05), but not by xylanase (P > 0.05). The total-tract energy digestibility was higher for wheat, but DE content was higher for wheat DDGS. The AID of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and total AA were higher (P < 0.05), and of cysteine, histidine and lysine were similar (P > 0.05), and SID of phenylalanine was higher (P < 0.05), and of the other AA was similar (P > 0.10) for wheat DDGS compared to wheat. Supplementary xylanase improved AID and SID of most of the indispensable AA in wheat (P < 0.05), but not in wheat DDGS (P > 0.05). The apparent and standardized ileal AA contents were affected by ingredients (P < 0.05), but not by xylanase (P > 0.05). Digestible AA contents were higher for wheat DDGS than for wheat. The digestibility and digestible content of P were affected by ingredient and xylanse (P < 0.05). The P digestibility and digestible P contents were higher for wheat DDGS compared to wheat. Neither ingredient nor supplementary xylanase affected DM intake (P > 0.05). The DM excretion on daily basis and as a percentage of intake were affected by ingredient (P < 0.05), but not by xylanase (P > 0.05). Ingredients affected all N and P variables (P < 0.05), except percentage retained for both nutrients (P > 0.05). None of N variables (P > 0.05), but P intake and, retention on daily basis and as a percentage of intake were affected by xylanase (P < 0.05). The DM excretion and N and P intake, excretion and daily retention were higher for wheat DDGS compared to wheat. Lack of beneficial response to supplementary xylanase might be due to inappropriate enzyme level or insufficient substrate level of wheat DDGS. In addition, unidentified factors associated with fermentation and drying processes might constrain the nutritional value of wheat DDGS. Further studies are required to determine the proper xylanase inclusion level and/or to identify the factors associated with reduced nutrient digestibility of wheat DDGS.

The nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has not been assessed in swine. The nutritional value of corn and wheat DDGS, and possibilities to improve the nutritional value of wheat DDGS were for swine were investigated in two studies. <p>In study 1, two experiments were conducted to determine digestibility and digestible contents of energy, amino acids (AA) and P in corn and wheat DDGS and wheat grain, together with N and P excretion and growth performance in grower-finisher pigs. In experiment 1, 12 barrows (64.6 ± 6.4 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulae and had restricted access (2.6 x maintenance) to a wheat control diet or one of three diets with 40% corn, wheat+corn (4:1) or wheat DDGS. For energy, apparent total tract digestibility was highest for wheat (85%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS (77 to 79%; P > 0.10). Total tract digestible energy (DE) was highest for corn DDGS (4292 kcal kg-1 DM; P < 0.05) and tended to differ among wheat+corn and wheat DDGS and wheat (4038, 4019, and 3807, respectively; P = 0.06). For lysine, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was highest for wheat (71%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS (59 to 63%; P > 0.10). The apparent ileal digestible lysine content was highest for corn DDGS (0.51% DM; P < 0.05), intermediate for wheat+corn and wheat DDGS (0.45 and 0.42), and lowest for wheat (0.37%). For P, total tract digestibility was lowest for wheat (15%; P < 0.05) and did not differ among DDGS samples (53 to 56%; P > 0.10). Total N excretion was highest for wheat+corn and wheat DDGS (55 and 58 g d-1; P < 0.05), intermediate for corn DDGS (44) and lowest for wheat (36). Total P excretion did not differ among DDGS (11 g d-1) and was lowest for wheat (8; P < 0.05). In experiment 2, 100 pigs (52.0 ± 3.3 kg) were fed a wheat-pea control diet or one of three 25%-DDGS (corn, wheat+corn or wheat) diets (3.375 Mcal DE kg-1; 2.50 g AID lysine Mcal-1 DE) for 5 wk. Overall, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and daily gain (ADG) were higher for wheat than DDGS (P < 0.05) but feed efficiency did not differ (P > 0.10). In summary, the nutritional value of wheat DDGS for swine is higher than wheat and lower than corn DDGS and feeding DDGS reduced growth performance, partly via a reduced ADFI, indicating that anti-nutritional factors in DDGS require further investigation.<p>In study 2, the effect of xylanase supplementation of wheat DDGS on nutrient digestibility and nutrient excretion was evaluated in grower-finisher pigs. Wheat-based diets with or without 40% wheat DDGS were tested with or without supplementary xylanase (4,000 U kg-1 feed) as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a repeated Latin square design using eight barrows (29.4 ± 2.0 kg) fitted with ileal T-cannulae. Following a 6-day acclimation, faeces and urine were collected for 3 d, and ileal digesta for 2 d. The apparent ileal energy digestibility and DE content were not affected either by ingredient or xylanase (P > 0.05). The total tract energy digestibility and DE content were affected by ingredient (P > 0.05), but not by xylanase (P > 0.05). The total-tract energy digestibility was higher for wheat, but DE content was higher for wheat DDGS. The AID of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and total AA were higher (P < 0.05), and of cysteine, histidine and lysine were similar (P > 0.05), and SID of phenylalanine was higher (P < 0.05), and of the other AA was similar (P > 0.10) for wheat DDGS compared to wheat. Supplementary xylanase improved AID and SID of most of the indispensable AA in wheat (P < 0.05), but not in wheat DDGS (P > 0.05). The apparent and standardized ileal AA contents were affected by ingredients (P < 0.05), but not by xylanase (P > 0.05). Digestible AA contents were higher for wheat DDGS than for wheat. The digestibility and digestible content of P were affected by ingredient and xylanse (P < 0.05). The P digestibility and digestible P contents were higher for wheat DDGS compared to wheat. Neither ingredient nor supplementary xylanase affected DM intake (P > 0.05). The DM excretion on daily basis and as a percentage of intake were affected by ingredient (P < 0.05), but not by xylanase (P > 0.05). Ingredients affected all N and P variables (P < 0.05), except percentage retained for both nutrients (P > 0.05). None of N variables (P > 0.05), but P intake and, retention on daily basis and as a percentage of intake were affected by xylanase (P < 0.05). The DM excretion and N and P intake, excretion and daily retention were higher for wheat DDGS compared to wheat. Lack of beneficial response to supplementary xylanase might be due to inappropriate enzyme level or insufficient substrate level of wheat DDGS. In addition, unidentified factors associated with fermentation and drying processes might constrain the nutritional value of wheat DDGS. Further studies are required to determine the proper xylanase inclusion level and/or to identify the factors associated with reduced nutrient digestibility of wheat DDGS.

No description available.

No description available.

Os alimentos desempenham papel fundamental na nutrição e também na imunidade, pois podem conter substâncias que interagem direta ou indiretamente com o sistema imune, principalmente o de mucosas. Alguns polissacarídeos não-amido (PNAs) originados de plantas, algas e fungos comestíveis podem modular a função imune, contribuindo para a manutenção da saúde. A banana apresenta composição monossacarídica da parede celular similar à de plantas com efeitos imunomoduladores, permitindo formular a hipótese de que os PNAs dessa fruta também tenham essas propriedades. Assim, o objetivo foi extrair, purificar e caracterizar PNAs hidrossolúveis da polpa de banana das cultivares Nanicão e Thap Maeo e testá-los em cultivos de macrófagos RAW 267.4, células THP-1, macrófagos diferenciados por PMA THP-1 e células HL-60 in vitro avaliando a ação imunomoduladora através da dosagem de citocinas, NO e ensaios de fagocitose. As frações hidrossolúveis foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu conteúdo monossacarídico e ligações por hidrólise enzimática, identificando homogalacturonanos, mananos, arabinogalactanos, xilogalacturonanos e galactoglucomananos. As frações foram testadas para ausência de endotoxinas e viabilidade celular por MTT. Foram estabelecidas as doses não-tóxicas e ensaiadas as concentrações de 10, 50 e 200 &#181;g.ml-1 das frações polissacarídicas para os testes in vitro. Não houve toxicidade para macrófagos e monócitos, enquanto que para a linhagem de células pro-mielóciticas de leucemia humana HL-60, as frações se mostraram citotóxicas. Houve aumento de atividade fagocítica nas frações WSP, UFP e HTP quando comparadas ao controle negativo de células, assim como a produção de citocinas inflamatórias como IL-1&#946;, TNF-&#945;, IL-6, além da quimiocina IL-8 nas células oriundas de THP-1 e diminuição nos marcadores TLR-2 com aumento de CD14 nas células THP-1, além do aumento do tamanho celular promovido pelas frações polissacarídicas mostrando diferenciação para série granulocítica. Portanto, PNAs de ambas as cultivares de banana possuem potencial imunomodulador seja inflamatório, anti-inflamatório ou de diferenciação de células THP-1 imaturas in vitro. / Food plays a major role in nutrition as in immunity, as they may contain substances that interact directly or indirectly with the immune system, especially those located on mucous membranes. Some non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) originate from plants, algae, and edible fungi can modulate immune function, contributing to the maintenance of health. The banana presents cell wall monosaccharide composition like the other plant polysaccharides with immunomodulatory effects allowing to formulate the hypothesis that this fruit NSPs also have these properties. The objective was to extract, purify and characterize water-soluble banana pulp NSPs of Nanicão and Thap Maeo cultivars and test them in vitro on cell lineages of RAW 267.4 macrophages, PMA differentiated THP-1 macrophages, THP-1 monocytes, and HL-60, evaluating their immunomodulatory action by the dosage of cytokines, NO and phagocytosis assays. Water-soluble fractions were characterized as to their content and monosaccharide linkages by enzymatic hydrolysis, identifying homogalacturonans, mannans, arabinogalactans, xylogalacturonan, and galactoglucomannans in its composition. Fractions were tested for the absence of endotoxins and cell viability by MTT. Non-toxic concentrations doses of 10, 50 and 200 &#181;g.ml-1 of the polysaccharide fractions were established for in vitro testing. The NSPs fractions WSP, UFP, and HTP tested promoted an increase in phagocytic activity in THP-1 PMA derived macrophages compared to negative control cells, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1&#946;, TNF-&#945;, IL-6. An increase in the THP-1 CD14 cell receptor and decrease in CD33, CD123, CD11c and TLR-2 receptors were promoted by the banana polysaccharides. Besides, there was an increase in cell size showing cell differentiation towards granulocyte line and demonstrating that NSPs from both cultivars were immunomodulatory with a capacity of immature cell differentiation and proving that in vitro screening test is an efficient method to test other foodborne substances with immunomodulatory potential.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNAs) extraídos de bananas no início da senescência, por meio de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e isotermas de sorção de vapor, para construir o diagrama de estado e consequentemente selecionar as melhores condições de uso e armazenamento do produto. Os PNAs foram obtidos de purê de bananas maduras. Os açúcares foram extraídos usando etanol, resultando em uma fração insolúvel rica em PNAs. Esse processo foi feito em seis condições diferentes: duas temperaturas (25 °C e 65 °C) e três tempos de extração (30 min, 60 min e 90 min). Para comparação, realizaram-se testes também com ácido poligalacturônico (APG) e arabinoxilano (AX), PNAs presentes nas bananas, adquiridos puros. Após a extração, a análise térmica foi feita em cadinhos de alumínio, sob atmosfera de nitrogênio. As amostras foram resfriadas até - 60 °C, então aquecidas até 90 °C, a 5 °C/min. As isotermas de sorção foram obtidas usando o método DVS (do inglês Dynamic Vapor Sorption), à temperatura ambiente, de aw = 0,10 até aw = 0,95, com passo de aw de 0,1, tolerância de 0,05 % na mudança de massa (weight trigger), e timeout de 24 h. As amostras com baixos conteúdos de umidade não apresentaram picos de cristalização, mas transições vítreas foram detectadas. Para construir os diagramas de estado e delimitar suas regiões, ajustaram-se os dados aos modelos de Gordon-Taylor, para transição vítrea, e de Chen, para o início da fusão. As isotermas de sorção apresentaram formatos correspondentes ao tipo III. As umidades de monocamada calculadas pelo modelo de GAB ficaram entre 6 g/ 100 g e 16 g/ 100 g de amostra em base seca. A vida de prateleira, a 25 °C em embalagem de polietileno contendo 1 kg de PNAs foi estimada entre 175 e 299 dias. / The aim of this work was to characterize non starch polysaccharides (NSP) obtained from overripe bananas, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and vapor sorption isotherms, in order to build a state diagram, and select the best usage and storage conditions. NSP samples were obtained using overripe bananas puree. The sugars were extracted using ethanol, resulting in an insoluble, NSP-rich fraction. This process was carried out under six different combinations of temperature (25 °C or 65 °C) and extraction time (30, 60 or 90 min). For comparison, pure arabinoxylan (AX) and galacturonic acid (APG) samples, which are NSP components of banana, were also analysed. After the extraction, thermal analysis was carried out in aluminium pans, under nitrogen atmosphere. Samples were cooled up to -60 °C, then heated up to 90 °C, at a 5 °C/min rate. Sorption isotherms were obtained by Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) method, at room temperature, from aw = 0,10 to aw = 0,95, with an aw step of 0,1, a weight trigger of, 0,05 %, and a 24-hour timeout. The samples with low moisture contents showed no crystallization peaks, but glass transitions occurred. To build state diagrams and mark their zones, Gordon- Taylor and Chen models were, respectively, adjusted to glass transition and fusion onset data. The sorption isotherms had type III formats. The monolayer moistures calculated using the GAB model were between 6 g/ 100 g sample and 16 g/ 100g sample (dry basis). The shelf life, at 25 °C in polyethylene bags containing 1 kg of NSP, was estimated between 175 and 299 days.

Darbo tikslas: ištirti lesalų, papildytų dideliu nesmulkintų kvietrugių kiekiu, įtaką viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui bei mėsos kokybei. Darbo uždaviniai: nustatyti skirtingų kvietrugių veislių maistinę vertę; ištirti lesalų, papildytų dideliu nesmulkintų kvietrugių kiekiu, įtaką viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui; ištirti lesalų, papildytų dideliu nesmulkintų kvietrugių kiekiu, įtaką viščiukų broilerių mėsos kokybei, skerdenos morfologinei, bei cheminei sudėčiai, riebalų rūgščių kiekiui krūtinės raumenyse, paukštienos juslinėms ir tekstūrinėms savybėms. Rezultatai: lesalai papildyti nesmulkintais kvietrugiais nuo 4 proc. iki 25 proc., sumažino viščiukų broilerių produktyvumą lyginant su kontroline grupe. Tiriamųjų grupių lesalų sąnaudos buvo didesnės lyginant su kontroline grupe. Skirtingas kvietrugių kiekio įterpimas į lesalus viščiukų broilerių išsaugojimui įtakos neturėjo. Skirtingas kvietrugių kiekio įterpimas į lesalus mėsos kokybei įtakos neturėjo lyginant su kontroline grupe. Kvietrugių įterpimas į lesalus neturėjo įtakos mėsos juslinėms ir tekstūrinėms savybėms. / The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of high amount of whole triticale for productivity and meat quality of broiler chickens. The tasks of the work were to set nutritional value of different triticale varieties; to investigate the effect of high amount of whole triticale for productivity of broiler chickens; to investigate the effect of high amount of whole triticale influence for broiler meat quality, carcass lean, and chemical composition of fatty acids in breast muscles, meat sensory and textual properties. Results: The whole triticale inserted to the feed from 4% to 25%, decreased the body weight of broiler chickens, than compare to control group. The feed ratio was bigger than in control group. Different quantity of whole triticale in feed, did not influence for saving of broilers chicken. Additonal quantity in food of whole triticale did not have significant influence for meat quality than compare to control group. The whole triticale inserted to the feed did not have significant influence for meat sensory and textual properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 daniel_e_me_jabo.pdf: 345757 bytes, checksum: 64e7b648094d5910dbd90ff43dddc608 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de avaliar a fibra dietética e os oligossacarídeos do milho, da polpa cítrica e do farelo de soja na alimentação de suínos, foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento I foram determinadas as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia das dietas experimentais, utilizando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. No experimento II foram avaliados o desempenho, os pesos dos órgãos gastrintestinais e pâncreas, o pH dos conteúdos dos órgãos gastrintestinais, os teores de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta nos conteúdos do intestino delgado, ceco e cólon, a morfologia intestinal, a produção e características das fezes e a excreção de minerais. As dietas experimentais utilizadas em ambos os experimentos foram: MD CPS (controle) – Dieta composta principalmente por milho degerminado e concentrado proteico de soja; MD FS – Dieta composta principalmente por milho degerminado e farelo de soja; MD CPS PC – Dieta composta principalmente por milho degerminado, concentrado proteico de soja e polpa cítrica; MC FS – Dieta composta principalmente por milho comum e farelo de soja e MC CPS – Dieta composta principalmente por milho comum e concentrado proteico de soja. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, para controlar diferenças no peso inicial. No experimento I, observou-se maiores coeficientes de digestibilidades para as dietas MD CPS, MD FS e MD CPS PC, que apresentaram teores menores de oligossacarídeos, enquanto no II, verificou-se que as dietas não afetaram o desempenho, a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, a produção de fezes e o peso dos órgãos gastrintestinais, com exceção do peso relativo do intestino grosso, que foi maior nos animais que receberam a dieta MD CPS PC, porém afetaram o pH dos conteúdos do estômago e do cólon dos animais, as características das fezes e os coeficientes de excreção de minerais / With the aim of evaluate corn, citrus pulp and soybean meal dietary fiber and oligosaccharides in swine feeding two trials were conducted. In the first trial the experimental diets nutrient and energy digestibilities were determined using the total feed and feces collection method. In the second trial the growth performance, the gastrointestinal organs and pancreas weights, the pH of the gastrointestinal organs contents, the short chain fat acids concentrations in the small intestine, cecum and colon contents, the intestinal morphology, the feces production and minerals excretion were determined. The experimental diets in both trials were: DC SPC (control) – Diet composed mainly by degermed corn and soy protein concentrate; DC SBM – Diet composed mainly by degermed corn and soybean meal; DC SPC CP – Diet composed mainly by degermed corn, soybean protein concentrate and citrus pulp; CC SBM – Diet composed mainly by common corn and soybean meal and CC SPC – Diet composed mainly by common corn and soybean protein concentrate. A completely randomized block design was used to control differences in the initial body weight of the animals. In the first trial, it was observed greater digestibilities coefficients for the diets DC SPC (control), DC SBM and DC SPC CP, that presented reduced oligosaccharides levels. In the second trial, it was observed that the diets did not affect the growth performance, the short chain fat acids production, the feces production and the gastrointestinal organ weights, with the exception of the large intestine, which was greater in the animals that were fed with the DC SPC CP diet, although the pH of the contents of the stomach and the colon, the characteristics of feces and the minerals excretion

Orientadora: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a fibra dietética e os oligossacarídeos do milho, da polpa cítrica e do farelo de soja na alimentação de suínos, foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento I foram determinadas as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia das dietas experimentais, utilizando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. No experimento II foram avaliados o desempenho, os pesos dos órgãos gastrintestinais e pâncreas, o pH dos conteúdos dos órgãos gastrintestinais, os teores de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta nos conteúdos do intestino delgado, ceco e cólon, a morfologia intestinal, a produção e características das fezes e a excreção de minerais. As dietas experimentais utilizadas em ambos os experimentos foram: MD CPS (controle) - Dieta composta principalmente por milho degerminado e concentrado proteico de soja; MD FS - Dieta composta principalmente por milho degerminado e farelo de soja; MD CPS PC - Dieta composta principalmente por milho degerminado, concentrado proteico de soja e polpa cítrica; MC FS - Dieta composta principalmente por milho comum e farelo de soja e MC CPS - Dieta composta principalmente por milho comum e concentrado proteico de soja. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, para controlar diferenças no peso inicial. No experimento I, observou-se maiores coeficientes de digestibilidades para as dietas MD CPS, MD FS e MD CPS PC, que apresentaram teores menores de oligossacarídeos, enquanto no II, verificou-se que as dietas não afetaram o desempenho, a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, a produção de fezes e o peso dos órgãos gastrintestinais, com exceção do peso relativo do intestino grosso, que foi maior nos animais que receberam a dieta MD CPS PC, porém afetaram o pH dos conteúdos do estômago e do cólon dos animais, as características das fezes e os coeficientes de excreção de minerais / Abstract: With the aim of evaluate corn, citrus pulp and soybean meal dietary fiber and oligosaccharides in swine feeding two trials were conducted. In the first trial the experimental diets nutrient and energy digestibilities were determined using the total feed and feces collection method. In the second trial the growth performance, the gastrointestinal organs and pancreas weights, the pH of the gastrointestinal organs contents, the short chain fat acids concentrations in the small intestine, cecum and colon contents, the intestinal morphology, the feces production and minerals excretion were determined. The experimental diets in both trials were: DC SPC (control) - Diet composed mainly by degermed corn and soy protein concentrate; DC SBM - Diet composed mainly by degermed corn and soybean meal; DC SPC CP - Diet composed mainly by degermed corn, soybean protein concentrate and citrus pulp; CC SBM - Diet composed mainly by common corn and soybean meal and CC SPC - Diet composed mainly by common corn and soybean protein concentrate. A completely randomized block design was used to control differences in the initial body weight of the animals. In the first trial, it was observed greater digestibilities coefficients for the diets DC SPC (control), DC SBM and DC SPC CP, that presented reduced oligosaccharides levels. In the second trial, it was observed that the diets did not affect the growth performance, the short chain fat acids production, the feces production and the gastrointestinal organ weights, with the exception of the large intestine, which was greater in the animals that were fed with the DC SPC CP diet, although the pH of the contents of the stomach and the colon, the characteristics of feces and the minerals excretion / Mestre

Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNAs) extraídos de bananas no início da senescência, por meio de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e isotermas de sorção de vapor, para construir o diagrama de estado e consequentemente selecionar as melhores condições de uso e armazenamento do produto. Os PNAs foram obtidos de purê de bananas maduras. Os açúcares foram extraídos usando etanol, resultando em uma fração insolúvel rica em PNAs. Esse processo foi feito em seis condições diferentes: duas temperaturas (25 °C e 65 °C) e três tempos de extração (30 min, 60 min e 90 min). Para comparação, realizaram-se testes também com ácido poligalacturônico (APG) e arabinoxilano (AX), PNAs presentes nas bananas, adquiridos puros. Após a extração, a análise térmica foi feita em cadinhos de alumínio, sob atmosfera de nitrogênio. As amostras foram resfriadas até - 60 °C, então aquecidas até 90 °C, a 5 °C/min. As isotermas de sorção foram obtidas usando o método DVS (do inglês Dynamic Vapor Sorption), à temperatura ambiente, de aw = 0,10 até aw = 0,95, com passo de aw de 0,1, tolerância de 0,05 % na mudança de massa (weight trigger), e timeout de 24 h. As amostras com baixos conteúdos de umidade não apresentaram picos de cristalização, mas transições vítreas foram detectadas. Para construir os diagramas de estado e delimitar suas regiões, ajustaram-se os dados aos modelos de Gordon-Taylor, para transição vítrea, e de Chen, para o início da fusão. As isotermas de sorção apresentaram formatos correspondentes ao tipo III. As umidades de monocamada calculadas pelo modelo de GAB ficaram entre 6 g/ 100 g e 16 g/ 100 g de amostra em base seca. A vida de prateleira, a 25 °C em embalagem de polietileno contendo 1 kg de PNAs foi estimada entre 175 e 299 dias. / The aim of this work was to characterize non starch polysaccharides (NSP) obtained from overripe bananas, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and vapor sorption isotherms, in order to build a state diagram, and select the best usage and storage conditions. NSP samples were obtained using overripe bananas puree. The sugars were extracted using ethanol, resulting in an insoluble, NSP-rich fraction. This process was carried out under six different combinations of temperature (25 °C or 65 °C) and extraction time (30, 60 or 90 min). For comparison, pure arabinoxylan (AX) and galacturonic acid (APG) samples, which are NSP components of banana, were also analysed. After the extraction, thermal analysis was carried out in aluminium pans, under nitrogen atmosphere. Samples were cooled up to -60 °C, then heated up to 90 °C, at a 5 °C/min rate. Sorption isotherms were obtained by Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) method, at room temperature, from aw = 0,10 to aw = 0,95, with an aw step of 0,1, a weight trigger of, 0,05 %, and a 24-hour timeout. The samples with low moisture contents showed no crystallization peaks, but glass transitions occurred. To build state diagrams and mark their zones, Gordon- Taylor and Chen models were, respectively, adjusted to glass transition and fusion onset data. The sorption isotherms had type III formats. The monolayer moistures calculated using the GAB model were between 6 g/ 100 g sample and 16 g/ 100g sample (dry basis). The shelf life, at 25 °C in polyethylene bags containing 1 kg of NSP, was estimated between 175 and 299 days.