This thesis investigates the changes in whether compound nouns were closed (written as one word), open (written as separate words) or hyphenated in Early New High German between 1550 and 1710. Due to the fact that there were no orthographic norms in the German of this time, graphematic phenomena in this period of the German language are very fruitful to examine. The study is based on a corpus of 249 sermons in 90 different postils. Since this thesis aims to show a diachronic development, the corpus texts originate from six time windows centred around the years 1550, 1570, 1600, 1620, 1660 and 1710. The results of the study show a general development from 1550, when around 80% of the occurrences of compound nouns were written as one word, to 1620, when this way of writing dominated almost entirely. In the texts from the last two time windows, the hyphenation spreads, and by 1710, nearly two thirds of the instances of compound nouns were written with a hyphen. The present study also shows that the geographical origin of a text is of lesser importance for the writing of compound nouns as one word, separate words or with a hyphen. However, the distinction between genuine compound nouns (a compound noun with the modifier in an unmarked case) and artificial ones (a compound noun with the modifier in an oblique case) seems to be of greater relevance. The artificial compound nouns are closed to a lesser extent in the period between 1550 and 1620 and hyphenated to a higher extent from 1660 onwards than the genuine compound nouns. In a second part of the study, the compound nouns of the different time windows are examined from a lexical point of view, showing that many compound noun lexemes were almost consistently written in the same way (either as one word, as separate words, or with a hyphen) in all occurrences within each time window.

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<p>This essay deals with some of the difficulties that translation of a technical text may present, more specifically the handling of terminology, proper nouns and titles of cited publications. For this purpose, a text dealing with medical geology, taken from <em>Essentials of Medical Geology</em> (Selinus <em>et al</em>., 2005), was translated and analysed.</p><p>Medical geology is an interdisciplinary science and hence contains terminology from several different scientific areas. The present study includes terminology within the field of medicine and geochemistry in the analysis. The preferred and predominant translation procedure was literal translation (Munday, 2001:57). Many source text terms have synonyms in the target language. With the intention to preserve and transfer the level of technical style into the target text, terms were analysed and classified as belonging to one of three levels of technical style: <em>academic</em>, <em>professional</em> and <em>popular</em> (Newmark, 1988:151). The handling of proper nouns connected to medicine and geology was also included in the analysis. One common procedure is to use a translation which is established in the target language. The present study discusses the strategies used when no such established translation was found. The procedure of using a recognised translation was discussed in connection to the handling of titles of cited publications referred to in the source text.</p>

Zu, Xin. / "August 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-233). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 論文提要 --- p.ii / Dedication --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Notations --- p.x / List of Abbreviations --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background and major claims --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of the thesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- A note on data collection --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theoretical Background --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Minimalism --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Levels of representation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Distributed morphology --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Economy as the guiding principle --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- The feature checking operation --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Theoretical assumptions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The syntax of extended projections --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Projecting CP --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Projecting DP --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The cartographic approach --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Splitting CP --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Splitting DP --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4. --- Concluding remarks --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Language Background --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- A sketch of the Jingpo language --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Word order --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Morphological typology --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The pro drop --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Previous studies on Jingpo noun phrase structure --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Simplex noun phrases --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Bare nouns and referentiality --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- The fixed order N-Cl-Num --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- The optionality of classifiers --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- The two ones - langai and mi --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- The two plural markers - -hte and ni --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Complex nominals --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Prenominal and postnominal adjectives --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Prenominal and postnominal demonstratives --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4 --- Concluding remarks --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Right Periphery of Jingpo Clauses --- p.100 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2 --- The rightmost edge of Jingpo clauses --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Evidentiality --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Speech acts --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3 --- Sentence final particles --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Clause typing --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Agreement --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Subject agreement --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Object agreement --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Possessor agreement --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- The simplification of Jingpo agreement system --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Change of state --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Emphatic mood --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Spatial deixis --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Jingpo SFPs as portmanteau forms --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- The structure of the clause periphery in Jingpo --- p.139 / Chapter 4.5 --- The asymmetry between Jingpo matrix and embedded clauses --- p.142 / Chapter 4.6 --- Concluding remarks --- p.149 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Feature Checking at the Right Periphery --- p.151 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2 --- Syntactic analysis of Jingpo evidentiality --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The syntax of speech act and sentience --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The feature geometry of referring expressions --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- The syntactic representations of the two types of evidentiality --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Accounting for the ordering constraints --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3 --- The consequences of the feature checking analysis --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Agreement with pragmatic roles --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The shifting of agreement relations across clause types --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Person constraint on subjects --- p.170 / Chapter 5.4 --- Concluding remarks --- p.171 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Jingpo from the Cartographic Perspective --- p.173 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.173 / Chapter 6.2 --- Functional heads and their specifiers --- p.175 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Jingpo auxiliaries and their relation to adverbs --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Prenominal and postnominal adjectives --- p.180 / Chapter 6.3 --- Evidence for postulating an articulated DP structure --- p.185 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Multiple occurrences of demonstratives --- p.185 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The internal DP layer --- p.192 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- The differential object marker hpe --- p.198 / Chapter 6.4 --- Concluding remarks --- p.208 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.210 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.210 / Chapter 7.2 --- Recapitulation of major claims --- p.211 / Chapter 7.3 --- Future directions of research --- p.212 / Chapter Appendix A --- Pear Story --- p.215 / Bibliography --- p.221

This essay deals with some of the difficulties that translation of a technical text may present, more specifically the handling of terminology, proper nouns and titles of cited publications. For this purpose, a text dealing with medical geology, taken from Essentials of Medical Geology (Selinus et al., 2005), was translated and analysed. Medical geology is an interdisciplinary science and hence contains terminology from several different scientific areas. The present study includes terminology within the field of medicine and geochemistry in the analysis. The preferred and predominant translation procedure was literal translation (Munday, 2001:57). Many source text terms have synonyms in the target language. With the intention to preserve and transfer the level of technical style into the target text, terms were analysed and classified as belonging to one of three levels of technical style: academic, professional and popular (Newmark, 1988:151). The handling of proper nouns connected to medicine and geology was also included in the analysis. One common procedure is to use a translation which is established in the target language. The present study discusses the strategies used when no such established translation was found. The procedure of using a recognised translation was discussed in connection to the handling of titles of cited publications referred to in the source text.

This paper attempts to clarify the role mass nouns play in our language, including what they designate and how they designate it. In particular, this paper focuses on demonstrating that mass nouns do not individuate the stuff they designate and consequences for this non-individuative theory. In order to demonstrate that mass nouns do not individuate, I examine grammatical rules for mass nouns and contrast them with rules for singular and plural count nouns. Furthermore, I examine several possible truth conditions for sentences involving mass nouns and demonstrate that no truth conditions which individuate are acceptable. Once this lack of individuation has been demonstrated, I examine issues that arise in language and metaphysics. This examination is necessary because most of our understanding of language and metaphysics centers around medium sized objects. Since mass nouns do not individuate, they are not designating medium sized objects. When examining developments in language, I suggest that the term “the” does not imply uniqueness but rather exhaustiveness and there is already an intuitive way to capture this in first order logic using universals. Furthermore, I suggest that stuff designated by mass nouns cannot be directly referred to and hence cannot occur in a singular term in first-order logic. Finally, I suggest that identity statements should be treated without the identity relation and instead using a biconditional and a universal. When examining developments in metaphysics, I suggest that there cannot be a criterion of identity for stuff because a criterion of identity asks what a single instance is and stuff does not occur in individual instances. Furthermore, I suggest that identity and persistence conditions differentiate for stuff in a way that they do not for individual things. Finally, I address what more must be done in order to have a complete treatment of mass nouns and stuff. This section focuses primarily on first-order logic and how to make stuff a value of a variable while maintaining ontological import. Work in this area still needs to be done and is, I believe, of significant importance. / Thesis (Master, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-27 08:36:48.049

Vietovardis Lietuva rašytiniuose šaltiniuose minimas nuo 1009-ųjų metų. Iš Lietuvių kalbos žodyno (LKŽe) buvo išrinkti 58 dariniai turintys kamieną lietuv- ir suklasifikuoti kategorinėmis klasėmis (kalbos dalimis). Juos sudaro 31 daiktavardis, 11 būdvardžių ir 16 veiksmažodžių. Iš daiktavardžio Lietuva išvesti 5 dariniai. Pastebėta, kad vienintelį darinį lietuvis išvestą iš daiktavardžio Lietuva supa didžiausias semantinis ir darybinis giminiškų žodžių laukas. Jį sudaro 22 dariniai (15 vedinių ir 7 dūriniai): 18 daiktavardžių, 1 būdvardis ir 3 veiksmažodžiai. Tolesnės darybos rezultatas yra dar 31 darinys: 10 daiktavardžių, 9 būdvardžiai ir 12 veiksmažodžių. Iš vietovardžio Lietuva sudaryti dariniai kartais laikytini darybiniais sinonimais arba darybiniais variantais: sudarytos 4 DS ir 3 DV eilės. Sudarytos 4 leksinių sinonimų eilės. LKŽe neužfiksuoti deminutyvai, išskyrus daiktavardį lietuvaitis, -ė. / The name of Lithuania in hand-written sources is mentioned since 1009. From Lithuanian dictionary (LKŽe) it has been selected 58 word-formations having a root “lietuv-“ and divided in classes on categories (in parts of speeches). It includes 31 noun, 11 adjectives and 16 verbs. From a noun Lietuva are formed 5 word-formations. It is established that unique word-formation “lietuvis“ formed from noun Lietuva surrounds a huge field of related words. It is made by 22 word-formations (15 – derivatives and 7 compounds): 18 nouns, 1 adjective and 3 verbs. The result of further formation is 31 word-formation: 10 nouns, 9 adjectives and 12 verbs. Word-formations formed from a word “Lietuva“ sometimes are considered as the formed synonyms or formed cases: are created 4 DS and 3 DV turns. It was created 4 turns of lexical synonyms. There are no more diminutives in the Lithuanian dictionary (LKŽe) except the noun lietuvaitis, -ė.

La tradition lexicographique de langue française opère, en théorie, une séparation stricte entre noms communs et noms propres. Or, dans les faits, cette séparation touche surtout les noms propres de lieux et de personnes. En effet, l'observation des articles du vocabulaire politique révèle un nombre important de noms propres d'une autre nature dans les pages de dictionnaires, comme des noms propres d'institutions, de partis politiques ou d'événements et de périodes historiques. Qui plus est, ces noms propres reçoivent souvent un traitement lexicographique comparable à celui des noms communs. Toutefois, ce traitement n'a pas encore fait l'objet d'une étude approfondie, et on constate une lacune dans la métalexicographie à son sujet.Afin de faire la lumière sur le traitement lexicographique des noms propres du vocabulaire politique, nous avons procédé à une analyse de ces noms propres à travers quatre dictionnaires généraux de langue française (Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2007 (version électronique), Le Petit Larousse Illustré 2007 (version électronique), le Dictionnaire du français Plus – À l'intention des francophones d'Amérique (1988) et le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui (1992). Nous avons d'abord mis sur pied une typologie des noms propres du vocabulaire politique susceptibles d'être définis dans les dictionnaires généraux de langue française; puis nous avons relevé ces noms propres dans les dictionnaires à l'étude. Il ressort de ce relevé que le nombre de noms propres du vocabulaire politique dans les dictionnaires est assez élevé pour nécessiter une caractérisation de la pratique lexicographique des entourant. En outre, la description du vocabulaire politique passe par une description des noms propres en plus des mots du lexique commun. Nous nous sommes penchée sur la manière dont sont présentés les noms propres dans les dictionnaires, pour conclure que leur intégration et leur identification n'obéit pas à une méthode systématique. Nous avons réfléchi à la nomenclature des noms propres à inclure dans le dictionnaire de langue à travers l'exemple des noms de partis politiques, dont ceux qui sont représentés dans les instances officielles devraient être décrits dans les dictionnaires généraux. Nous avons ensuite analysé en profondeur les catégories de noms propres les plus représentées dans notre corpus d'articles du vocabulaire politique (les noms propres d'événements et de périodes historiques, les noms de partis politiques, dont les sigles, et les noms propres d'institutions). À la suite de cette analyse, nous proposons une liste d'éléments que le traitement lexicographique devrait inclure afin de permettre une circonscription efficace du référent (en d'autres termes, les traits distinctifs que devrait contenir une définition suffisante pour ces type de noms propres). Un point commun à toutes les catégories concerne la prise en compte de la variation géographique : en contexte francophone particulièrement, le lieu doit être précisé par le traitement lexicographique. L'étude se termine par une analyse de l'arrimage entre noms propres et lexique commun dans les dictionnaires où ils sont intégrés dans même ouvrage (PLI) ou dans une même nomenclature (Dictionnaire Hachette, Dixel). Nous arrivons à la conclusion que ces particularités dictionnairiques ne remplacent pas une réflexion en profondeur sur l'intégration des noms propres du vocabulaire politique dans le dictionnaire de langue. / In theory, French lexicographical tradition separates the description of proper nouns from that of the other words. In reality, this separation concerns mostly proper names of persons and of places. The observation of the articles of the political lexicon reveals an important number of proper nouns of another nature, such as proper nouns of institutions, political parties, or historical events or periods. Not only are these proper nouns present in the general dictionaries, but they are often described in the same manner as the other words.In order to understand this phenomenon, we analyzed the proper nouns of the political vocabulary in four French language dictionaries: (Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2007 (version électronique), Le Petit Larousse Illustré 2007 (version électronique), le Dictionnaire du français Plus – À l'intention des francophones d'Amérique (1988) et le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui (1992). We first developed a typology of the proper nouns in the political lexicon that were likely to receive a lexicographical treatment; we then looked for these proper nouns in the chosen dictionaries. What came out of this initial search was that there are enough proper names of the political vocabulary in French language dictionaries to study their lexicographical treatment. We also concluded that the description of the political lexicon should embrace both proper nouns and common words. We then studied the manner in which proper nouns are visually presented in the dictionaries, and concluded that dictionaries do not seem to obey a strict methodology. The word list seems also incomplete, as we concluded about the proper names of political parties - those who are officially represented in official instances are often lacking. We then analyzed in detail three categories of our typology – historical events and periods, political parties and institutions – and for each category, we put forward a list of elements which are necessary to ensure a good definition for this type of vocabulary. A common element for all categories is the necessity to specify the geographical setting (country, state, etc.) of the reality to which the name refers – this is particularly important for the French language, which is spoken in many places around the world. Our thesis ends with a look at new dictionaries that offer a word list combining proper nouns and regular words (Dixel, Dictionnaire Hachette). We conclude that those technical features do not replace a profound analysis and reflexion on the integration of proper nouns in French language dictionaries.

This diploma thesis focuses on the French analytic predicates with event nouns with the suffix -ation. It is divided into two parts, a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical part starts with a description of the analytic predicates and their caracteristics on which are based the tests used for identification of this type of predicates. It is followed by the description and typologies of the event nouns which represent one of two fondamental constituents of the analytic predicates. Then the work deals the process of nominalization, and the importance of the delimitation, sense and characteristics of the French suffix -ation is highlighted. The practical part analyses the most frequent French event nouns with the suffix -ation. First of all, a sample of thirty most frequent French nouns in -ation is selected, then the ethymology of these nouns is researched and their action sens is tested. After that, this work treats the valency of the action nouns and their collocability with verbs.

Cette étude porte sur la traduction de substantifs composés en japonais et en anglais vers le français. Ces deux langues-là permettent de produire des compositions enchaînées des types « NN », « NNN » etc. alors que cette forme de composition est beaucoup moins productive en français où l’on préfère souvent utiliser une préposition pour lier plusieurs substantifs. Dans la traduction de titres de brevets, souvent consistant entièrement en substantifs composés en japonais et en anglais, comment les traducteurs francophones s’attaquent-ils au problème de cette différence entre la langue source et la langue cible ? Les recherches antérieures ont produit des classifications diverses, parfois interlingues, pour l’analyse de substantifs composés. À partir d’un corpus composé de plus d’une centaine de titres de brevets comprenant plusieurs centaines de substantifs composés traduits par des traducteurs professionnels, ces classifications sont utilisées pour analyser les stratégies auxquelles recourent les traducteurs dans ce contexte très limité. Les résultats montrent entre autres une préférence marquée pour les compositions du type « N de N » en français et mettent au jour l’existence de certaines traductions très bien établies voire figées. / This study addresses the translation of compound nouns from Japanese and English into French. The former two languages allow for the production of concatenated compositions of the types "NN", "NNN" etc. whereas this form of composition is much less productive in French, which often prefers to use a preposition to link multiple nouns. In the translation of patent titles, often consisting entirely of compound nouns in Japanese and English, how do French-speaking translators tackle the problem of this difference between the source language and the target language? Previous research has produced various, sometimes interlingual, classifications for the analysis of compound nouns. From a corpus of more than a hundred patent titles comprising several hundred compound nouns translated by professional translators, these classifications are used to analyze the strategies used by translators in this very constrained context. The results show, among other things, a marked preference for compositions of the "N de N" type in French and reveal the existence of certain very well established or even fixed translations.