Lietuvių šnekamosios kalbos deminutyvai dažniausiai padaromi iš daiktavardžio, kiek rečiau iš būdvardžio ir labai retai iš skaitvardžio. Daiktavardžių ir būdvardžių deminutyvai dažniausiai padaromi prie daiktavardžio / būdvardžio pridėjus bendras – tiek daiktavardžiams, tiek būdvardžiams būdingas - priesagas. Skaitvardžių deminutyvai yra išvedami iš trijų šaknų (milijon-, tūktant-, šimt-) pamatinių žodžių su trimis dažniausiomis šnekamosios kalbos deminutyvinėmis priesagomis ( -ėlis, -ė; -elis, -ė, -(i)ukas, -ė). Mažybiniai maloniniai žodžiai yra vartojami skirtingomis darybos reikšmėmis. Priklausomai nuo to, ką norima išreikšti, su tuo pačiu ar skirtingu afiksu sudaryti vediniai, šnekamojoje kalboje dažniausiai žymi mažumą ir (arba) teigiamą / neigiamą vertinimą. Deminutyvai yra viena ryškiausių šnekamosios kalbos ekspresyvinimo, priemonių, parodančių kalbėtojo santykį su įvardijamu objektų, atskleidžiančių sinonimiškumą, kalbėtojo charakterio savitumą. / In the Lithuanian colloquial language, diminutives are mostly made from nouns, less frequently from adjectives, and rarely from numeral. Diminutives of nouns and adjectives are offen formed from common suffixes. Diminutives of numerals are made from three roots – šimt-, tūkstant-, milijon- and three mostly used suffixes -elis, -ėlis, -(i)ukas. Diminutives are suffixal derivatives and they are used in different meanings of formation. In accordance with to what you want to express using the same or diferent affix, diminutives of colloquial language usually denotes smallness and (or) positive/negative evaluation. Diminutive is one of the most distinct means of expressiveness, which shows the relation between the speaker and named object, reveals synonymy and individuality of speakers character.

Цель диссертационного исследования - реконструкция фрагмента картины мира и выявление изменений в ней на основе лексикографически зафиксированных количественных и качественных данных, имеющих место в классе существительных со значением лица в отдельных тематических группах на рубеже XX и XXI веков. В I главе реферируется научная литература, подробно описывается методология, методы исследования, а также дается характеристика основных понятий, используемых в качестве научного аппарата исследования. Во II главе анализируются существительные, называющие лица по принадлежности к миру религии. III глава посвящена анализу спектра политической жизни в гипертексте словаря. В IV главе анализируется экономическая лексика. / Disertacinio darbo tikslas – rekonstruoti pasaulėvaizdžio fragmentą ir atskleisti jame įvykusius pokyčius, remiantis leksikografiškai užfiksuotais kokybiniais bei kiekybiniais duomenimis apie asmenį įvardijančius daiktavardžius atskirose teminėse grupėse XX ir XXI amžių sandūroje. Pirmojoje dalyje pristatomi teoriniai tyrimo pagrindai, išsamiai aptariama metodologija bei tyrimo metodai, taip pat apibūdinamos pagrindinės sąvokos, kurios pasitelktos kaip mokslinis tyrimo aparatas. Antroje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami religinius asmenis žymintys daiktavardžiai, kulto tarnautojų įvardijimai ir anapusiniam pasauliui priklausančių arba su juo susijusių asmenų pavadinimai. Trečioje disertacijos dalyje analizuojamas šiuolaikinio politinio gyvenimo spektras žodyno hipertekste. Ketvirtojoje dalyje analizuojama ekonominė leksika ir rusų kalbos vartotojų pasaulėvaizdis. / The objective of the PhD Thesis is to reconstruct a fragment of the worldview and to reveal the changes related thereto based on qualitative and quantitative data on nouns identifying a person in individual thematic groups at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries recorded lexicographically. Part One describes the theoretical basis of the research, provides a detailed overview of the methodology and the research methods, and defines the key concepts that are used as a scientific research tool. Part Two analyses nouns used to denominate religion-related persons, the titles of the cult servants and the names of persons who belong to the other world or are related thereto. Part Three of the Thesis analyses the spectrum of the modern political world in the hypertext of the vocabulary. Part Four analyses economic lexic and the worldview.

Disertacinio darbo tikslas – rekonstruoti pasaulėvaizdžio fragmentą ir atskleisti jame įvykusius pokyčius, remiantis leksikografiškai užfiksuotais kokybiniais bei kiekybiniais duomenimis apie asmenį įvardijančius daiktavardžius atskirose teminėse grupėse XX ir XXI amžių sandūroje. Pirmojoje dalyje pristatomi teoriniai tyrimo pagrindai, išsamiai aptariama metodologija bei tyrimo metodai, taip pat apibūdinamos pagrindinės sąvokos, kurios pasitelktos kaip mokslinis tyrimo aparatas. Antroje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami religinius asmenis žymintys daiktavardžiai, kulto tarnautojų įvardijimai ir anapusiniam pasauliui priklausančių arba su juo susijusių asmenų pavadinimai. Trečioje disertacijos dalyje analizuojamas šiuolaikinio politinio gyvenimo spektras žodyno hipertekste. Ketvirtojoje dalyje analizuojama ekonominė leksika ir rusų kalbos vartotojų pasaulėvaizdis. / The objective of the PhD Thesis is to reconstruct a fragment of the worldview and to reveal the changes related thereto based on qualitative and quantitative data on nouns identifying a person in individual thematic groups at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries recorded lexicographically. Part One describes the theoretical basis of the research, provides a detailed overview of the methodology and the research methods, and defines the key concepts that are used as a scientific research tool. Part Two analyses nouns used to denominate religion-related persons, the titles of the cult servants and the names of persons who belong to the other world or are related thereto. Part Three of the Thesis analyses the spectrum of the modern political world in the hypertext of the vocabulary. Part Four analyses economic lexic and the worldview. / Цель диссертационного исследования - реконструкция фрагмента картины мира и выявление изменений в ней на основе лексикографически зафиксированных количественных и качественных данных, имеющих место в классе существительных со значением лица в отдельных тематических группах на рубеже XX и XXI веков. В I главе реферируется научная литература, подробно описывается методология, методы исследования, а также дается характеристика основных понятий, используемых в качестве научного аппарата исследования. Во II главе анализируются существительные, называющие лица по принадлежности к миру религии. III глава посвящена анализу спектра политической жизни в гипертексте словаря. В IV главе анализируется экономическая лексика.

Bendrinėje lietuvių kalboje yra labai daug žodžių, kurių kirčiavimas nėra nusistovėjęs. Ypač tokį kirčiavimą rodo vardažodžiai. Tad šiame darbe bus apžvelgti tokie vardažodžiai, tiksliau pirminiai daiktavardžiai, kurių kirčiavimo normas Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos Tarties ir kirčiavimo pakomisės buvo koreguotos ir teiktos Rekomendacijoje Dėl kai kurių pirminių (paprastųjų) daiktavardžių kirčiavimo. Taip pat ir tokie pirminiai daiktavardžiai, kurių kirčiavimo normos VLKK nebuvo tikslintos, tačiau gyvojoje kalboje labai dažnai pavartojamos ir jokiuose šaltiniuose nefiksuojami variantai. Įtraukiami ir tokie vardažodžiai, kurie norminamuosiuose leidiniuose nurodomi kaip turintys gretimybes. Šių paprastųjų daiktavardžių kirčiavimo normų paplitimas buvo tiriamas trijose skirtingose Lietuvos vietovėse, t. y. Lazdijų bei Molėtų rajone, Prienų mieste. Pirmajame tyrime, remiantis Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos teikta Rekomendacija buvo apklausta 500 respondentų. Antrajame iš tų pačių vietovių – 495 kalbos vartotojai. Gauti rezultatai turėjo parodyti, ar tikrai realioji vartosena remia VLKK sprendimą, ar šnekamojoje kalboje nebando įsitvirtinti kirčiavimo variantai, kuriuos normintojai laiko klaidomis. Prieš atliekant abu tyrimus buvo peržiūrėta bei išnagrinėta daug norminamosios literatūros. Lyginamojo metodo taikymas turėjo padėti nustatyti, kaip kito ar vis dar tebekinta tiriamų paprastųjų daiktavardžių kirčiavimo normos. Kiekvienam vardažodžiui, kuris buvo tiriamas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There are many words in standard Lithuanian with unfixed stress. This is especially peculiar to nominal words. Thus this work will deal with such nominal words like simple nouns the stress of which has been corrected by the subcommittee dealing with the norms of stress of the State Committee on pronunciation and stress. These norms were presented in the recommendation called ‘Some simple noun stress’. The work will also deal with such simple nouns the stress of which hasn’t been specified by the State Committee on stress, but which are widely used in the existent language. Their variations of stress are not mentioned in any sources. The nouns having contiguity in standardization editions are also included in this work. The spread of standard stress of simple nouns was researched in three different locations: in Lazdynai and Moletai regions and in the town of Prienai. According to the first research based on the recommendations of the Lithuanian State Committee on language 500 respondents were questioned. During the second research 495 native speakers in the same regions were asked. The results were to show whether the real usage corresponds the standards of the State Committee on language. The results also had to show whether erratic stress variants are established in colloquial speech. Before carrying out both researches a lot of stuff on standardization had been studied and analysed. The method comparison had to help to define if the stress standards of the researched... [to full text]

La présente thèse est une étude approfondie de la productivité des noms composés français N-N, A-N, N-A et N-de-N du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle. La productivité morphologique des mots composés demeure un domaine très peu exploré, surtout en français. Les études antérieures sur la dérivation utilisent principalement la mesure de productivité basée sur les hapax, soulevant la question de savoir si l’application d’une seule méthode est suffisamment fiable pour évaluer la productivité en composition. Dans cette thèse, la productivité des composés est calculée au moyen de trois mesures différentes : la mesure P basée sur les hapax (Baayen et Lieber 1991; Baayen 1992), la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique (Baayen et Hay 2002) et la fréquence relative (Hay 2003). En outre, la productivité est analysée en tenant compte de la position de la tête morphologique et l’aspect régulier/irrégulier du composé. Je cherche à vérifier quatre hypothèses : 1) les composés réguliers sont plus productifs que les irréguliers ; 2) les N-N et N-de-N sont les types les plus productifs ; 3) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la fréquence relative ; 4) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique. Les hypothèses #1 et #4 sont confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les formes régulières exocentriques sont les plus productives et le taux de productivité le plus élevée coïncide avec la taille catégorielle la plus basse. L’hypothèse #2 a été appuyée partiellement à cause de données lacunaires pour le type N-de-N. Toutefois, la corrélation inverse entre la productivité et la fréquence relative n’est pas confirmée en composition. La thèse a apporté plusieurs contributions : l’étude diachronique de productivité en composition, l’utilisation de différentes méthodes statistiques et un corpus original de composés français qui comporte 15 types différents.

La présente thèse est une étude approfondie de la productivité des noms composés français N-N, A-N, N-A et N-de-N du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle. La productivité morphologique des mots composés demeure un domaine très peu exploré, surtout en français. Les études antérieures sur la dérivation utilisent principalement la mesure de productivité basée sur les hapax, soulevant la question de savoir si l’application d’une seule méthode est suffisamment fiable pour évaluer la productivité en composition. Dans cette thèse, la productivité des composés est calculée au moyen de trois mesures différentes : la mesure P basée sur les hapax (Baayen et Lieber 1991; Baayen 1992), la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique (Baayen et Hay 2002) et la fréquence relative (Hay 2003). En outre, la productivité est analysée en tenant compte de la position de la tête morphologique et l’aspect régulier/irrégulier du composé. Je cherche à vérifier quatre hypothèses : 1) les composés réguliers sont plus productifs que les irréguliers ; 2) les N-N et N-de-N sont les types les plus productifs ; 3) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la fréquence relative ; 4) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique. Les hypothèses #1 et #4 sont confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les formes régulières exocentriques sont les plus productives et le taux de productivité le plus élevée coïncide avec la taille catégorielle la plus basse. L’hypothèse #2 a été appuyée partiellement à cause de données lacunaires pour le type N-de-N. Toutefois, la corrélation inverse entre la productivité et la fréquence relative n’est pas confirmée en composition. La thèse a apporté plusieurs contributions : l’étude diachronique de productivité en composition, l’utilisation de différentes méthodes statistiques et un corpus original de composés français qui comporte 15 types différents.

El propósito general de esta tesis es demostrar que el denominado aspecto léxico o aktionsart es una propiedad transcategorial, que implica rasgos que pueden asociarse a las raíces léxicas en el SD independientemente de procesos de derivación. Tal es el caso de los nombres eventivos no deverbales en español (fiesta, accidente), objeto principal de análisis del trabajo. La propuesta se enmarca en el modelo de la Morfología Distribuida (Embick & Halle, en prensa) e incluye los siguientes aspectos: una formulación más flexible de la relación entre estructura argumental y eventiva (contra Grimshaw (1990); una explicación de la obligatoriedad de argumento interno con nominalizaciones eventivas en términos de la presencia de v en su estructura funcional (Alexiadou, 2001); la identificación de efectos sintácticos derivados de la eventividad de nombres no deverbales como guerra, dentro y fuera del SD, explicados en términos de una estructura funcional que incluye rasgos o proyecciones específicas; la identificación de clases aspectuales de nombres no deverbales en la línea de Vendler (1967); una explicación de la polisemia en nombres eventivos no deverbales en términos de las características de la estructura funcional que domina la raíz léxica (Borer, 2005); un análisis de los efectos de la presencia de más de un núcleo funcional eventivo en las formas derivadas (llegada, accidentarse) y los núcleos complejos (hacer huelga, dar (una) clase). / The general purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the so-called lexical aspect or aktionsart is a transcategorial property, involving features that may be associated to lexical roots in the DP in the absence of any derivation process. This is the case of non-deverbal event nouns in Spanish (fiesta, ‘party’; accidente, ‘accident’), our main object of analysis. Our proposal is based on the Distributed Morphology framework (Embick & Halle, to appear) and includes the following topics: a more flexible statement of the relation between argument and event structure (against Grimshaw (1990); an explanation of the obligatoriness of internal argument expression with process nominalizations in terms of the presence of v in its functional structure (Alexiadou, 2001); the identification of syntactic effects derived from the eventive nature of non-deverbal nouns such as guerra (‘war’), inside and outside the DP, accounted for in terms of a functional structure which includes specific features or projections; the identification of aspectual classes of non-deverbal event nouns à la Vendler (1967); an explanation of polysemy in non-deverbal event nouns in terms of the properties of the functional structure dominating the lexical root (Borer, 2005); an analysis of the effects of the presence of more than one eventive functional head in derived forms (llegada, ‘arrival’; accidentarse, ‘to have an accident’) and complex heads (hacer huelga, ‘to go on strike’; dar (una) clase, ‘to teach (a class)’).

Traditionally, language was proposed to be mediated by various left hemisphere perisylvian structures and the associated role of the motor cortices was limited to tasks such as articulation. Recent theoretical models have proposed that effector specific words with motor related meaning are represented somatotopically on the primary motor (Brodmann’s Area 4) and premotor (Brodmann’s Area 6) cortices. For example, it has been reported that when verbs associated with the hand (e.g., pick) are processed, the primary and premotor areas involved with moving the hand are engaged. However, fundamental methodological problems exist within the reported research. This thesis aimed to address and correct the inconsistencies and methodological limitations within the existing literature to provide more conclusive evidence regarding the involvement of the primary and premotor cortices in processing verbs with motor related meaning. This thesis also aimed to investigate whether the names of effectors (nouns) also involve processing by the motor cortices, either generally or somatotopically. Three behavioural dual task experiments and one fMRI experiment were conducted. Results indicated no evidence of somatotopically organised overlapping activation in the primary or premotor cortex between the various semantic categories of words and related effector movements. However, in the fMRI experiment, motor related verbs in general yielded significant overlapping activity between reading all effector related verbs and moving all effectors in the pre-supplementary motor area of the premotor cortex. These findings indicate that an embodied language involving somatotopic representations of effector specific verbs on the primary or premotor cortex is unlikely to be the case. Rather there appears to be a more general representation of effector related verbs in a more cognitive than motor area of the premotor cortex. The findings of this thesis are consistent a wealth of evidence supporting the motor cortices being generally associated with motor related language and with the idea that semantic representations are distributed throughout the brain according to the embodied cognitive framework, rather than being localised to amodal regions that process all words.

Traditionally, language was proposed to be mediated by various left hemisphere perisylvian structures and the associated role of the motor cortices was limited to tasks such as articulation. Recent theoretical models have proposed that effector specific words with motor related meaning are represented somatotopically on the primary motor (Brodmann’s Area 4) and premotor (Brodmann’s Area 6) cortices. For example, it has been reported that when verbs associated with the hand (e.g., pick) are processed, the primary and premotor areas involved with moving the hand are engaged. However, fundamental methodological problems exist within the reported research. This thesis aimed to address and correct the inconsistencies and methodological limitations within the existing literature to provide more conclusive evidence regarding the involvement of the primary and premotor cortices in processing verbs with motor related meaning. This thesis also aimed to investigate whether the names of effectors (nouns) also involve processing by the motor cortices, either generally or somatotopically. Three behavioural dual task experiments and one fMRI experiment were conducted. Results indicated no evidence of somatotopically organised overlapping activation in the primary or premotor cortex between the various semantic categories of words and related effector movements. However, in the fMRI experiment, motor related verbs in general yielded significant overlapping activity between reading all effector related verbs and moving all effectors in the pre-supplementary motor area of the premotor cortex. These findings indicate that an embodied language involving somatotopic representations of effector specific verbs on the primary or premotor cortex is unlikely to be the case. Rather there appears to be a more general representation of effector related verbs in a more cognitive than motor area of the premotor cortex. The findings of this thesis are consistent a wealth of evidence supporting the motor cortices being generally associated with motor related language and with the idea that semantic representations are distributed throughout the brain according to the embodied cognitive framework, rather than being localised to amodal regions that process all words.

Traditionally, language was proposed to be mediated by various left hemisphere perisylvian structures and the associated role of the motor cortices was limited to tasks such as articulation. Recent theoretical models have proposed that effector specific words with motor related meaning are represented somatotopically on the primary motor (Brodmann’s Area 4) and premotor (Brodmann’s Area 6) cortices. For example, it has been reported that when verbs associated with the hand (e.g., pick) are processed, the primary and premotor areas involved with moving the hand are engaged. However, fundamental methodological problems exist within the reported research. This thesis aimed to address and correct the inconsistencies and methodological limitations within the existing literature to provide more conclusive evidence regarding the involvement of the primary and premotor cortices in processing verbs with motor related meaning. This thesis also aimed to investigate whether the names of effectors (nouns) also involve processing by the motor cortices, either generally or somatotopically. Three behavioural dual task experiments and one fMRI experiment were conducted. Results indicated no evidence of somatotopically organised overlapping activation in the primary or premotor cortex between the various semantic categories of words and related effector movements. However, in the fMRI experiment, motor related verbs in general yielded significant overlapping activity between reading all effector related verbs and moving all effectors in the pre-supplementary motor area of the premotor cortex. These findings indicate that an embodied language involving somatotopic representations of effector specific verbs on the primary or premotor cortex is unlikely to be the case. Rather there appears to be a more general representation of effector related verbs in a more cognitive than motor area of the premotor cortex. The findings of this thesis are consistent a wealth of evidence supporting the motor cortices being generally associated with motor related language and with the idea that semantic representations are distributed throughout the brain according to the embodied cognitive framework, rather than being localised to amodal regions that process all words.