A reação 18O+110Pd foi estudada utilizando o espectrômetro Y Saci-Perere do laboratório do acelerador Pelletron (LAFN-IFUSP-DFN) numa faixa de energia de 2; 5 a 3; 3 MeV por núcleon. O objetivo foi o estudo do mecanismo de reações nucleares por meio de coincidências Y-partícula, implantando essa técnica e vericando como os efeitos de integração da energia perdida no alvo, integração no ângulo sólido do detector de partículas, tamanho finito do detector HPGe e o efeito de decaimento em vácuo afetavam as medidas. Observa-se que as correções dos dados devidas a esses efeitos são pequenas e bem controladas, com exceção do efeito de decaimento em vácuo que necessita de um estudo mais aprofundado. Concluiu-se que a distribuiçao angular do espalhamento elástico para o primeiro estado excitado do 110Pd pode ser razoavelmente bem representada utilizando-se o Potencial de São Paulo (PSP) na forma U(R) = (0; 6 + 0; 6i)V SP EL (R).No entanto a descrição da transferência para o primeiro estado excitado do 112Pd não foi tão bem sucedida. / The 18O+110Pd reaction has been studied in the range from 2; 5 to 3; 3 MeV per nucleon using the Saci-Perere y-ray spectrometer at the Pelletron accelerator Laboratory (LAFN-IFUSP-DFN). The objective was the study of nuclear reaction mechanisms by the use of y-particle coincidence, establishing this technique, and verifying how the eects of energy loss in the target, the nite solid angle of the particle detector, the nite size of HPGe detector, and the vacuum de-alignment aect the measurements. It was observed that the corrections to the data due to these eects are small and well controlled, with exception of the vacuum de-alignment, which has to be studied more deeply. It was concluded that the inelastic scattering to the rst excited state of 110Pd can be reasonably well described using the São Paulo Potencial (PSP) in the form U(R) = (0; 6 + 0; 6i)V SP LE . However the description of the transfer to the rst excited state of 112Pd was not so well succeeded.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia nova de introduzir o núcleo de prova 111In em amostras para medidas de Correlação Angular Gama-Gama Perturbada (CAP). Para esta finalidade utilizou-se reação nuclear do tipo 108Pd(6Li,3n)111In. Para testar o método de implantação iônica foram utilizadas amostras de compostos intermetalicas tipo liga de Heusler Pd2MnZ onde Z=Sn,Sb,Ge,In. O trabalho demonstra que, para as amostras nas quais o paládio é um dos componentes do alvo da reaçãoo, o processo de implantaçãoo de 111In usando esta reação nuclear é muito eficiente comparada com os métodos convencionais usados para introduzir este núcleo de prova. Após a implantação do núcleo de prova 111In foram realizadas medidas de Correlação Angular gama-gama Perturbada Diferencial em Tempo (CAPDT), utilizando um espectrometro gama com quatro detectores de BaF2 que gera 12 espectros de coincidências gama-gama atrasada. Utilizou-se nestas medidas a bem conhecida cascata gama de 172-245 keV do 111Cd populado no decaimento do 111In pela captura eletrônica. O nível intermediário do 111Cd a 245 keV com spin I=5/2 e T1/2 = 85 ns foi usado para medir o campo hiper¯no magnético Bhf do 111Cd nas ligas de Heusler. As medidas foram realizados na faixa de temperatura entre 10 a 295 K. A presente metodologia de implantação do 111In é comparada com outros métodos convencionais de introduzir o núcleo de prova nas amostras para medidas de CAP. Os resultados de Bhf são comparados e discutidos com resultados de medidas anteriores. / The present work describes a new and e±cient method to introduce the 111In nuclear probe in the samples for Perturbed Gama-Gama Angular Correlation (PAC) measurements. For this purpose a heavy ion nuclear reaction 108Pd(6Li,3n)111In was used. To test the ion implantation process we have used the samples of intermetallic compounds Pd2MnZ (Z=In, Sn, Ge, Sb) known as Heusler Alloys. It is shown that for samples, which contain Pd as one of the components of the reaction target the process of implantation of 111In using this reaction is much more eficient as compared to the other conventional methods of introducing the this probe nuclei. After the 111In nuclear probe implantation in the Heusler alloys these were measured by the Time Differential Perturbed Gamma-Gamma Angular Correlation (TDPAC) method using a gamma spectrometer consisting of four BaF2 detectors, which generates 12 simultaneous delayed gamma-gamma coincidence spectra. The well-known gamma cascade of 172-245 keV in 111Cd populated through electron capture decay of 111In has been used for the TDPAC measurements. The intermediate level of 111Cd at 245 keV with spin, I = 5/2 and half-life, T1=2 = 85ns was used to measure the hyperfine magnetic field (Bhf) in the Heusler alloys. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 10-295 K. The present ion implantation methodology is compared with other conventional methods of introducing the probe nuclei in samples for PAC measurements. The present results of magnetic hyperfine felds are discussed and compared with the results of earlier measurements.

In this project, different fission models in the nuclear reaction code TALYS have been compared to GEF version 2020/1.2. The data included in the comparison are mass yield distributions, average prompt neutron energies per fragment mass, and average multiplicities of both neutrons and γ-rays per fragment mass. The reaction studied in the first part of the project is 1 keV neutron-induced fission of 235U. In the second part of the study, a variety of different nuclei and different incident energies were included in comparisons, but a limitation was set to only include neutron-induced fission. The results from the comparison suggested that TALYS fymodel 2 and 3 were less consistent with GEF than fymodel 4. For the comparisons with experimental data, fymodel 4 also performed better overall. TALYS fymodel 2 and 3 make use of implemented partial versions of GEF to produce fission fragment distributions, while fymodel 4 takes fission fragment distribution data from separate yieldfiles. A database of these yieldfiles with 737 different nuclei and 10 energy levels was produced, to be implemented in future versions of TALYS. The energy levels were chosen to get a range of energies that can be accurately interpolated between. This method of using TALYS fymodel 4 with a yieldfile from GEF consistently showed a strong agreement with GEF version 2020/1.2 for the mass yield distributions and the neutron multiplicities. The γ-ray multiplicities and the neutron energies show a slightly weaker agreement, and TALYS gives consistently smaller values than GEF for these quantities.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23457号 / 理博第4751号 / 新制||理||1681(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 前里 光彦, 教授 北川 宏, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

L’étude de la spectroscopie et de la structure des noyaux exotiques a permis ces dernières années de nombreuses découvertes par rapport à ce qu’on connaissait sur les noyaux stables : les noyaux peuvent être déformés et certains nombres magiques ne sont pas persistants lorsque l’on s’approche des drip line. Autour du 68Ni, qui présente des signes de fermeture de sous couche à N=40 (énergie d’excitation du 2+1 élevée et B(E2 ;2+->0+) faible), les noyaux exotiques tels les isotopes de Cr, Fe, Zn et Ge, présentent des déformations et les expériences récemment menées indiquent un développement rapide de la collectivité. L’expérience menée au LNL (Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro) sur les isotopes 70,72,74Zn a conclu à la mesure d’une durée de vie étonnamment longue pour l’état 4+ du 74Zn, menant à un rapport entre B(E2; 4+ -> 2 +) et B(E2; 2+ -> 0+) très faible, non expliqué par les calculs au-delà du champ moyen ou de modèle en couche. Cette expérience a été l’une des premières de la campagne du démonstrateur AGATA.Deux types de réactions directes sont utilisées pour extraire les facteurs spectroscopiques, quantités reliées au nombre d’occupation des couches. Les valeurs trouvées expérimentalement ne sont pas consistantes entre elles dans le cas d’arrachage d’un nucléon très lié au noyau. Cette différence entre les deux mesures expérimentales pourrait provenir du fait qu’on ne modélise pas correctement le mécanisme de réaction des réactions d’arrachage d’un nucléon. Des calculs basés sur une approche d’une cascade intra-nucléaire suivie d’une phase d’évaporation tendent à montrer les insuffisances dans la modélisation actuelle des réactions. / The study of exotic nuclei spectroscopy and structure allowed, in the last years, numerous discoveries in respect to what is known from stable nuclei: nuclei can be deformed and the magic numbers are not persistent when moving toward the drip lines. Around 68Ni, which presents signs of shell closures at N=40 (high excitation energy of the 2+1 and low B(E2)), exotic nuclei, like Cr, Fr, Zn and Ge, present deformation and recent experiments point to rapid development of collectivity. The experiment done at LNL (Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro) on 70,72,74Zn isotopes concluded a surprisingly long life time for the 4+ states of 74Zn, leading to a ratio of B(E2; 4+ -> 2 +) to B(E2; 2+ -> 0+) very low, not explicated by calculations beyond ,mean field or shell models. This experiment was one of the first of the AGATA demonstrator. Two types of direct reactions are used to extract spectroscopic factors, quantity linked to the shell occupation number. The experimental values are not consistent between the cases for the removal of one deeply bound nucleon in the nuclei. This difference between the two experimental measures could come from an incorrect modelization of the reaction mechanism or nucleon removal. Calculations based on intra-nuclear cascade followed by an evaporation phase show shortcomings in the current reaction models.

<p>Fission is the most important nuclear reaction for society at large today due to its use in energy production. However, this has raised the problem of how to treat the long-lived radioactive waste from nuclear reactors. A radical solution would be to change the composition of the waste into stable or short-lived nuclides, which could be done through nuclear transmutation. Such a concept requires accelerator-driven systems to be designed, where those for transmutation are reactor hybrids. This thesis is a contribution to the knowledge base for developing transmutation systems, specifically with respect to the computational modeling of the underlying nuclear reactions, induced by the incident and secondary particles. Intermediate energy fission cross sections are one important type of such data. Moreover, they are essential for understanding the fission process itself and related nuclear interactions. </p><p>The experimental part of this work was performed at the neutron beam facility of the The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. Fission cross sections of ²³⁸U, ²⁰⁹Bi, ^natPb, ²⁰⁸Pb, ¹⁹⁷Au, ^natW, and ¹⁸¹Ta were measured for neutrons in the range <i>E</i>_n = 30-160 MeV using thin-film breakdown counters for the fission fragment detection. A model was developed for the determination of the efficiency of such detectors. </p><p>A compilation of existing data on proton-induced fission cross sections for nuclei from ¹⁶⁵Ho to ²³⁹Pu was performed. The results, which constitute the main body of information in this field, were added to the worldwide EXFOR database. The dependences of the cross sections on incident energy and target nucleus were studied, which resulted in systematics that make it possible to give estimates for unmeasured nuclides. </p><p>Nucleon-induced fission cross sections were calculated using an extended version of the cascade exciton model. A comparison with the systematics and the experimental data obtained in the present work revealed significant discrepancies. A modification of the model was made that significantly improved the predictions. </p>

Fission is the most important nuclear reaction for society at large today due to its use in energy production. However, this has raised the problem of how to treat the long-lived radioactive waste from nuclear reactors. A radical solution would be to change the composition of the waste into stable or short-lived nuclides, which could be done through nuclear transmutation. Such a concept requires accelerator-driven systems to be designed, where those for transmutation are reactor hybrids. This thesis is a contribution to the knowledge base for developing transmutation systems, specifically with respect to the computational modeling of the underlying nuclear reactions, induced by the incident and secondary particles. Intermediate energy fission cross sections are one important type of such data. Moreover, they are essential for understanding the fission process itself and related nuclear interactions. The experimental part of this work was performed at the neutron beam facility of the The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. Fission cross sections of 238U, 209Bi, natPb, 208Pb, 197Au, natW, and 181Ta were measured for neutrons in the range En = 30-160 MeV using thin-film breakdown counters for the fission fragment detection. A model was developed for the determination of the efficiency of such detectors. A compilation of existing data on proton-induced fission cross sections for nuclei from 165Ho to 239Pu was performed. The results, which constitute the main body of information in this field, were added to the worldwide EXFOR database. The dependences of the cross sections on incident energy and target nucleus were studied, which resulted in systematics that make it possible to give estimates for unmeasured nuclides. Nucleon-induced fission cross sections were calculated using an extended version of the cascade exciton model. A comparison with the systematics and the experimental data obtained in the present work revealed significant discrepancies. A modification of the model was made that significantly improved the predictions.

Dans les réacteurs à fusion, le tungstène subira des contraintes sévères dont, l’irradiation neutronique induisant la création de défauts ponctuels, et l’implantation d’hélium. La compréhension du comportement synergique des défauts lacunaires et de l’hélium est cruciale pour modéliser le comportement des composants en tungstène des futurs réacteurs à fusion thermonucléaire.Cette étude utilise la spectroscopie d’annihilation des positons (PAS) pour déterminer la nature et l’évolution en température des défauts d’implantation et l’analyse par réaction nucléaire (NRA)couplée ponctuellement à la microscopie électronique pour suivre le comportement de l’hélium.Les défauts générés dépendent des paramètres d’implantation (nature des ions, énergie, fluence). Par implantation d’3He à 800 keV, des monolacunes ont été créées et sont mobiles entre 473 et 623 K.L’augmentation de la concentration initiale en monolacunes décale le seuil de migration vers les basses températures. Des implantations à fort dpa (Fe 10 MeV) génèrent des amas lacunaires. Les impuretés jouent un rôle prépondérant sur le comportement en température des défauts.Le comportement de l’hélium a été étudié sous trois conditions d’implantation différentes. Les implantations à basse énergie (0,32 keV) montrent la création de complexes hélium-lacune par mutation. Les implantations à 60 keV mettent en évidence la compétition entre la migration, à basse fluence et le piégeage de l’hélium, à haute fluence. Finalement, des implantations à haute énergie(500 keV) renseignent sur l’influence de la microstructure sur la distribution des bulles d’hélium. / In fusion reactors, tungsten suffers severe constraints such as an intense neutron irradiation which induces the creation of point defects, and implantation of helium. Understanding the interactions between point defects and helium is crucial to model the behavior of tungsten components for future nuclear fusion applications.This study rely on the use of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) to determine the nature and thermal evolution of implantation-induced defects, and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) occasionally coupled with electron microscopy to investigate the behavior of helium.The nature of implantation-induced defects depends on the implantation parameters (type of ion,energy, fluence). Implantations of 3He at 800 keV, lead to the creation of monovacancies which aremobile between 473 and 623 K. Increasing the initial concentration of monovacancies shifts themigration threshold toward low temperature. Implantations with high level of damage (Fe 10 MeV) generate vacancy clusters. The impurities play a dominant role on the thermal behavior of defects. The behavior of helium was studied under three different implantation conditions. Implantations at low energy - 0.32 keV - show the creation of helium-vacancy complex by mutation. Implantations at 60keV show the competition between migration - at low fluence - and trapping of helium - at high fluence. Finally, high energy implantations (500 keV) provide information about the influence of microstructure on the distribution of helium bubbles.

Nuclei are objects made of nucleons, protons and neutrons. Several dynamical processes that occur in nuclei are of great interest for the scientific community and for possible applications. For example, nuclear fusion can help us produce a large amount of energy with a limited use of resources and environmental impact. Few-nucleon scattering is an essential ingredient to understand and describe the physics of the core of a star. The classical computational algorithms that aim to simulate microscopic quantum systems suffer from the exponential growth of the computational time when the number of particles is increased. Even using today's most powerful HPC devices, the simulation of many processes, such as the nuclear scattering and fusion, is out of reach due to the excessive amount of computational time needed. In the 1980s, Feynman suggested that quantum computers might be more efficient than classical devices in simulating many-particle quantum systems. Following Feynman's idea of quantum computing, a complete change in the computation devices and in the simulation protocols has been explored in the recent years, moving towards quantum computations. Recently, the perspective of a realistic implementation of efficient quantum calculations was proved both experimentally and theoretically. Nevertheless, we are not in an era of fully functional quantum devices yet, but rather in the so-called "Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum" (NISQ) era. As of today, quantum simulations still suffer from the limitations of imperfect gate implementations and the quantum noise of the machine that impair the performance of the device. In this NISQ era, studies of complex nuclear systems are out of reach. The evolution and improvement of quantum devices will hopefully help us solve hard quantum problems in the coming years. At present quantum machines can be used to produce demonstrations or, at best, preliminary studies of the dynamics of a few nucleons systems (or other equivalent simple quantum systems). These systems are to be considered mostly toy models for developing prospective quantum algorithms. However, in the future, these algorithms may become efficient enough to allow simulating complex quantum systems in a quantum device, proving more efficient than classical devices, and eventually helping us study hard quantum systems. This is the main goal of this work, developing quantum algorithms, potentially useful in studying the quantum many body problem, and attempting to implement such quantum algorithms in different, existing quantum devices. In particular, the simulations made use of the IBM QPU's , of the Advanced Quantum Testbed (AQT) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and of the quantum testbed recently based at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) (or using a device-level simulator of this machine). The our research aims are to develop quantum algorithms for general quantum processors. Therefore, the same developed quantum algorithms are implemented in different quantum processors to test their efficiency. Moreover, some uses of quantum processors are also conditioned by their availability during the time span of my PhD. The most common way to implement some quantum algorithms is to combine a discrete set of so-called elementary gates. A quantum operation is then realized in term of a sequence of such gates. This approach suffers from the large number of gates (depth of a quantum circuit) generally needed to describe the dynamics of a complex system. An excessively large circuit depth is problematic, since the presence of quantum noise would effectively erase all the information during the simulation. It is still possible to use error-correction techniques, but they require a huge amount of extra quantum register (ancilla qubits). An alternative technique that can be used to address these problems is the so-called "optimal control technique". Specifically, rather than employing a set of pre-packaged quantum gates, it is possible to optimize the external physical drive (for example, a suitably modulated electromagnetic pulse) that encodes a multi-level complex quantum gate. In this thesis, we start from the work of Holland et al. "Optimal control for the quantum simulation of nuclear dynamics" Physical Review A 101.6 (2020): 062307, where a quantum simulation of real-time neutron-neutron dynamics is proposed, in which the propagation of the system is enacted by a single dense multi-level gate derived from the nuclear spin-interaction at leading order (LO) of chiral effective field theory (EFT) through an optimal control technique. Hence, we will generalize the two neutron spin simulations, re-including spatial degrees of freedom with a hybrid algorithm. The spin dynamics are implemented within the quantum processor and the spatial dynamics are computed applying classical algorithms. We called this method classical-quantum coprocessing. The quantum simulations using optimized optimal control methods and discrete get set approach will be presented. By applying the coprocessing scheme through the optimal control, we have a possible bottleneck due to the requested classical computational time to compute the microwave pulses. A solution to this problem will be presented. Furthermore, an investigation of an improved way to efficiently compile quantum circuits based on the Similarity Renormalization Group will be discussed. This method simplifies the compilation in terms of digital gates. The most important result contained in this thesis is the development of an algorithm for performing an imaginary time propagation on a quantum chip. It belongs to the class of methods for evaluating the ground state of a quantum system, based on operating a Wick rotation of the real time evolution operator. The resulting propagator is not unitary, implementing in some way a dissipation mechanism that naturally leads the system towards its lowest energy state. Evolution in imaginary time is a well-known technique for finding the ground state of quantum many-body systems. It is at the heart of several numerical methods, including Quantum Monte Carlo techniques, that have been used with great success in quantum chemistry, condensed matter and nuclear physics. The classical implementations of imaginary time propagation suffer (with few exceptions) of an exponential increase in the computational cost with the dimension of the system. This fact calls for a generalization of the algorithm to quantum computers. The proposed algorithm is implemented by expanding the Hilbert space of the system under investigation by means of ancillary qubits. The projection is obtained by applying a series of unitary transformations having the effect of dissipating the components of the initial state along excited states of the Hamiltonian into the ancillary space. A measurement of the ancillary qubit(s) will then remove such components, effectively implementing a "cooling" of the system. The theory and testing of this method, along with some proposals for improvements will be thoroughly discussed in the dedicated chapter.

Os experimentos realizados e apresentados nesta dissertação resultaram na caracterização neutrônica de núcleos na configuração cilíndrica com 30 varetas combustíveis de diâmetro com um espaço, criado pela retirada de 16 varetas centrais, preenchido com água leve (H2O) ou água pesada (D2O) no reator nuclear de pesquisa IPEN/MB-01. Nestes núcleos, efetuou-se experimentos de correlação de canais nucleares, calibração de barras de controle e irradiação de detectores de ativação de diversos materiais em forma de folhas, cujas faixas energéticas de atuação abrangem grande parte do espectro de nêutrons do núcleo do reator, para a obtenção de parâmetros nucleares, como excessos de reatividade, reatividades totais, atividades saturadas por núcleo alvo, razões espectrais, razões de cádmio e fluxo de nêutrons multigrupo. Com a irradiação de fios de ativação de ouro na parte radial foram obtidas as formas espaciais dos fluxos de nêutrons térmicos e epitérmicos. Os resultados mostraram as características espectrais dessa nova configuração com o espaço das 16 varetas combustíveis preenchido com os dois materiais moderadores. No espaço com a água leve houve um aumento significativo de 294% do fluxo de nêutrons térmicos em comparação com a configuração padrão retangular de 28×26 varetas combustíveis. Com a água pesada aumentou-se a reatividade do sistema com &rho; = (783 ± 54) pcm a mais de excesso de reatividade que na configuração com água leve. Os resultados calculados foram simulados nos códigos computacionais MCNP5, SANDBP e CITATION, onde se obtiveram resultados acurados e precisos para as atividades saturadas por núcleo alvo, as distribuições energéticas e espaciais dos fluxos de nêutrons da parte ativa e de parte do refletor e as comparações diretas das seções de choque entre as razões espectrais experimentais e calculadas. / The experiments performed and presented in this thesis results in the neutronic characterization of the core with cylindrical configuration with 30 fuel rods diameter and a space, created by the removal of 16 central rods, filled with light water (H2O) or heavy water (D2O) in the IPEN/MB-01 nuclear research reactor. In these cores were performed experiments of nuclear channels correlation, control rod worth and irradiation of activation detectors of various materials in foils shapes, whose energy performances cover much of the reactor core neutron spectrum, to obtain nuclear parameters, such as, reactivity excesses, total reactivities, saturated activities per target nucleus, spectral ratios, cadmium ratios and multigroup neutron flux. Activation gold wires detectors were irradiated in radial part to obtain the spatial forms of thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes. The results show the spectral characteristics of this new configuration with the space of 16 fuel rods filled with the two moderator materials. In the space with light water there was a significant increase of 294% of the thermal neutron flux compared to standard rectangular configuration of 28×26 fuel rods. With heavy water the system reactivity was increased, more &rho; = (783 ± 54) pcm in excess reactivity than in the light water configuration. The calculated results were simulated in computational codes MCNP5, SANDBP and CITATION, where accurate and precise results were obtained for saturated activities per target nucleus, the energy and spatial distributions of the neutron fluxes for the active part and part of the reflector and the direct comparisons of cross sections between the experimental and calculated spectral ratios.