Orientador: João Pessoa Araujo Junior / Resumo: A suinocultura vem alcançando grande desenvolvimento de técnicas eficientes associadas ao melhoramento genético, nutrição, manejo e sanidade. Entretanto, devido aos métodos intensivos de criação, os suínos se tornaram mais susceptíveis a um grande número de doenças infecciosas. Entre os mais importantes patógenos que afetam a indústria suinícola mundial está o circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2), um pequeno vírus icosaédrico, não-envelopado, de DNA circular, de fita simples (ssDNA), ambisenso, composta por 1767-1768 nucleotídeos. Este vírus é altamente resistente a variações ambientais e agentes desinfetantes, é endêmico no mundo todo e está associado a várias manifestações clínicas distintas, que acarretam importantes perdas econômicas aos produtores. Um dos fatores possivelmente implicados na patogenicidade do PCV2 é a proteína Cap, a unidade fundamental constituinte do capsídeo deste vírus. Estudos realizados pela equipe do Prof. Dr. João Pessoa Araújo Jr., do Instituto de Biotecnologia da Unesp em Botucatu/SP, comprovaram que vírus com mutações em suas proteínas Cap isolados a partir de cultivo celular aumentavam a morte celular em culturas celulares infectadas. Estes resultados evidenciaram a importância do capsídeo nos mecanismos de infecção e patogenicidade do PCV2, tornando interessante a realização de estudos estruturais com as proteínas Cap mutantes. A execução de estudos estruturais in silico mostrou a baixa frequência das mutações identificadas na proteína Cap dos vírus pro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Swine breeding has achieved a high development based on genetic improvement, nutrition, management and sanity. However, due to the intensive breeding methods, swine have become more susceptible to a higher number of infectious diseases. Among the most important pathogens that affect the swine world industry is the porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), a small, icosahedral, non-enveloped virus, ambisense single-stranded circular DNA, composed by 1,767-1,768 nucleotides. This virus is highly resistant to environmental variations and disinfecting agents, endemic worldwide and has been associated to several distinct clinical manifestations that entail important economic losses to the producers. One of the factors possibly implicated on the PCV2 pathogenicity is the Cap protein, the fundamental unity that constitutes this virus capsid. Studies performed by the group of Dr. João Pessoa Araújo Jr. rom the Instituto de Biotecnologia da Unesp em Botucatu/SP, confirmed that viruses with mutated Cap proteins from cell culture increased cell death in infected cultures. Such results highlight the importance of capsid in the infection mechanisms and pathogenicity of PCV2 and the importance of structural and comparative studies with Cap protein structures. In silico structural studies showed the low frequency of the mutations identified in the mutant Cap proteins and also indicated a clear difference between the physico-chemical properties of the new amino acid residues in comparison to those found ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Pâmela Merlo Marson (pam.marson@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T17:11:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mestrado_Pamela-Merlo-Marson_2018_vf.pdf: 1757229 bytes, checksum: ed7b8faed4d956e7a1ba89178199507d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sulamita Selma C Colnago null (sulamita@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-06-07T14:10:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marson_pm_me_bot.pdf: 1757229 bytes, checksum: ed7b8faed4d956e7a1ba89178199507d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T14:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marson_pm_me_bot.pdf: 1757229 bytes, checksum: ed7b8faed4d956e7a1ba89178199507d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A suinocultura vem alcançando grande desenvolvimento de técnicas eficientes associadas ao melhoramento genético, nutrição, manejo e sanidade. Entretanto, devido aos métodos intensivos de criação, os suínos se tornaram mais susceptíveis a um grande número de doenças infecciosas. Entre os mais importantes patógenos que afetam a indústria suinícola mundial está o circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2), um pequeno vírus icosaédrico, não-envelopado, de DNA circular, de fita simples (ssDNA), ambisenso, composta por 1767-1768 nucleotídeos. Este vírus é altamente resistente a variações ambientais e agentes desinfetantes, é endêmico no mundo todo e está associado a várias manifestações clínicas distintas, que acarretam importantes perdas econômicas aos produtores. Um dos fatores possivelmente implicados na patogenicidade do PCV2 é a proteína Cap, a unidade fundamental constituinte do capsídeo deste vírus. Estudos realizados pela equipe do Prof. Dr. João Pessoa Araújo Jr., do Instituto de Biotecnologia da Unesp em Botucatu/SP, comprovaram que vírus com mutações em suas proteínas Cap isolados a partir de cultivo celular aumentavam a morte celular em culturas celulares infectadas. Estes resultados evidenciaram a importância do capsídeo nos mecanismos de infecção e patogenicidade do PCV2, tornando interessante a realização de estudos estruturais com as proteínas Cap mutantes. A execução de estudos estruturais in silico mostrou a baixa frequência das mutações identificadas na proteína Cap dos vírus provenientes do cultivo in vitro e também indicou uma clara diferença entre as propriedades físico-químicas dos novos resíduos de aminoácidos em relação àqueles substituídos. Estas alterações, associadas à localização dos resíduos na superfície viral e a menor flexibilidade das proteínas Cap dos vírus mutantes, indicaram a possibilidade de alterações estruturais/funcionais relevantes, incluindo a alteração da afinidade por receptores celulares e diminuição da efetividade de anticorpos produzidos contra vírus vacinais. Foram também realizados trabalhos experimentais para a produção heteróloga da proteína Cap de um vírus selvagem, os quais envolveram ensaios de subclonagem da sequência de interesse em um vetor de expressão, testes de transcrição e experimentos de expressão protéica. Os resultados destes procedimentos foram compatíveis com a produção da proteína Cap, porém novos estudos são necessários para confirmar a produção da molécula alvo e melhorar o rendimento dos ensaios de expressão. / Swine breeding has achieved a high development based on genetic improvement, nutrition, management and sanity. However, due to the intensive breeding methods, swine have become more susceptible to a higher number of infectious diseases. Among the most important pathogens that affect the swine world industry is the porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), a small, icosahedral, non-enveloped virus, ambisense single-stranded circular DNA, composed by 1,767-1,768 nucleotides. This virus is highly resistant to environmental variations and disinfecting agents, endemic worldwide and has been associated to several distinct clinical manifestations that entail important economic losses to the producers. One of the factors possibly implicated on the PCV2 pathogenicity is the Cap protein, the fundamental unity that constitutes this virus capsid. Studies performed by the group of Dr. João Pessoa Araújo Jr. rom the Instituto de Biotecnologia da Unesp em Botucatu/SP, confirmed that viruses with mutated Cap proteins from cell culture increased cell death in infected cultures. Such results highlight the importance of capsid in the infection mechanisms and pathogenicity of PCV2 and the importance of structural and comparative studies with Cap protein structures. In silico structural studies showed the low frequency of the mutations identified in the mutant Cap proteins and also indicated a clear difference between the physico-chemical properties of the new amino acid residues in comparison to those found in the wild-type virus. These mutations, associated with the location of the mutated residues on the viral surface and the lower mutated Cap protein flexibility, could lead to relevant structural/functional changes, including alteration of affinity for cellular receptors and decreased effectiveness of antibodies produced against vaccine viruses. Experimental works aiming the heterologous production of a wild-type Cap protein were also carried out, which involved expression vector subcloning, transcription tests and protein expression experiments. The results of these procedures were compatible with the production of the Cap protein, but further studies are needed to confirm the production of the target molecule and improve the yield of the expression assays.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antônio Sérgio Kimus Braz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biossistemas, 2015. / O NGF (fator de crescimento neural) é uma proteína endógena secretada no sistema nervoso central e periférico, desempenhando diversos papéis, tais como neuroproteção, desenvolvimento e diferenciação neuronal, crescimento de neuritos e plasticidade sináptica. Sintetizado no neocórtex e no hipocampo, o NGF atua em populações de neurônios colinérgicos, sensoriais e simpáticos através da interação com receptores TrkA e p75NTR. Está relacionado com neuropatologias como doença de Alzheimer, hiperalgesia e com as neuropatologias autonômicas e sensoriais hereditárias tipos IV e V, onde foram identificas as mutações S187N e R221W, respectivamente. Apesar do vasto conhecimento da ação das vias relacionadas ao NGF e seus receptores, os mecanismos moleculares de interação, bem como da ativação das sinalizações internas dos receptores, ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Através da abordagem de análise de modos normais, foram investigadas as alterações estruturais dos mutantes em relação ao tipo selvagem de NGF sob a ótica de estrutura de proteínas. Diferenças significativas na correlação de movimentos globais, flexibilidade do complexo, interações moleculares e na liberdade conformacional em ambas as mutações foram encontradas. Foram observadas variações estruturais e limitações conformacionais nos receptores como reflexo da ação dos mutantes de NGF, indicando que, mesmo após a interação, neurotrofina e receptor formam um complexo ativo. Desse modo, as mutações no NGF reduzem a capacidade de formação do complexo ativado através de alterações estruturais e conformacionais, causando prejuízo às funções biológicas derivadas da interação. / NGF (nerve growth factor) is an endogenous protein secreted in the central and peripheral nervous system, playing different roles, such as neuroprotection, development and neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Synthesized in the neocortex and hippocampus, NGF acts on populations of cholinergic, sensory and sympathetic neurons through interaction with TrkA and p75NTR receptors. It is related neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, hyperalgesia and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathologies types IV and V, which were identified the mutations S187N and R221W, respectively. Despite the vast knowledge of the action of pathways related to NGF and its receptors, the molecular mechanisms of interaction as well as the activation of the internal signalling pathways of the receptors are still not fully understood. Through the normal modes analysis approach, the structural changes of the mutants compared to wild type NGF were investigated from the perspective of protein structure. Significant changes in global movements correlation, complex flexibility, molecular interactions and conformational freedom were found for both mutations. Structural changes and conformational limitations in the receptors were observed, as reflecting the action of NGF mutants, indicating that even after the interaction neurotrophin and receptor form an active complex. Thus, mutations in the NGF reduce the ability of activated complex formation by structural and conformational changes, causing impairment to biological functions derived from the interaction.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à estudar as propriedades estruturais e dinÃmicas de um sistema binÃrio clÃssico consistindo de partÃculas carregadas que estÃo confinadas em um canal bidimensional. Tal sistema à descrito na literatura como quasi-unidimensional, e esta relevÃncia apoia-se na possibilidade de aplicaÃÃes tecnolÃgicas, como tem sido mostrado recentemente na literatura cientÃfica, bem como no interesse e entendimento em propriedades da FÃsica da matÃria condensada. Apesar do carÃter teÃrico do presente estudo, diversos sistemas experimentais podem ser descritos pelo modelo aqui considerado. O resumo do conteÃdo deste trabalho à apresentado em cada capÃtulo. No capÃtulo 1, à dada uma visÃo geral do presente trabalho. O conceito da cristalizaÃÃo de Wigner à introduzido e sÃo dados exemplos de sistemas experimentais, que exibem uma fase ordenada sob circunstÃncias apropriadas. Discute-se a FÃsica dos plasmas complexos, das suspensÃes coloidais e aplicaÃÃes em sistemas biolÃgicos. Uma descriÃÃo do mÃtodo de simulaÃÃo à dada no capÃtulo 2. As transformaÃÃes de escalas sÃo introduzidas a fim de construir um modelo geral, isto Ã, nÃo dependente das caracterÃsticas particulares do sistema, mas somente das quantidades relevantes gerais. Apresenta-se a tÃcnica de simulaÃÃo por DinÃmica Molecular (DM), focalizando tambÃm a DinÃmica de Langevin. A competiÃÃo entre a interaÃÃo entre partÃcula, na forma de repulsÃo eletrostÃtica, e o confinamento externo, que à suposto parabÃlico e age somente em uma direÃÃo, gera uma estrutura de cadeias no sistema. Uma descriÃÃo do modelo, bem como a aproximaÃÃo harmÃnica utilizada para o cÃlculo dos modos normais e o cÃlculo da energia por partÃcula das vÃrias estruturas de cadeias sÃo dadas no capÃtulo 3. A configuraÃÃo do estado fundamental, as transiÃÃes estruturais de fase e modos normais para o sistema binÃrio de cadeias sÃo examinadas no capÃtulo 4. Para baixas densidades as partÃculas cristalizam-se em uma Ãnica cadeia; com o aumento da densidade uma transiÃÃo zig − zag ocorre e a Ãnica cadeia se parte em duas. Observa-se que esta transiÃÃo estrutural à caracterizada por uma quebra espontÃnea de simetria. Com o aumento da densidade, o sistema passa para quatro cadeias (caso 1) (partÃculas nÃo alinhadas na vertical), onde a transiÃÃo de duas para quatro cadeias (caso 1) ocorre com uma transiÃÃo zig − zag, em cada uma das cadeias, acompanhadas por um deslocamento ao longo da direÃÃo da cadeia. EntÃo com um aumento da densidade conduzirà a uma nova estrutura de quatro cadeias (caso 2) (partÃculas alinhadas na vertical). As propriedades dinÃmicas aqui consideradas resumem-se ao espectro de fÃnons, no qual o nÃmero de modos normais à igual ao dobro do nÃmero de partÃculas na cÃlula unitÃria. As conclusÃes e perspectivas sÃo apresentadas no capÃtulo 5. / The aim of this work is to study the structural and dynamical properties of a classical binary system of charged particles confined in a two dimensional channel. Such a system is described in the literature as quasi-unidimensional, and its relevance is supported by the possibility of technological applications, shown recently in the scientific literature, and also the interest and understanding of properties in condensed matter physics. Although the theoretical and numerical character of the present work, several experimental systems can be described by the present model. The summary of the contents of this work is presented in each chapter. In chapter 1, a general overview is given. The concept of Wigner crystallization is introduced, and examples of experimental systems, which exhibit such an ordered phase under proper conditions are given. We discuss the physics of complex plasmas, colloidal suspensions and applications in biological systems. A description of the simulation method is given in chapter 2. Scale transformations are introduced in order to construct a general model, i.e. no longer depending on particular features of the system, but only on relevant parameters of a general model. The Molecular Dynamics simulation technique (MD) is presented, focusing on the Langevin Dynamics. The competition between the inter-particle interaction, in the form of the electrostatic repulsion, and the external confinement, which is assumed to be parabolic and act only in one direction, generates a chain-like strutural pattern. A description of the model, the harmonic approach used in the analytical calculations of the normal modes spectrum, and the analytical calculation of the energy per particle of the different chain-configutations are given in chapter 3. The ground state configurations, the structural phase transitions and normal modes of the present chain-like binary system are presented in Chapter 4. In the low density regime particles crystallize in a single chain. When the density is increased a zig-zag transition occurs and the single chain splits into two chains. Such a transition is characterized by a spontaneous symmetry breaking. With the increase of the density the system changes to the four-chains configuration (case 1) (particles not aligned vertically), where the two -> four chains (case 1) transition occurs through a zig-zag transition accompanied by a shift along the chain direction. A further increase of the density will lead the system to a new ground state configuration with four chains (case 2) (particles aligned vertically). The dynamical properties are related to the phonon spectrum, in which the number of normal modes is two times the number particle in the unit cell. The conclusions and perspectives are presented in chapter 5.

For repeated transient solutions of geometrically nonlinear structures the numerical effort often poses a major obstacle. Thus, the introduction of a reduced order model, which takes the nonlinear effects into account and accelerates the calculations considerably, is often necessary.This work yields a method that allows for rapid, accurate and parameterisable solutions by means of a reduced model of the original structure. The structure is discretised and its dynamic equilibrium described by a matrix equation. The projection on a reduced basis is introduced to obtain the reduced model. A comprehensive numerical study on several common reduced bases shows that the simple introduction of a constant basis is not sufficient to account for the nonlinear behaviour. Three requirements for an rapid, accurate and parameterisable solution are derived. The solution algorithm has to take into account the nonlinear evolution of the solution, the solution has to be independent of the nonlinear finite element terms and the basis has to be adapted to external parameters.Three approaches are provided, each responding to one requirement. These approaches are assembled to the integrated method. The approaches are the update and augmentation of the basis, the polynomial formulation of the nonlinear terms and the interpolation of the basis. A Newmark-type time-marching algorithm provides the frame of the integrated method. The application of the integrated method on test-cases with geometrically nonlinear finite elements confirms that this method leads to the initial aim of a rapid, accurate and parameterisable transient solution.

L’étude des variations temporelles de gravité ont une longue tradition en Europe Centrale. Dans la station, J9, située à Strasbourg depuis les années 1970, les trois principaux types de gravimètre (ressort, supraconducteur (SG), absolu) ont été utilisés. Ces séries permettent l’examen des améliorations instrumentales à partir de la stabilité à long terme et de la dérive instrumentale. Nous montrons que le SG est l’instrument le plus performant pour l’étude des marées de longues périodes et de faibles amplitudes. Nous montrons les résultats obtenus par analyse de marée de ces petites ondes. Nous estimons la période de la Free Core Nutation et nous recherchons celle de la Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), qui n'a pas encore été observée. Pour cela nous faisons une étude précise, afin de séparer les ondes de faible amplitude, au voisinage de périodes possibles de la FICN. / The study of temporal variations of gravity has a long tradition in Central Europe. Since the 1970s three main gravimeter types (spring, superconducting (SG) and absolute) have been set up at the J9 gravity station located in Strasbourg. These series allow us to review the instrumental improvements from the analyses of long term stability and instrumental drift. We show that the SG is the most powerful tool for thestudy of the low frequency and small amplitudes tides. We show the tidal analysis results for these tidal waves. We estimate the period of the Free Core Nutation and we seek the one of the Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), which has not yet been observed. For this we make a careful study, in order to separate the low-amplitude waves in the vicinity of possible periods of FICN. / La deformación elasto-gravitacional de la Tierra y las correspondientes variaciones temporales de la gravedad asociadas, registradas en la superficie terrestre mediante los gravímetros, son debidas a distintos fenómenos geofísicos con diferentes períodos y amplitudes, incluyendo entre otros a las denominadas mareas terrestres, que son el fenómeno que genera los efectos más fuertes (dichas mareas terrestres son los movimientos inducidos en la Tierra sólida y los cambios en su potencial gravitatorio derivados de las fuerzas de marea generadas por los cuerpos celestes).El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en mostrar la importancia tanto de la longitud de las series de datos de gravedad, como de la calidad de dichas series para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre la dinámica de la Tierra a través de los análisis de las mareas terrestres. [...]

Le sujet de thèse est une étude théorique des modes normaux d’oscillations plasma dans des chaînes de jonctions Josephson supra-conductrices. Les propriétés de ces modes normaux peuvent être contrôlés en choisissant une modulation spatiale appropriée de paramètres des jonctions le long de la chaîne et/ou un couplage approprié à l'environnement extérieur. Le travail théorique au sein du LPMMC se fait en étroite collaboration avec l'équipe expérimentale"Cohérence Quantique" à l'Institut Néel. Les problèmes spécifiques étudiés dans la thèse sont : modélisation détaillée du couplage des modes normaux à l'environnement pour leur caractérisation dans une expérience de transmission de micro-ondes, dissipation intrinsèque des oscillations du plasma à cause de quasi-particules hors équilibre, l'optimisation de la structure spatiale de la chaîne de jonctions Josephson pour son utilisation en tant qu'une super-inductance. / The subject of thesis is a theorerical study of normal modes of plasma oscillations in superconducting Josephson junction chains. The properties of these normal modes can be controlled by choosing an appropriate spatial modulation of the junction parameters along the chain and/or an appropriate coupling to the external environment. The theoretical work at LPMMC is performed in a close collaboration with the experimental Quantum Coherence group at Néel Institute. The specific problems studied in this thesis are : detailed modeling of the normal mode coupling to the environment for probing them in a microwave transmission experiment, intrinsic dissipation of plasma oscillations due to the presence of non-equilibrium quasi-particles, optimization of the spatial structure of the Josephson junction chain for its use as a super-inductance.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à divers aspects de l’atténuation sismique dans le manteau terrestre et aux implications de celle-ci quant à la structure de ce dernier. L’enjeu est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’atténuation ainsi que les mesures que l’on peut effectuer afin d’améliorer les modèles radiaux d’atténuation dont on dispose et in fine l’interprétation des modèles de tomographie. Je me suis concentrée sur deux exemples de mécanismes d’atténuation, appartenant à deux grands types d’atténuation : l’atténuation intrinsèque, liée à l’absorption par le milieu d’une partie de l’énergie sismique dissipée irréversiblement sous forme de chaleur, et l’atténuation extrinsèque, liée à la dispersion de cette énergie par le milieu. Dans le premier cas, j'ai regardé l’effet des transitions de phase sur l’atténuation des ondes sismiques. En appliquant un modèle thermomécanique développé par Ricard et al., 2009, pour prédire l’atténuation des ondes sismiques liée à la transition de phase uniquement et en comparant les valeurs obtenues aux mesures dont on dispose, j'ai pu contraindre la cinétique d’une transition de phase mantellique. Dans le second cas, j'ai testé l’effet de l’anisotropie comme mécanisme d'atténuation apparente, le but étant de trouver une distribution statistique d’orientation d’anisotropie pouvant reproduire la quasi-constance du facteur de qualité Q avec la fréquence, observée en sismologie et lors d’expériences de laboratoire (Knopoff, 1964), et aujourd’hui expliquée par un modèle ad-hoc seulement (Liu, 1976).Enfin, je me intéressée à mesurer cette atténuation sismique sur des enregistrements réels. Après avoir testé la méthode dite de la fréquence instantanée (Ford et al., 2012), je me suis concentrée sur deux régions, l’Amérique centrale et l’Alaska pour l'appliquer. Ces mesures sont ensuite interprétées en termes de modèle radial d’atténuation révélant un manteau inférieur hétérogène atténuant. Je montre aussi qu’une origine compositionnelle est la plus probable pour expliquer ces anomalies d’atténuation. / This thesis is devoted to various aspects of seismic attenuation in the Earth's mantle and the consequences on the mantle structure. The challenge is to better understand the attenuation mechanisms, as well as the measurements that can be done, in order to improve the published radial profiles of attenuation and in fine the interpretation of tomographic models.I focus on two examples of attenuation mechanisms, belonging to two kinds of attenuation: the intrinsic attenuation related to the absorption by the medium of a part of the seismic energy then irreversibly dissipated as heat, and the extrinsic attenuation related to the dispersion of the seismic energy by the medium. In the first case, I investigate the effect of phase transitions upon seismic attenuation. Applying the thermo-mechanical model developped by Ricard et al., 2012, to calculate the attenuation of seismic waves due to the phase transition only and comparing the obtained values to published measurements, I succeed in constraining the kinetics of a mantle phase transition. In the second case, I test the seismic anisotropy as a mechanism of extrinsic attenuation, the aim being to find a statistical distribution of anisotropy orientation and layer thicknesses that can reproduce the observed quasi-frequency independence of Q in seismology and laboratory experiments (Knopoff, 1964), and which is, today, only explained by an ad-hoc model (Liu, 1976).Finally, I was interested in measuring the seismic attenuation on real seismograms. After having tested the method of the instantaneous frequency (Ford et al., 2012), I applied it to seismic records sampling the mantle below Central America and Alaska. These measurements are then inverted for a radial profile of shear attenuation which reveals the existence of an attenuating zone in the lower mantle. I also show that these attenuation anomalies are likely to be of chemical origin.

The present-day interest in gravitational waves, justified by the recent direct detections made by LIGO, is opening the exciting possibility to answer many questions regarding General Relativity in extreme situations. One of these questions is whether black hole are – indeed – described totally by their mass, charge and angular momentum or whether they can have additional long-range hair. This project is concerned with this question. We aim at studying the influence of additional structure on the black hole horizon in the form of long-range hair by studying linearized Einstein equation the solutions when perturbed. More precisely, we will study the Schwarzschild solution, pierced by an infinitely long and thin cosmic string such that the space-time possesses a global deficit angle. Quasi-normal modes are believed to dominate the gravitational wave emission during the ring down phase of an excited black hole that would e.g. be the result of a merger of two ultra-compact objects, therefore linearized perturbations can be considered. With the advent of gravitational wave astronomy the proposed study will be very important when reconstructing the source of the detected gravitational wave signals. / O atual interesse em ondas gravitacionais, justificado pelas detecções diretas feitas pela colaboração LIGO recentemente, está abrindo a excitante possibilidade de responder várias questões a respeito da Relatividade Geral em condições estremas. Uma dessas questões é se buracos negros são – realmente – totalmente discritos apenas por sua massa, carga e momento angular ou se eles podem ter os chamados cabelos de longo alcance adicionais. Nosso projeto se preocupa em responder esta pergunta. Nosso objetivo está em estudar a influência de uma estrutura adicional no horizonte de eventos de um buraco negro através do comportamento da equação linearizada de Einstein quando a solução é perturbada. Mais precisamente, nós estudaremos a solução de Schwarzschild atravessada por uma corda cósmica infinitamente fina, tal corda faz com que o espaço-tempo tenha um hiato angular em seu plano equatorial. Acredita-se que modos quasi-normais dominem a emissão de ondas gravitacionais durante a fase de ringing down de buracos negros excitados que podem, por exemplo, se originar da colisão de objetos ultra compactos, portanto perturbações lineares podem ser consideradas. Com o advento da astronomia através de ondas gravitacionais o estudo proposto será importante para que se possa reconstruir a origem de sinais detectados.

En milieu océanique grand-fond (profondeur >1000 m), la propagation d'ondes acoustiques UltraBasse Fréquences (UBF, 1-300 Hz) est caractérisée par une forte influence des propriétés géo-acoustiquede l'environnement marin. Classiquement, des méthodes de localisation du type matched field processing sont mises en place pour intégrer cet aspect lors de l'inversion. Cependant, ces méthodes sont connues pour être très sensibles à de petites erreurs de modélisation de l'environnement, qui sont en pratique inévitables. C'est pourquoi il convient mieux de se tourner vers d’autres méthodes d’inversion plus robustes à la méconnaissance de l'environnement. Dans ce manuscrit on choisit d'étudier une quantité, appelée invariant océanique. Elle est associée à la formation d’interférence et montre des propriétés intéressantes de robustesse à de petites variations des propriétés géo-acoustique du milieu. En adoptant une approche ondulatoire de la propagation, on s’intéresse particulièrement à deux phénomènes responsables de sa dépendance à la configuration source récepteur (la prédominance du champ acoustique par des groupes de modes et le comportement différencié des ondes montante et descendante constituant un mode). Cette approche permet une prédiction précise et une compréhension profonde du phénomène d'interférence en milieu grand-fond. En couplant cette théoriede l'invariant océanique avec le concept d'énergie piégée, une méthode de localisation est ensuite proposée. Elle prend la forme d'une discrimination en immersion utilisant comme entrée l'intensité acoustique d'un signal large bande reçu sur une antenne horizontale. / Within the deep-water ocean (depth >1000 m), low frequencies (1-300 Hz) acoustic waves are characterized by very long range propagation. In this context, the propagation is largely impacted by the oceanic environment. Thus, localization methods based on classical plane wave models do not perform well. Matched field processing has been proposed to include better environmental models, but it is known to perform poorly as soon as the environment is not perfectly known. Given that the ocean is a dynamic system, it changes quickly over time and space making this method inapplicable in an operational context. To circumvent this issue, a better way is to consider methods that do not require detailed knowledge about the environment.In this manuscript I consider a quantity called the Waveguide Invariant (WI) which is known to be robust to small environment variations. In particular, I investigate two phenomenons responsible for its dependence to the source-receiver configuration: the dominance of the acoustic field by groups of modes and the frequency dependence of the Eigenmodes. Using a ray-mode approach, these two features are integrated in a WI derivation which provides a thorough way to predict and understand the striation patterns in deep-water context. Then, using this underlying physics driving the propagation along with the concept of mode trapping, a depth localization method is proposed. The input data for the algorithm is a range-frequency intensity, as measured on a horizontal line array. This idea is explored and extended to propose a source depth discrimination which is performed as a binary classification problem.