Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T15:38:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Márcia Suzanna.pdf: 3055575 bytes, checksum: 6bc6b37e92f9ee9ac23e94abb75174c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T15:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Márcia Suzanna.pdf: 3055575 bytes, checksum: 6bc6b37e92f9ee9ac23e94abb75174c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-23 / Atualmente, especialmente no Brasil, tem crescido a preocupação com o desempenho de estruturas sujeitas à ação de incêndios, devido aos riscos inerentes dessa situação. Por exemplo, somente em Pernambuco, no triênio 2011-2013, o Corpo de Bombeiros registrou a ocorrência média de 1600 incêndios/ano em edificações (residenciais, comerciais ou industriais). Catástrofes associadas a incêndios como esses podem resultar em elevados prejuízos financeiros, perda de patrimônio histórico/cultural, danos ao meio ambiente, além das irreparáveis perdas de vidas humanas, como as registradas na boate Kiss em Santa Maria – RS em 2013. Este trabalho visou analisar o desempenho ao fogo de pilares em aço, devido à grande relevância desse elemento para o projeto estrutural e, consequentemente, para segurança da edificação. Diversos fatores influenciam o comportamento de pilares em situação de incêndio, por exemplo: o esforço solicitante do serviço ao qual o pilar está submetido, a forma e dimensões da seção transversal, o índice de esbeltez do pilar e o comportamento das propriedades mecânicas e características dos materiais sob temperaturas elevadas. Devido à complexidade da influência dos parâmetros envolvidos na análise de estruturas em situação de incêndio, a resistência ao fogo dos elementos estruturais, como pilares, é determinada experimentalmente. No entanto, em geral, esses ensaios são caros e difíceis de serem realizados. Isso, por muitas vezes, inviabiliza o estudo de um número maior de amostras, não permitindo um melhor entendimento do problema. Nesse sentido, os modelos numéricos são de extrema importância para o estudo de estruturas em situação de incêndio, uma vez que tem sido possível reproduzi-los em razão dos avanços das técnicas de solução e modelagem numérica. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver modelos numéricos tridimensionais em elementos finitos para simular o comportamento de pilares em aço em situação de incêndio, permitindo a utilização desses modelos em análises paramétricas futuras para a determinação da resistência ao fogo de pilares. Testaram-se dois programas largamente utilizados na análise numérica de estruturas: o ANSYS e o ABAQUS. Validaram-se por comparação os resultados numéricos com experimentos publicados na literatura internacional e nacional. Consideraramse relevantes para a determinação da resistência ao fogo os seguintes parâmetros: nível de carga, rigidez da estrutura circundante, formas e dimensões da seção transversal. Os resultados apontaram que os modelos e estratégicas numéricas utilizadas mostraram-se adequados para fins de análises térmicas e termoestruturais, sendo capazes de prever o comportamento térmico e mecânico dos pilares tubulares de aço em situação de incêndio, com boa correlação com os resultados experimentais. As colunas apresentaram tempos críticos inferiores aos divulgados na literatura. O aumento da rigidez axial não influenciou de maneira significativa nos tempos críticos das análises. As forças de restrições relativas foram maiores para os menores níveis de cargas. / Currently, especially in Brazil, the performance of structures subjected to fire action has been a great concert, due to the risks inherent in this situation. For example, only in Pernambuco, in the triennium 2011-2013, the Fire Department reported the increase of 1600 fires per year in buildings (residential, commercial or industrial). Disasters associated with fire as these can result in significant financial loss; historical, cultural, environmental damage, in addition to irreparable losses of human life as occurred in the Kiss nightclub in Santa Maria - RS (2013). This work aims to analyze the performance of steel columns on fire due to the great importance of this element for the structural design and the consequent safety of the building. Several factors influence the behavior of columns in fire situation, quotes, for example, the load level at which the post is submitted, the form and dimensions of the cross section, the slenderness ratio of the column and the behavior of the mechanical properties and characteristics of materials under elevated temperatures. Because of the complexity of the parameters involved in the analysis of structures in case of fire, the fire resistance of structural elements like pillars is determined experimentally. However, in general, these tests are expensive and difficult to perform. This often negatively affects the study of a large number of samples, not allowing a better understanding of the problem. In this sense the numerical models are extremely important for the study of structures in fire, as it has been possible to play them because of advances in solving techniques and numerical modeling. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop three-dimensional numerical models in finite elements to simulate the behavior of steel columns in fire situation, allowing the use of models in future parametric analysis to determine the fire resistance of columns. Two programs widely used in numerical analysis of structures were tested: ANSYS and ABAQUS. The numerical results were validated by comparison with experiments published in the international and national literature. Relevant parameters to the determination of the fire resistance were considered: load level, stiffness of the surrounding structure, shape and dimensions of the transverse section were considered.

Um modelo oceânico de 1 ½ camadas é desenvolvido e acoplado ao modelo atmosférico tridimensional de meso escala TVM-NH, com a finalidade de estudar a interação entre a circulação atmosférica e o fenômeno de ressurgência costeira na região de Cabo Frio (RJ Brasil). A condição de contorno do modelo oceânico foi testada e provou ser pouco reflexiva. O modelo oceânico demonstrou ser capaz de representar a distribuição espacial e evolução temporal da temperatura da superfície do mar na região de estudo. O modelo acoplado foi então utilizado para estudar a influência conjunta entre a ressurgência costeira e a circulação de brisa marítima. Verificou-se que a brisa marítima intensifica a ressurgência, mas a ressurgência não intensifica a brisa marítima e, portanto, não foi verificada a retroalimentação positiva entre os dois fenômenos. Resultados mostraram que a cobertura do solo não tem influência significativa na circulação atmosférica da região, porém a topografia é fator determinante dos padrões de circulação atmosférica e é a causadora dos jatos de baixos níveis encontrados na região, devendo ser considerada em estudos sobre as circulações atmosférica e oceânica da região. Com ventos predominantes de NE, a topografia acelera o vento em superfície, intensificando indiretamente o fenômeno de ressurgência costeira, e o ar marinho penetra no continente, aumentando a estabilidade estática da atmosfera. Com ventos predominantes de SW, o padrão de ressurgência é interrompido, aumentando a temperatura da superfície do mar, transportando ar continental sobre o oceano e diminuindo a estabilidade da atmosfera. No período de inverno, na situação de interrupção do padrão de ressurgência, a atmosfera é menos estável, principalmente sobre o oceano, e somente nessa situação é observada a presença de brisa terrestre. As correntes oceânicas em superfície, na situação com ressurgência, têm direção principal de nordeste, e, na situação sem ressurgência, têm direção principal de sudeste. O acoplamento dos modelos foi um importante instrumento para o estudo das características da camada limite atmosférica da região de Cabo Frio, pois, nessa região, a circulação atmosférica, a topografia, a circulação oceânica e a evolução espacial e temporal da temperatura da superfície do mar estão fortemente inter-relacionadas. / A 1½-layer oceanic model is developed and coupled to the three-dimensional mesoscale atmospheric model, TVM-NH, to study the interaction between the atmospheric circulation and the coastal upwelling phenomenon at the Cabo Frio area (RJ Brazil). The boundary condition of the oceanic model was tested and it proved to be weakly reflective. The ocean model has been shown to represent the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the sea surface temperature in the region of study. The coupled model was then used to study the combined influence of coastal upwelling and sea breeze circulation and it was found that the sea breeze intensifies the upwelling, but the upwelling does not enhance the sea breeze. Therefore, it was not found a positive feedback between coastal upwelling and sea breeze. Results showed that the soil cover has no significant influence on the atmospheric circulation in the region, but the topography plays an important role on the pattern of the atmospheric circulation. The topography is the cause of the low level jets found in the area and, therefore, it should be considered in studies of atmospheric and oceanic circulations. With NE prevailing winds, the topography accelerates the surface winds, indirectly intensifying the coastal upwelling phenomenon, and the marine air penetrates over the continent, increasing the static stability of the atmosphere. With SW prevailing winds, the upwelling pattern is disrupted, increasing the sea surface temperature, transporting continental air over the ocean and increasing the instability of the atmosphere. During winter, when the upwelling pattern is disrupted, the atmosphere is less stable, especially over the ocean, and only in this situation it is observed the presence of land-breeze circulation. The surface ocean currents, during upwelling, are mainly from NE direction and, without upwelling, are mainly from SE direction. The coupled model was an important tool for studying the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer in the region of Cabo Frio, because, in this region, the atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean circulation and the spatial and temporal evolution of the sea surface temperature are strongly interrelated.

Orientador: Tiago Zenker Gireli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:59:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_MariaClaraAlbuquerque_M.pdf: 5039354 bytes, checksum: a1154bd21fff2cdbc5fea64c2847399d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os reservatórios de barragens são lagos artificiais e sofrem processo de sedimentação desde sua implantação, em decorrência das alterações hidráulicas provocadas no curso fluvial onde se instalou a barragem. Tal processo se encontra em estágio avançado no trecho de remanso do reservatório da Usina Hidroelétrica de Barra Bonita, localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo e vem causando dificuldades ao transporte hidroviário. A usina, por sua vez, está instalada na Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná, a mais importante hidrovia do país, responsável pelo escoamento de uma parcela significativa da produção agrícola de exportação. Esta dissertação se propôs a estimar o volume, a taxa anual de assoreamento e a evolução espacial dos depósitos de leito observada no trecho especificado, a partir de uma metodologia que envolve a geração de modelos digitais de elevação e modelagem numérica em ambiente computacional. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível reconhecer os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de sedimentação no reservatório em estudo, permitindo assim o posterior estudo e implementação de medidas estruturais e não estruturais, que visem minimizar os impactos deste processo de sedimentação à navegação na hidrovia Tietê-Paraná / Abstract: The dam reservation is an artificial lake and the sedimentation process occurs since its inception, due to hydraulic changes caused on the natural river where the dam is installed. This process is at an advanced stage in the backwater stretch of the hydroelectric plant's reservoir of Barra Bonita, located within the State of Sao Paulo and has been causing difficulties for water transportation. The plant, in turn, is installed in the Tietê-Paraná, the most important waterway in the country, responsible for disposing of a significant portion of agricultural production for export. This dissertation aimed to estimate the volume, the annual rate of sedimentation and spatial evolution of the deposits observed in the bed section specified, from a methodology that involves the generation of digital elevation models and numerical modeling in computational environment. The results presented here were positive to recognize the mechanisms involved in the sedimentation reservoir under study, as well as create subsidies for the adoption of structural and nonstructural to minimize the impact of the sedimentation process in the navigation Tiete-Parana waterway / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Tiago Zenker Gireli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T16:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_AntonioHenriqueSoaresDutraGomes_M.pdf: 2377456 bytes, checksum: 1250c7ddc6a6ff4e0c3926d653fab182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os cursos fluviais são regidos por diversos fenômenos físicos que interagem influenciando as características hidromorfodinâmicas do escoamento. O transporte de sedimentos é um destes fenômenos e interfere no equilíbrio dinâmico de um rio, isto é, numa situação estável do curso d'água, material sólido é carreado e depositado sem que sejam percebidas alterações significativas nas formas fluviais. Este equilíbrio pode ser alterado por vários motivos, sendo frequente ocorrer após a construção de barramentos transversais ao curso d'água que tenham por finalidade acumular água para múltiplos usos. Um dos principais impactos associados a estas obras de infraestrutura é a diminuição drástica da capacidade de transporte do escoamento a montante e da vazão sólida a jusante. Tal processo se encontra em evolução no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) de Barra Bonita localizada no rio Tietê, no estado de São Paulo, sobretudo no trecho de remanso. O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar a aplicabilidade dos dados de campo na modelagem hidrodinâmica do reservatório da UHE de Barra Bonita-SP. Avalia-se a qualidade das informações para o processo de modelagem numérica por meio de simulações computacionais e comparações entre levantamentos de campo. Desenvolveu-se o estudo utilizando dados de batimetria e hidrológicos, ferramenta computacional específica para modelagem da hidráulica de escoamentos livres e levantamentos topográficos expeditos. Verificou-se a necessidade de executar levantamentos de dados de campo que tenham por objetivo gerar bases de dados para aplicação em modelagem hidrossedimentológica, isto é, é necessário que a coleta de dados seja feita com maior rigor e maior nível de detalhamento visando utilizá-los tanto para fins de navegação e monitoramento e operação de aproveitamentos hidrelétricos, quanto para fins de modelagem. Como resultados são apresentados e discutidos os problemas associados à modelagem numérica hidrodinâmica de reservatórios e propostos os requisitos necessários (desejáveis e mínimos) na aquisição de informações de campos para geração de base de dados com finalidade de modelagem numérica / Abstract: Different physical phenomena interact influencing the hydrodynamic flows characteristics; rivers are governed by them. The sediment transport, one of these phenomena, directly interferes within the dynamic balance of a river, that is, in a stable situation, solid material is carried and deposited without substantial changes in river morphology. Many reasons could modify dynamic balance; it is usual to occur after the construction of multiple uses dams. One of the main impacts associated with these infrastructure projects is the drastic decrease in the amount of flow transport capacity and solid flow downstream. This process is evolving in the reservoir of the Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) of Barra Bonita, in Tietê river, in the state of São Paulo, especially in the backwater stretch This research aims to verify the applicability of field data in the hydrodynamic modeling of the Barra Bonita-SP reservoir, assessing the quality of information through numerical simulations and comparisons between field surveys. The study was conducted using real data of bathymetry and hydrology, as well as specific software for flows with free surfaces. It is necessary to gather field data aiming to generate databases for use in hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling. That is, data collection accuracy is needed, as well as greater detailing. As a result are presented problems associated to the hydrodynamic modeling of reservoirs and are proposed the required requisites (desirable and minimum) for the field data acquisition. Keywords: River morphodynamic. Sediment transport. Siltation. Numerical model / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Le rayonnement d'un haut-parleur monté sur une enceinte est généralement caractérisé par des mesures ou une simulation par la méthode des éléments finis. Cependant, ces méthodes de référence restent très coûteuses et ne permettent pas une interprétation physique des résultats. Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons deux modèles analytiques pour prédire ce rayonnement, dans le cadre d'une application à une barre de son. Le premier modèle consiste à assimiler la géométrie de la barre de son à un sphéroïde. De cette manière, les variables sont séparées et on peut trouver une solution analytique sous la forme d'une somme d’harmoniques sphéroïdales. On décrira chaque étape de la méthode, ainsi que la comparaison des résultats à ceux des méthodes de référence. On développera particulièrement le calcul pour un haut-parleur circulaire sur le sphéroïde et la mise en place d'un critère de troncature des harmoniques. Ce modèle fonctionne bien en basse-fréquence, mais ne peut pas rendre compte de tous les phénomènes de diffraction par l'enceinte en haute fréquence. Pour celles-ci, la diffraction du champ sonore par les arêtes de l'enceinte devient non négligeable. Nous avons donc développé un second modèle analytique, basé sur une formulation intégrale de cette diffraction. Celle-ci est vue comme un ensemble de sources secondaires localisées sur les arêtes. On montrera comment établir ce modèle et on donnera des détails sur son implémentation. L'application de ce modèle permet d'interpréter physiquement le rayonnement d'une barre de son, et donc de conclure sur la validité du modèle sphéroïdal. On montre également comment les arêtes du baffle d'une enceinte entraînent des effets d'interférences constructives, qui peuvent induire un gain allant jusqu’à 3 dB. Ces effets entraînent également un phénomène contre-intuitif : si le haut-parleur n'est pas centré sur le baffle, la direction du maximum d'intensité du rayonnement tend à se décaler vers le côté opposé au décalage du haut-parleur sur le baffle. / The radiation from a loudspeaker mounted on a box shaped enclosure is usually characterized by measurements or simulations based on finite element method. However, these reference methods are still very expensive and do not allow for a physical interpretation of the results. In this manuscript, two analytical models are proposed to predict this radiation, within the framework of the application to a sound bar. The first model consists of assimilating the sound bar geometry to a spheroid. In this way, the variables are separated and an analytical solution can be found in the form of a sum of spheroidal harmonics. The calculation for a circular loudspeaker on the spheroid, as well as a harmonic truncation criterion, is detailed. Each step of the method will be described, as well as the comparison of the results with the reference methods. The calculation for a circular loudspeaker on the spheroid and the implementation of a harmonic truncation criterion will be developed. This model works well at low-frequency, but cannot account for the diffraction phenomena, which come from the enclosure and appear at high-frequency. Therefore, we have developed a second analytical model based on an integral formulation of the diffraction. This model is seen as a set of secondary sources located on the edges of the enclosure. It will be shown how to establish this model and how it can be implemented. This model allows us to interpret the radiation of a sound bar, and therefore allows us to conclude on the validity of the spheroidal model. It also shows how the baffle edges of a loudspeaker enclosure lead to constructive interference effects, resulting in a gain up to 3 dB. These effects also lead to a counterintuitive phenomenon: if the speaker is not centered on the baffle, the direction of maximum radiation intensity tends to shift to the opposite side of the speaker offset on the baffle.

The condition of fluid flow has been proven to have a significant influence on a wide variety of material processes. In electromagnetic levitation (EML) experiments, the internal flow is driven primarily by electromagnetic forces. In 1-g, the positioning forces are very strong and the internal flows are turbulent. To reduce the flows driven by the levitation field, experiments may be performed in reduced gravity and parabolic flights experiments have been adopted as the support in advance. Tracer particles on the surface of levitated droplets in EML experiment performed by SUPOS have been used to investigate the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. A sample of NiAl3 was electromagnetically levitated in parabolic flight and the laminar-turbulent transition observed from the case was studied in this work. For the sample with clearly visible tracer patterns, the fluid flow has been numerical evaluated with magnetohydrodynamic models and the laminar-turbulent transition happened during the acceleration of the flow, instead of steady state. The Reynolds number at transition was estimated approximately as 860 by the experiment record. The predicted time to transition obtained from the results of simulation showed significant difference (~ up to 300 times) compared with the time obtained from the experiment—0.37s. The discrepancy between numerical and experimental results could not be explained by the proposed hypotheses: geometry, boundary conditions or solid core. The simulations predict that the flow would become turbulent almost instantaneously after the droplet was fully molten. There are important physics shown by the simulation which were not captured.

The recognition of fault-perturbed stress fields is an important tool in areas of mineral or hydrocarbon exploration. The Bowie underground coal mines of western Colorado expose a reverse-reactivated growth fault that perturbed the stress field during cleat (fracture) formation, rotating cleat orientations up to 500 m on both sides of the fault. Two unusual fracture types are found only in coal adjacent to the fault: (1) concentric cleats, highly curved fractures that form blocks resembling balls or eggs and (2) horsetail cleats, striated surfaces that superficially resemble shattercones and result from shear failure in coal. Numerical models created with the boundary element program Poly3D were used to estimate the magnitudes and orientations of the paleostress axes during cleat formation, taking into account the depth of burial, 3-D fault orientation, elastic rock parameters, and far-field stress states. When the elastic rock parameters and modeled orientations of the stress axes are held constant, the relative stress ratio, R = (σ_1 — σ_2)/(σ_2 — σ_3), uniquely determines the orientations of fractures forming in the fault-perturbed stress field. Comparison of the models with systematic observations on both sides of the fault allows the selection of a best-fit model. If the depth of overburden during fracture formation is known, this technique can be used to estimate the magnitude of σ_1 in fault-perturbed areas. The rotated face cleats and unusual, fault-related cleat types provide unequivocal evidence of a fault when (1) the fault predates cleat formation and (2) the far-field horizontal stress during cleat formation is oblique to fault strike. In addition, the varying spatial association of these fault-perturbed cleat styles with the fault may provide a qualitative estimate of fault location while mining. Pre-existing faults also strongly control reactivation-related folding, which at formed several low-amplitude folds, including a footwall fold. Igneous sills in three Bowie coal seams show strong preference for fault zones. The recognition of similar fracture trends in other mining or exploration areas is a valuable tool that may significantly reduce economic or human cost by helping to mitigate fault-related hazards and highlighting potentially productive zones in faulted reservoirs.

This thesis describes efforts to improve the realism of numerical models of giant planet formation and migration in an attempt to better understand these processes. A new approach has been taken to the modelling of accretion, designed to mimic reality by allowing gas to accumulate upon a protoplanetary surface. Implementing this treatment in three-dimensional self-gravity radiation hydrodynamics calculations provides an excellent model for planet growth, allowing an exploration of the factors that affect accretion. Moreover, these calculations have also been extended to investigate the migration of protoplanets through their parent discs as they grow. When focusing on the growth of non-migrating protoplanets, the models are performed using small sections of disc, enabling excellent resolution right down to the core; gas structures and flow can be resolved on scales from ~ 10^4 to 10^11 metres. Using radiative transfer, these models reveal the importance of opacity in determining the accretion rates. For the low mass protoplanets, equivalent in mass to a giant planet core (~ 10 M⊕), the accretion rates were found to increase by up to an order of magnitude for a factor of 100 reduction in the grain opacity of the parent circumstellar disc. However, even these low opacities lead to growth rates that are an order of magnitude slower than those obtained in locally-isothermal conditions. For high mass protoplanets (>~ 100M⊕), the accretion rates show very little dependence upon opacity. Nevertheless, the rates obtained using radiative transfer are still lower than those obtained in locally-isothermal models by a factor of ~2, due to the release of accretion energy as heat. Only high mass protoplanets are found to be capable of developing circumplanetary discs, and this ability is dependent upon the opacity, as are the scaleheights of such discs. However, their radial extents were found to be independent of the opacity and the protoplanet mass, all reaching ≈ RH/3, inline with analytic predictions. Migration is investigated using global models, ensuring a self-consistently evolved disc. Using locally-isothermal calculations, it was found that the capture radius of an accreting sink particle, used to model a protoplanet without a surface, must be small (<< RH) to yield migration timescales consistent with linear theory of Type I migration. In the low mass regime of Type I migration, accreting sinks with such small radii yield timescales consistent with those models in which a protoplanetary surface is used. However, for high mass protoplanets, undergoing Type II migration, the surface treatment leads to faster rates of migration, indicating the importance of a realistic accretion model. Using radiative transfer, with high opacities, leads to a factor of ~ 3 increase in the migration timescale of the lowest mass protoplanets, improving their chances of survival. As suitable gas giant progenitors, their survival is key to understanding the growth of giant planets. An unexpected result of the radiative transfer was a reduction in the migration timescale of high mass planets. This appears to be a result of the less thoroughly evacuated gaps created by planets in non-locally-isothermal discs, which affects the corotation torque.

Trocadores de Calor Solo-Ar (TCSA) são dispositivos usados para melhorar o condicionamento térmico de ambientes construídos. Eles funcionam através da ventilação do ar por um ou mais dutos enterrados, utilizando o solo como fonte ou sumidouro de calor. Em virtude da defasagem entre as temperaturas do ar e das camadas superficiais da Terra, é possível resfriar o ar no verão e aquecê-lo no inverno. Seus princípios de operação baseiam-se na mecânica dos fluidos e transferência de calor, áreas onde a teoria Construtal tem sido usada para melhorar o desempenho, ou reduzir imperfeições, de vários sistemas térmicos, após uma estratégica análise de suas geometrias (ou de seu design), também chamada de método Design Construtal que se fundamenta na lei construtal. Dessa lei, projetos em engenharia devem começar, por exemplo, descobrindo as arquiteturas que facilitam o escoamento entre uma fonte pontual e um volume, ou vice-versa. Explorando esses conceitos para TCSA, onde a corrente é o calor que flui entre os dutos e o solo, esta tese objetiva centralmente avaliar o desempenho térmico desses dispositivos em função de possíveis desenhos de suas estruturas. Particularmente, isso foi feito: (1) usando um duto e variando seu diâmetro e vazão de ar; (2) inserindo novos dutos, até um total de cinco, mantendo a vazão de ar constante, e estudando diversas disposições geométricas. Numericamente, foram empregados dois modelos testados e validados a partir de dados experimentais, que foram simulados no código comercial de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional, FLUENT, o qual baseia-se em métodos de volumes finitos. As geometrias e malhas foram geradas no software GAMBIT. Dos resultados numéricos, esta tese também avançou desenvolvendo novos modelos para o conceito de potencial térmico instantâneo, que é uma medida das diferenças de temperatura entre a saída e a entrada dos dutos de TCSA. Descobriu-se que estes modelos podiam ser simplificados em termos de funções senoidais, facilitando análises e definições analíticas subsequentes, criando um quadro resumo para grandes volumes de dados simulados. Das avaliações dos resultados nos estudos com um duto, foram encontradas faixas para a obtenção de rendimentos térmicos anuais estimados em pelo menos 80%, com mudanças no diâmetro e/ou vazão do ar. Analisando múltiplos dutos, foram reveladas melhorias significativas de rendimento com: (1) o aumento no número de dutos; (2) a redução, até certos limites, da razão entre os espaçamentos verticais e horizontais entre eles; (3) a ampliação da razão entre o volume da instalação e o volume do domínio computacional. Destaca-se, ainda, que em todos os casos foram calculados balanços energéticos, com a estimativa das taxas (e quantidade) de calor trocado, bem como da energia elétrica consumida pelos ventiladores, mostrando sua viabilidade no condicionamento de ar com redução do consumo de energia elétrica. / The Earth-Air Heat Exchangers (EAHE) are devices used to improve the thermal conditions of built environments. They work by blowing the air inside buried ducts to use the soil as heat source or sink. Due to a phase difference between the air and ground temperatures, it is possible to cool the air in the summer and heat it in the winter. These operating principles are based on the areas of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, where the Constructal theory has been used to improve the performance, or reduce imperfections, of several thermal systems, after a strategic evaluation of their geometries (or their design), also called Constructal Design method, which is anchored by the constructal law. From this law, engineering projects should begin, for example, finding the architectures which ease the flow between a source point and a volume, or vice versa. Bringing these concepts to EAHE, where the current is the heat which flows between the ducts and the soil, this thesis mainly aims to assess the thermal performance of EAHE due to possible designs of their layouts. Particularly, this was done by: (1) adopting one duct and varying its diameter and/or the air flow; (2) using up to five ducts, keeping the air flow constant, and studying various geometric shapes. Numerically, two models were used, which have been tested and validated from experimental data, and the simulations were done in the CFD software FLUENT, which is based in the finite volume methods. The geometries and meshes were generated by the software GAMBIT. From the numerical results, this thesis also pursued developing new models for the concept of the instantaneous thermal potential, which is a measure of the temperatures differences between the ducts outlet and inlet. It was found that these models can be simplified in terms of sinusoidal functions, helping analysis, definitions, and creating a framework to summarize large volumes of simulated data. From the evaluation of the data in the studies with one duct, ranges for changes in their diameter and/or air flow were found to obtain at least 80% of estimated annual efficiency. Analyzing multiple ducts, significant improvements in efficiency were also obtained by: (1) increasing the number of ducts; (2) reducing, to some extent, the ratio between their vertical and horizontal spacings; (3) increasing the ratio between the installation volume and the computational domain. It should also be highlighted that in all cases the energy balances were computed, to find the rates (and amounts) of exchanged heat, as well as the electric energy consumed by the fans, showing the economic viability of using EAHE as devices for air conditioning.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier différents aspects microscopiques et macroscopiques liés à la présence de superfluidité dans les étoiles à neutrons. Dans un premier temps, nous avons calculé des configurations stationnaires d'étoiles à neutrons superfluides en rotation, en relativité générale, basées sur l'utilisation d'équations d'état réalistes. A l'aide de ces configurations d'équilibre, nous avons ensuite développé un modèle simple de glitch, en relativité générale, vu comme un transfert de moment cinétique entre les neutrons superfluides et les particules chargées constituant l'étoile. Cela nous a permis d'obtenir des temps caractéristiques de montée qui pourront être comparés à de futures observations précises de glitches afin d'apporter de meilleures contraintes sur l'intérieur de ces étoiles. Enfin, nous nous sommes également intéressés à la dynamique des vortex superfluides, en présence de tubes de flux, dans le cas où les protons dans le coeur des étoiles formeraient un supraconducteur de type II. / The aim of this thesis is to study different aspects, both microscopic and macroscopic, associated with the presence of a large amount of superfluid matter inside neutron stars. First, we computed stationary configurations of rotating superfluid neutron stars, in general relativity, using realistic equations of state. Based on these equilibrium configurations, we then developed a simple model of pulsar glitches, in general relativity, seen as angular momentum transfers between the superfluid neutrons and the charged particles composing the star. This enables us to infer spin-up time scales that could be compared with future accurate glitch observations, in order to get some constraints on the interior of neutron stars. Finally, we also focused on the dynamics of superfluid vortex lines, accounting for the presence of fluxtubes, if the protons are forming a type II superconductor in the core of neutron stars.