This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. After a brief introduction, chapters 2-3 deal with bare noun objects, firstly comparing them with nominals marked with indefinite morpheme -i suffixed to the noun, and the determiner yek. A bare noun object differs from morphologically marked nominals as it shows properties associated with noun incorporation in the literature (chapter 2). Of particular interest are the discourse properties of these ‘quasi-incorporated’ nominals. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, Persian belongs to the class of discourse opaque languages within Mithun’s classification (1984). However, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. There are no overt anaphoric expressions that could match such number-neutral antecedents in Persian. But covert anaphora lack number features, and hence can serve as means to pick up a number-neutral discourse referent. Also, in case world knowledge tells us that the number-neutral discourse referent is anchored to an atomic entity or to a collection, then an overt singular pronoun or an overt plural pronoun might fit the combined linguistic and conceptual requirements, and may be used to pick up the number-neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. Following Diesing, I assume that VP-internal variables are subject to an operation of Existential Closure. In many cases, VP-external –ra-marked objects have a different interpretation to their VP-internal, non-ra-marked, counterparts, because of escaping Existential Closure. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. We assume that VP-internal subjects exist, under two independent but converging assumptions. The first is prosodic in nature: Subjects can be accented without being narrowly focused; theories of Persian prosody predict then that there is a maximal constituent that contains both the subject and the verb as its head. The second is semantic in nature: Bare nouns require an external existential closure operation to be interpreted existentially, and we have to assume existential closure over the VP for our analysis of the interpretation of objects. So, this existential closure would provide the necessary quantificational force for bare noun subjects as well. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.

This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. After a brief introduction, chapters 2-3 deal with bare noun objects, firstly comparing them with nominals marked with indefinite morpheme -i suffixed to the noun, and the determiner yek. A bare noun object differs from morphologically marked nominals as it shows properties associated with noun incorporation in the literature (chapter 2). Of particular interest are the discourse properties of these ‘quasi-incorporated’ nominals. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, Persian belongs to the class of discourse opaque languages within Mithun’s classification (1984). However, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. There are no overt anaphoric expressions that could match such number-neutral antecedents in Persian. But covert anaphora lack number features, and hence can serve as means to pick up a number-neutral discourse referent. Also, in case world knowledge tells us that the number-neutral discourse referent is anchored to an atomic entity or to a collection, then an overt singular pronoun or an overt plural pronoun might fit the combined linguistic and conceptual requirements, and may be used to pick up the number-neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. Following Diesing, I assume that VP-internal variables are subject to an operation of Existential Closure. In many cases, VP-external –ra-marked objects have a different interpretation to their VP-internal, non-ra-marked, counterparts, because of escaping Existential Closure. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. We assume that VP-internal subjects exist, under two independent but converging assumptions. The first is prosodic in nature: Subjects can be accented without being narrowly focused; theories of Persian prosody predict then that there is a maximal constituent that contains both the subject and the verb as its head. The second is semantic in nature: Bare nouns require an external existential closure operation to be interpreted existentially, and we have to assume existential closure over the VP for our analysis of the interpretation of objects. So, this existential closure would provide the necessary quantificational force for bare noun subjects as well. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.

Cette étude est une approche des divers problèmes que soulève la traduction du figement. Elle se fond sur le cas concret de la traduction français-arabe en analysant un corpus bilingue constitué d’expressions figées en français (langue source) et de leur traduction en arabe (langue cible). Notre travail s’organise en deux parties : dans la première, nous étudions la notion de figement, les différentes structures qu’elle recouvre et la notion de traduction avec les concepts qui lui sont liés à travers les théories linguistiques et traductologiques du 20e siècle. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons notre corpus, d’abord pour vérifier qu’il représente bien la catégorie du figement, ensuite pour connaître les stratégies adoptées par le traducteur pour traduire les expressions figées. Le corpus est extrait à partir des articles français du Monde diplomatique et leur traduction en langue arabe dans le même journal / This study is an approach to various problems raised bu the translations of frozen expressions. It is founded on the specific case of the french-arabic translation by analyzing a bilingual corpus composed of idioms in French (source language) and their Arabic translation (targuet language). Our work is organized in two parts ; in the first we study the notion of rigidification and the various structures that it covers, and olso the notion of translation with related concepts through 20th century linguistic and translational theories. In the second part we analyze our corpus : first to make sure it really represents frozen expressions, then to know the strategies adopted by the translator to translate idioms. The corpus is extracted from the articles appeared in the French edition of the le Monde diplomatique and their translations into Arabic in the same newspaper

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar subsídios para a elaboração automática, a partir de corpus, de ontologias específicas quanto ao domínio. Para tanto, assumo que determinadas relações semânticas, como a hiperonímia, podem estar sistematicamente expressas em textos por meio de determinados padrões léxico-sintáticos. Tomando como ponto de partida alguns desses padrões, descritos originalmente em Hearst (1992, 1998), (i) identifico novos padrões para a expressão da relação de hiperonímia; (ii) adapto e refino três padrões já existentes (Hearst, 1992), tendo em vista especificidades da língua portuguesa; (iii) faço um cruzamento entre as informações extraídas com os padrões, a fim de gerar inferências. A perspectiva teórica subjacente é inspirada por reflexões wittgensteinianas sobre o significado, e se mostrou produtiva na medida em que legitima os dados vindos do corpus e as relações de significado que nele aparecem. O modelo de ontologia proposto caracteriza-se principalmente por: (i) não conter categorias pré-definidas, já que categorias são construtos humanos, abstrações que refletem uma perspectiva particular do mundo. A idéia de sustentar a ontologia em corpus busca deslocar o espaço de discussão sobre quais seriam as categorias relevantes de um domínio: as categorias que emergem do corpus refletiriam o conhecimento implícito do domínio em questão; (ii) não conter definições criadas a priori, sendo o significado de cada item decorrente das relações entre as palavras. A metodologia - extração das relações por meio de regras e posterior cruzamento para a realização de inferências - foi aplicada em um corpus do domínio saúde e um corpus genérico. Os resultados positivos indicam que sua utilização pode ser uma importante aliada na elaboração de ontologias e, também, uma ferramenta de auxílio a lexicógrafos e a sistemas de classificação semântica de nomes próprios. Em termos gerais, a metodologia apresenta como principais vantagens (i) a facilidade na automação do processo, minimizando a intervenção humana; (ii) facilidade na categorização de domínios especializados; (iii) maior dinamicidade, pois o fato de o corpus poder ser constantemente atualizado faz com que esteja menos sujeito a falhas. / [en] The main goal of this work is to present an automated method for building domain-specific corpus-based ontologies. The assumption is that semantic relationships, such as hypernym, can be systematically expressed through lexicalsyntactic patterns. Starting with some of these patterns, originally described in Hearst (1992), I (i) identify new patterns that express hypernym; (ii) adapt three other patterns (Hearst, 1992), considering specificities of the Portuguese language; and (iii) intersect these results, in order to produce inferences. The theoretical approach is inspired by the wittgensteinian ideas about meaning. The resulting ontology´s most prominent features are: (i) the fact that it does not have a priori categories, since categories are human constructs, abstractions that reflect a particular world view. Instead of discussing what should be the main categories in a domain, sustaining the ontology on corpora assumes that the corpus reflects the implicit knowledge of a given domain; and (ii) the fact that it does not have a priori definitions: the meaning of a word is derived from its relations with other words. The method - automatic extraction of semantic relations through rules, and the intersection of this information in order to produce inferences - was applied to two corpora: a health domain corpus and a generic corpus. The positive results show that the method can be very useful in ontology building and it can also be a valuable tool for lexicographers and named entity recognition systems. The main advantages of the method are (i) the simplicity of automating the process of ontology building; (ii) the ease of categorizing specialized domains, and (iii) its dynamicity, since the possibility of constantly updating the corpus makes it less subject to errors.

Esta tese investiga a denotação dos nomes comuns nas línguas naturais. De forma mais específica enfoca a denotação dos nomes comuns no português brasileiro (PB). O objetivo é investigar os mecanismos que licenciam contabilidade no PB. Primeiramente investiga-se a denotação dos nomes no PB frente à proposta de Borer (2005). A autora defende que interpretações contáveis são licenciadas estruturalmente, mas que interpretações massivas não, e, nesse sentido, interpretações massivas são default. Segundo Borer (2005), o plural, em línguas como o inglês, e os classificadores, em línguas como o chinês, são sintagmas de classificação que originam interpretações contáveis, cujo núcleo tem um valor aberto div, onde DIV é um operador de divisão. A ausência desses sintagmas confere uma interpretação massiva aos nomes. Diferentemente da maioria das línguas germânicas e românicas que permitem a ocorrência do plural nu, mas não permitem a ocorrência do singular nu, no PB, o singular nu é extremamente produtivo. Assim, se Borer (2005) estiver certa, no PB os nomes são massivos, pois os nomes nessa língua podem ocorrer sem nenhuma estrutura que os divida, denotando uma massa amorfa, sem divisão. No entanto, a análise dos dados do PB mostra, contra as previsões de Borer (2005), que a denotação default dos nomes, independentemente de ser indeterminada para número, pode ser massiva ou contável e que tais nomes já vêm com essa denotação marcada do léxico. Em segundo lugar, investiga-se a denotação dos nomes lexicalmente contáveis em estruturas não marcadas para contabilidade. Como Rullmann e You (2003) defendem para o chinês, o PB é uma língua em que os nomes possuem número geral, isto é, não são singular nem plural, são neutros para número, como defendem Müller (2001) e Schmitt e Munn (1999, 2002) para o PB. Línguas que possuem número geral geralmente não possuem morfologia de número, entretanto, o PB é um exemplo de língua que possui número geral, classificação e morfologia de número. Em terceiro lugar, investiga-se a denotação dos nomes segundo a proposta de Rothstein (2007). A autora defende que interpretações contáveis são licenciadas por um mecanismo de contabilidade gramatical. Segundo Rothstein (2007), o singular em línguas como o inglês e os classificadores numéricos em línguas como o chinês são operações gramaticais que licenciam interpretações contáveis. Como o PB é uma língua que possui número geral, classificadores numéricos e morfologia de número, defende-se a tese de que nessa língua o que licencia contabilidade são as operações de número e de classificação. / This thesis investigates common noun denotations in natural languages. To be more specific, it encompasses common noun denotations in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Its objective is to investigate the mechanisms which licence countability in BP. Firstly, noun denotation in BP is investigated according to Borers proposal (2005). The author argues that count interpretations are structurally licensed, while mass interpretations are not, thus in this sense, mass interpretations are default. According to Borer (2005), the plural morphology, in languages such as English, and the classifiers, in languages such as Chinese, are classifiers phrases which originate count interpretations with opened value nucleus div, where DIV is a division operator. The absence of these classifiers phrases bestows mass interpretation to the nouns. Contrary to most Germanic and Romance languages which permit bare plurals, but do not permit bare singulars, in BP, the bare singular is extremely productive. Thus, if Borer (2005) is right, nouns are mass-denoting in BP since they can occur without any distinctive structure, denoted amorphous mass, undivided. However, data analysis in BP opposes the predictions of Borer (2005) that a default noun denotation, regardless of being indeterminate in number, can be a mass or count denotation, and that such nouns already have this lexical denotation. Secondly, lexical denotation of count nouns in unmarked structures is investigated for countability. As Rullman and Aili You (2003) defend Chinese, BP is a language in which nouns have general number, that is, they are neither singular nor plural, they are neutral for number, as defended by Müller (2001) and Schmitt e Munn (1999, 2002). Languages with general number do not have plural morphology, but BP is an example of a language that has general number, numeral classifier and plural morpheme. Thirdly, denotation of names according to Rothstein (2007) is investigated. The author argues that countable interpretations are licensed by a mechanism of grammatical countability. According to Rothstein (2007), singular morphology in languages such as English and numeral classifiers in languages such as Chinese are grammatical operations which licence count interpretations. Since BP is a language that has general number, numeral classifiers and plural morphology, the thesis that, in this language, number and classification operations licence countability is defended.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-18T11:53:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel de Almeida Leão.pdf: 1416276 bytes, checksum: ba4bc8cff6ad87ee22845be2197eedfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T11:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel de Almeida Leão.pdf: 1416276 bytes, checksum: ba4bc8cff6ad87ee22845be2197eedfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / This study has as its main goal to investigate the relation between the grammatical system of gender classification for the nouns of the Portuguese language in Brazil and the biological gender of their referents from the perspective of language as a probabilistic system (Halliday, 1991, 1993). More specifically, the investigation extracted the frequencies for the grammatical gender of the nouns (masculine and/or feminine) for the Portuguese language in Brazil and the relation between the grammatical gender and the biological sex of the nouns. For such, this study has as its basis the Corpus Linguistics, a theoretical-scientific methodology which sees the language as a probabilistic system, through the observation of empirical data (Berber Sardinha, 2004). Although the grammatical gender is an aspect of the language approached throughout the grammars of the Portuguese language and its study constantly discussed among scholars and researchers of the field, the great majority of these studies have as basis a traditional perspective of the language, brought by the use of norms (Bechara, 2013). This means that, possibly, there is no other study about this subject which is based on the language in use, in a probabilistic approach (Halliday, 1991, 1993), following the principles of Corpus Linguistics (Berber Sardinha, 2004). In order to accomplish this goal, this work was executed as the following: (i) all the nouns of a corpus (The Brazilian Corpus of Register Variation – CBVR) were extracted; (ii) the nouns were transferred to a database in which they could be classified; (iii) the nouns were classified manually in respect to their grammatical gender and biological gender, following the criteria described in this work’s methodology; (iv) after classifying the nouns, they were accounted according to each of the categories described in the methodology, (v) after that, for each research question, the frequencies were extracted and the probabilities were calculated and; (vi) the research questions were answered based on how the frequencies and probabilities had been revealed. In bringing up the results, it is expected that this research has been able to contribute for offering a new perspective about this subject, one that takes into account the current Portuguese language in Brazil for the 21st century. It is also expected that the methodology designed for the execution of this study could be adapted and applied to several other studies of similar goals, bringing new perspectives for other aspects of the language / O trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar a relação entre o sistema gramatical de gênero dos substantivos do português Brasil e o gênero biológico de seus referentes a partir da visão da linguagem como sistema probabilístico (Halliday, 1991,1993). Mais especificamente, foi investigada a frequência dos gêneros dos substantivos (masculinos e femininos) na língua portuguesa escrita e falada no Brasil e a relação entre o sistema de gênero gramatical e o gênero biológico dos substantivos. Para tal, o estudo realizado tem como base a Linguística de Corpus, metodologia teórico-científica que vê a língua como sistema probabilístico por meio da observação de dados empíricos (Berber Sardinha, 2004). Embora o gênero gramatical dos substantivos seja um aspecto abordado em todas as gramáticas da língua e seja discutido por acadêmicos e pesquisadores da área constantemente, a grande maioria dos estudos possui base em uma visão tradicional, fixada pelo uso da norma (Bechara, 2013). Isso significa que, possivelmente, não haja estudo acerca do tema que reflete a língua em uso de maneira probabilística (Halliday 1991, 1993), conforme os pressupostos da Linguística de Corpus (Berber Sardinha, 2004).Para a consecução desse objetivo, a pesquisa se sucedeu da seguinte maneira: (i) foram extraídos todos os substantivos de um corpus (o Corpus Brasileiro de Variação de Registros - CBVR); (ii) os substantivos foram transferidos para uma base de dados sob a qual puderam ser classificados; (iii) foi feita a classificação manual de cada um dos substantivos quanto ao gênero gramatical e gênero biológico, seguindo os critérios descritos na metodologia deste trabalho; (iv) ao final da classificação, foi feita contagem de quantos substantivos foram classificados para cada uma as categorias descritas; (v) foram extraídas as frequências e calculadas as probabilidades para cada uma das perguntas de pesquisa e; (vi) as perguntas foram respondidas com base nas frequências e probabilidades reveladas. Ao trazer os resultados, espera-se que esta pesquisa tenha contribuído para oferecer uma nova perspectiva acerca do tema, uma que leve em consideração o português do Brasil em uso corrente no século XXI. Espera-se também que a metodologia desenhada para a execução deste estudo possa ser adaptada e aplicada em diversos outros de cunho similar, trazendo novas perspectivas para outros aspectos da língua

Esta tese investiga a denotação dos nomes comuns nas línguas naturais. De forma mais específica enfoca a denotação dos nomes comuns no português brasileiro (PB). O objetivo é investigar os mecanismos que licenciam contabilidade no PB. Primeiramente investiga-se a denotação dos nomes no PB frente à proposta de Borer (2005). A autora defende que interpretações contáveis são licenciadas estruturalmente, mas que interpretações massivas não, e, nesse sentido, interpretações massivas são default. Segundo Borer (2005), o plural, em línguas como o inglês, e os classificadores, em línguas como o chinês, são sintagmas de classificação que originam interpretações contáveis, cujo núcleo tem um valor aberto div, onde DIV é um operador de divisão. A ausência desses sintagmas confere uma interpretação massiva aos nomes. Diferentemente da maioria das línguas germânicas e românicas que permitem a ocorrência do plural nu, mas não permitem a ocorrência do singular nu, no PB, o singular nu é extremamente produtivo. Assim, se Borer (2005) estiver certa, no PB os nomes são massivos, pois os nomes nessa língua podem ocorrer sem nenhuma estrutura que os divida, denotando uma massa amorfa, sem divisão. No entanto, a análise dos dados do PB mostra, contra as previsões de Borer (2005), que a denotação default dos nomes, independentemente de ser indeterminada para número, pode ser massiva ou contável e que tais nomes já vêm com essa denotação marcada do léxico. Em segundo lugar, investiga-se a denotação dos nomes lexicalmente contáveis em estruturas não marcadas para contabilidade. Como Rullmann e You (2003) defendem para o chinês, o PB é uma língua em que os nomes possuem número geral, isto é, não são singular nem plural, são neutros para número, como defendem Müller (2001) e Schmitt e Munn (1999, 2002) para o PB. Línguas que possuem número geral geralmente não possuem morfologia de número, entretanto, o PB é um exemplo de língua que possui número geral, classificação e morfologia de número. Em terceiro lugar, investiga-se a denotação dos nomes segundo a proposta de Rothstein (2007). A autora defende que interpretações contáveis são licenciadas por um mecanismo de contabilidade gramatical. Segundo Rothstein (2007), o singular em línguas como o inglês e os classificadores numéricos em línguas como o chinês são operações gramaticais que licenciam interpretações contáveis. Como o PB é uma língua que possui número geral, classificadores numéricos e morfologia de número, defende-se a tese de que nessa língua o que licencia contabilidade são as operações de número e de classificação. / This thesis investigates common noun denotations in natural languages. To be more specific, it encompasses common noun denotations in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Its objective is to investigate the mechanisms which licence countability in BP. Firstly, noun denotation in BP is investigated according to Borers proposal (2005). The author argues that count interpretations are structurally licensed, while mass interpretations are not, thus in this sense, mass interpretations are default. According to Borer (2005), the plural morphology, in languages such as English, and the classifiers, in languages such as Chinese, are classifiers phrases which originate count interpretations with opened value nucleus div, where DIV is a division operator. The absence of these classifiers phrases bestows mass interpretation to the nouns. Contrary to most Germanic and Romance languages which permit bare plurals, but do not permit bare singulars, in BP, the bare singular is extremely productive. Thus, if Borer (2005) is right, nouns are mass-denoting in BP since they can occur without any distinctive structure, denoted amorphous mass, undivided. However, data analysis in BP opposes the predictions of Borer (2005) that a default noun denotation, regardless of being indeterminate in number, can be a mass or count denotation, and that such nouns already have this lexical denotation. Secondly, lexical denotation of count nouns in unmarked structures is investigated for countability. As Rullman and Aili You (2003) defend Chinese, BP is a language in which nouns have general number, that is, they are neither singular nor plural, they are neutral for number, as defended by Müller (2001) and Schmitt e Munn (1999, 2002). Languages with general number do not have plural morphology, but BP is an example of a language that has general number, numeral classifier and plural morpheme. Thirdly, denotation of names according to Rothstein (2007) is investigated. The author argues that countable interpretations are licensed by a mechanism of grammatical countability. According to Rothstein (2007), singular morphology in languages such as English and numeral classifiers in languages such as Chinese are grammatical operations which licence count interpretations. Since BP is a language that has general number, numeral classifiers and plural morphology, the thesis that, in this language, number and classification operations licence countability is defended.

The morphology (noun and adjective) of the Laurynas Bortkevičius book „Kiales krizaus...“ (1819) Summary “Kiales krizaus…”, written by Laurynas Bortkevicius, was published in 1819 in Vilnius. It, as well as many other works of authors from Eastern Lithuania, is a religious book containing fourteen scenes of the stations of the Cross or Calvary. There are prayers, canticles and the descriptions of the stations of the Cross in it. The major part of the book is translated from Latin. “Kiales krizaus…” is written in the Eastern language script variant. There is huge variety of phonetic, morphological, syntactic peculiarities and archaic forms of the Eastern Aukštaičiai dialect in it. This book enables us to acquire more knowledge of the specific Eastern script of the beginning of 19th century. It also helps to understand the peculiarities of its grammatical structures, the situation of the Eastern dialects and the changes of the nouns and adjectives forms during the process of the language standardization. After the thorough analysis of nouns and adjectives made on this religious publication, the conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1. The book is written in the eastern Aukštaičiai dialect. However phonetic, morphological and lexical peculiarities as well as peculiarities of spelling are not consecutively used in the authors publication. 2. It is obvious that the majority of nouns and adjectives has sustained many Eastern Aukštaičiai peculiarities, e. g.: apłunkima, darzi... [to full text]

Analizuojamas rytų aukštaičių uteniškių, vilniškių ir širvintiškių patarmėse rastų daiktavardžių deminutyvų vartojimas kalbėjimo situacijose, tekste, semantinėse ir sintaksinėse stiliaus figūrose, nagrinėjamos deminutyvų atliekamos funkcijos (tikslinamoji, vertinamoji, teksto siejamoji ir estetinė). / Researching the usage of the diminutives of nouns in the subdialects of eastern Aukštaičiai Uteniškiai, Vilniškiai and Širvintiškiai in speech situations, in the text, in semantic and syntactic figures, analysing the functions of the diminutives (evaluating, specifying, text related and aesthetical functions).

This comparative study analyzes the translation of proper names found in the Lithuanian and Polish versions of Jerome K. Jerome’s Three Men on the Bummel. The analysis is preceded by the discussion of the status of proper names in the English language and their function in the text, later, the various basis for their classification are presented. Further, the treatment of the foreign proper names in the Polish and the Lithuanian language is taken into consideration as the grammatical rules often influence the choices of translators. As various scholars label the similar translation procedures differently, a review of solutions in translating proper names is carried out. In result, for the sake of clarity, the translation strategies proposed by Eirlys E. Davies (preservation, localization, addition, globalization, transformation, omission and creation) (2003) serve as the basis for this comparative analysis. As this thesis aims to reveal the tendencies in translating proper names in the Lithuanian and Polish languages, the Lithuanian translation of Jerome K. Jerome’s Three Men on the Bummel, done by Jonas Čeponis and titled Trise dviračiais (2005) is compared to the Polish ones produced by Jolanta Plakwicz as Trzej panowie na rowerach (1992) and Piotr J. Szwajcer as Trzech panów w Niemczech (tym razem bez psa) (2007). In result, the analysis and statistical representation of strategies applied to the translation of personal, object and geographical names reveal the existing... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti tikrinių daiktavardžių iš Jerome K. Jerome romano „Three Men on the Bummel“ vertimų būdus, kuriuos pasirinko lietuvių ir lenkų vertėjai. Darbe apžvelgiama tikrinių daiktavardžių vieta anglų kalbos gramatikoje, jų funkcijos tekste bei aptariama įvairi jų klasifikacija. Atsižvelgiama į kitų kalbų tikrinių daiktavardžių pateikimo taisykles lietuvių ir lenkų kalbose, kurios gali įtakoja vertėjų pasirinkimą. Kadangi mokslininkai skirtingai įvardija panašias vertimo procedūras, šios analizės pagrindą sudaro Eirlys E. Davis (2003) pasiūlytos strategijos, kuriomis remiantis tikrinių daiktavardžių vertimas Jonas Čeponio „Trise dviračiais“ (2005) lyginamas su Jolanta Plakwicz vertimu „Trzej panowie na rowerach“ (1992) ir Piotr J. Szwajcer „Trzech panów w Niemczech (tym razem bez psa)“ (2007). Atliktos analizės ir statistinių duomenų pagrindu teigiama, jog tiek lietuvių, tiek lenkų kalboje įžvelgiamos tam tikros vertimo tendencijos. Lietuvių vertėjas dažniau tikrinius daiktavardžius pateikia pagal lietuvių kalbos fonetikos ir morfologijos taisykles, todėl lietuvių skaitytojams jų tartis problemų nesukelia. Lenkų skaitytojams dažniau pateikiami tikriniai daiktavardžiai originalia (kitos kalbos) rašyba, kurie tik priderinti prie lenkų kalboje galiojančių linksniavimo dėsnių. Pastebima, jog lietuvių vertėjas dažnai papildomą informaciją pateikia išnašose. Praleistų, sukurtų, globalizuotų ar pakeistų tikrinių daiktavardžių skaičius minėtuose vertimuose yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]