Bakgrund: I Sverige uppskattas att 29500 personer utvecklat ett problematiskt narkotikabruk. Droger påverkar hjärnans delar som är kopplade till känslor av lust och välbehag. Narkotika är beroendeframkallande, hälsofarligt och påverkar hela människan. I samhället förekommer fördomar mot personer som har substansmissbruk vilket kan leda till utanförskap, mindervärdeskänslor och minskad benägenhet att uppsöka sjukhusvård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors attityder och erfarenheter av att möta personer som har ett substansmissbruk samt att beskriva de valda artiklarnas datainsamlingsmetod. Metod: Litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design. Elva artiklar inkluderades i studien, 4 med enkäter, 1 enkät med öppen fråga och 6 intervjuer. Artikelsökning genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed. Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskor hade olika uppfattningar om orsaken till missbruk, där det ansågs bero på antingen brist på eget ansvar eller livsomständigheter. Sjuksköterskor beskrev personer som har ett substansmissbruk som manipulativa, våldsamma och krävande vilket byggde på tidigare erfarenheter. Andra sjuksköterskor hade ett holistiskt synsätt och såg människan bakom missbruket. Viktiga faktorer för en god relation var att vara ärlig och rak. Vidare beskrevs också att utbildning och erfarenhet hade betydelse för sjuksköterskans attityder och erfarenhet av personer som har ett substansmissbruk. Slutsats: I mötet spelar erfarenhet av missbruk, människosyn och utbildning stor roll för interaktionen mellan sjuksköterskan och personen som har ett missbruk. Där det råder brist på utbildning och erfarenhet finns känslor av misstro och frustration som leder till avståndstagande. Positiva attityder sammankopplas med sjuksköterskans förmåga att ha en helhetssyn och öppenhet mot personer som har ett missbruk. / Background: In Sweden it´s estimated that 29,500 people have developed a problematic drug abuse. Drugs affect the parts of the brain that affect feelings of desire and pleasure. Drugs are addictive, harmful to health and affects the whole person. The society’s stigma against people who have substance abuse can lead to alienation, inferiority and reduced tendency to seek hospital treatment. Aim: The aim of this literature review were to describe nurses' attitudes and their experience of meeting people who have a substance use disorder and to describe the selected articles method of data collection. Method: A literature study with descriptive design. Eleven articles was included in the study, 4 questionnaire, 1 questionnaire with an open question and 6 interviews. The search of the articles were carried out in the databases Cinahl and Pubmed. Findings: Nurses have different attitudes about the cause of substance use, some considered it to be because of lack of responsibility and others because of life circumstances. Nurses described people who have a substance use disorder as manipulative, violent and demanding, which was based on previous experiences. Other nurses had a more holistic approach and saw the person behind the substance use. Honesty and straightforwardness were important factors in meeting people with substance use disorder. Education and previous experience were important to the nurse's attitudes and experience. Conclusion: Experience, humanity and education played a major part in the interaction between the nurse and the person who has a substance use disorder. Where there is lack of education and experience feelings of distrust and frustration lead to rejection. Positive attitudes were linked to the nurse's ability to have a holistic approach and openness toward people who have a substance use disorder.

Bakgrund: Patienter med obotlig cancer har ofta kontakt med den palliativa vården, och kan mer eller mindre lida av oro och ångest. Sjuksköterskans ansvar och arbete för att tillgodose patientens behov och verka för en god omvårdnad anses vara viktigt. Omvårdnadsteoretikern Katie Eriksson har använts som grund i litteraturöversikten för att belysa upplevelsen av lidande, däribland oro och ångest. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans attityder till att bemöta oro och ångest, innefattande existentiella problem, hos patienter med obotlig cancer och vilka åtgärder som identifieras för att kunna främja ett gott bemötande inom palliativ vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 13 artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. Resultat: Resultatet påvisade att vikten av en trovärdig och delaktig kommunikation var betydande för att möjliggöra patientdelaktighet. Sjuksköterskor uttryckte behov av utbildning om hur de skall kunna bemöta patientens oro och ångest samt existentiella frågor. Attityden till att utföra åtgärder ansågs ha en avgörande roll för hur behov och känslor bemöts. Konklusion: Efterfrågan av vidare utbildning kring hur sjuksköterskorna bland annat skall bemöta oro och ångest identifierades hos patienterna. Sjuksköterskan har därför en central och viktig roll i den palliativa vården. / Background: Patients with severe cancer often have contact with the palliative care, and can suffer from anxiety more or less. Nurses job and responsibility to meet the patients needs and act for a good care. Nursing theorist Katie Eriksson has been used in this study to illuminate the experience of suffering, among them anxiety. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to illuminate nurses attitudes toward meeting anxiety, including existential issues, among patients with cancer, and relevant interventions, within palliative care. Method: A litterature review based on 13 scientific articles with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Result: The result showed the importance by a truthfulness and accessory communication was meaningful to enable patient accessory. The nurses indicate a need of further education on how to meet anxiety and existential issues among the patients. Their attitudes to perform different interventions finds to have a settling role on how needs and feelings are being treated. Conclusion: The need of further education and training on how the nurses shall treat anxiety was identificated among the patients. Nurses therefore have a central and important role in the palliative care.

This dissertation consists of three studies to assess nurses’ attitudes toward persons with mental illness. The first study was an integrative review of literature which revealed that surveyed nurses across 20 countries and three continents had mixed attitudes toward people with mental illness. While those attitudes mirrored attitudes of the general public and health providers in the United States, none of the identified studies explored nurses’ attitudes toward people with mental illness in the United States and none included a theoretical framework, showing several gaps in knowledge. Therefore, in the second paper of this dissertation two leading theories regarding stigma were analyzed and compared in order to select the best theoretical framework to guide a survey of psychiatric nurses’ attitudes toward the mentally ill, which comprises the third study of this dissertation. The Modified Labeling Theory (MLT) and the Cognitive Behavioral Models (CBM) were analyzed and evaluated. Since the MLT had strong empirical evidence, it was selected to guide the quantitative study that explored nurses’ attitudes toward people with mental illness. This exploration of 146 mental health workers and registered nurses’ attitudes in a 270-bed psychiatric hospital in New York examined three areas: it assessed respondents’ beliefs about devaluation and discrimination of people with mental illness and factors related to these beliefs; compared respondents’ expressed stigmatizing actions toward patients with schizophrenia or depression versus those with diabetes but no mental illness; and it assessed the extent to which study results were consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of the MLT. In general, respondents expressed the belief that people with mental illness would be devaluated and discriminated and expressed stronger desire for social distance from a person with schizophrenia than depression. Even though the respondents did not express a desire for social distance from a person with depression, they indicated their preference to be closer to a person with diabetes. Finally, the results of the study were consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of the MLT, confirming that the MLT is appropriate for use as a guiding theoretical framework for future research in nursing. Implications for future research, nursing education and practice are discussed.

Background: Deliberate self-harm is when an individual deliberately exposes themselves to an act that directly damage the individual's body. Many of those who intentionally injure themselves do so to deal with anxiety and the behavior is thus used as a kind of distraction from their feelings. Today's social outlook on self-injurious behavior is in general judgmental. To have an attitude is to be emotionally preset to a situation, person or an object. Patients who self-harm currently perceive care as negative, despite existing recommendations on how to care for the group of patients. The general nurse encounters this group of patients in many places, such as the emergency room and in health centers.   Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the nurse’s attitude towards patients who self-harm.   Method: General literature review based on ten articles where six were of quantitative design, one was qualitative and three were mixed method. Through critical review and selection criteria, the articles that responded to the purpose of the literature review were selected for further analysis.   Results: Three themes were extracted: The nurse’s preunderstanding, individual factors affecting the attitude and working conditions and its impact on the attitude.    Discussion: The results discussion the authors discusses education, stigma in the healthcare sector and the importance of reflecting attitudes. The authors themselves reflects on how the quality of the nurse and patient’s relationship could be more nursing in the future. Discussions are supported partly by Katie Eriksson's concept of "care suffering" as well as relevant studies and literature. / Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende är när en individ avsiktligt utsätter sig för handlingar som gör direkt skada på individens kropp. Många av de som avsiktligt skadar sig själva gör det för att hantera ångest. Dagens samhällssyn på självskadebeteende är överlag dömande. Att ha en attityd är att vara känslomässigt förinställd till en situation, person eller ett ting. Patienter med självskadebeteende uppfattar i dagsläget vården negativt, trots befintliga rekommendationer för bemötande. Allmänsjuksköterskan kommer i kontakt med denna patientgrupp på bland annat på akuten och vårdcentraler.   Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka sjuksköterskans attityd gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende.   Metod: En litteraturöversikt grundad på tio artiklar där sex var av kvantitativ design, en var kvalitativ och tre var mixed-method. Genom kritisk granskning samt urvalskriterier valdes de artiklar som svarade på litteraturöversiktens syfte ut för att analyseras vidare.   Resultat: Resultatet synliggjordes i tre huvudteman: Sjuksköterskans förförståelse, individuella faktorer som påverkar attityden samt arbetsförhållanden och dess påverkan på attityden.   Diskussion: I resultatdiskussionen diskuteras utbildning, stigmatisering i vårdsektorn samt vikten av att reflektera kring attityder. Författarna reflekterar över hur kvaliteten i sjuksköterske- och patientrelationen ska kunna bli mer vårdande i framtiden. Diskussionen stödjs delvis av Katie Erikssons teoribegrepp ”vårdlidande” samt relevanta studier och litteratur.

This study was designed to describe the attitudes of staff nurses toward patients who have Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and to determine if the 1989 Washington State licensing requirement for seven hours of AIDS education was effective in changing the attitudes of these nurses toward AIDS patients. Health care providers' attitudes toward patients with AIDS have been documented as differing from their attitudes toward patients with other debilitating conditions (cancer, diabetes, heart disease) in that they place more blame for getting the disease on those with AIDS, they tend to have some degree of homophobia, and they are sometimes overly cautions in using protective procedures around these patients. The consequence of these attitudes can be seen in the nursing care received by some of these patients: insensitive comments and avoidance behavior by staff.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Självskadebeteendet betraktas som ett folkhälsoproblem vilket har uppmärksammats mer på senare tid. Vårdpersonal möter denna patientgrupp inom olika vårdenheter då patienter med självskadebeteende kommer in på akutmottagningar för skador de vållat själv. <strong>Syftet </strong>var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. <strong>Metod:</strong> Studien gjordes som en litteraturstudie där datainsamling genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PsycINFO. En granskning gjordes av sju artiklar som svarade på studiens syfte. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Betydande faktorer visade att vårdpersonalen yttrar olika emotionella uttryck så som frustration och medkänsla i kontakt med patienter med ett självskadebeteende, och andra avgörande faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder, vilket kunde vara brist på tid och otillräcklig kompetens. <strong>Diskussion:</strong> För att kunna förstå denna patientgrupp bör underliggande faktorer belysas, vilket kan då påverka vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> Det finns ett behov av att identifiera faktorer som skapar negativa attityder inom sjukvården. Studier bekräftar att vårdpersonalen önskar ökad kompetensutbildning.</p> / <p> </p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Self-injury regarded as a public health problem which has attracted attention more recently. Caregivers face this group of patients in different care units where patients with self-injury come into the emergency room for injuries they caused themselves. <strong>Aim: </strong>The aim was to describe factors that affect nursing staff attitudes to patients with self-injury. <strong>Method: </strong>The study was done as a literature in which data collection was conducted in the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO. An examination was made of seven articles that responded to the study purpose. <strong>Results: </strong>Significant factors revealed that caregivers respond different emotional expressions as frustration and compassion in contact with patients with a self-injury, and other crucial factors that influence health professionals' attitudes, which could be a shortage of time and insufficient skills. <strong>Discussion: </strong>In order to understand this population should be highlighted underlying factors, which may then affect the health professionals' attitudes towards patients with self-injury. Conclusion: There is a need to identify factors that create negative attitudes in health care. Studies confirm that nursing staff would increase skills training.</p><p> </p>

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteendet betraktas som ett folkhälsoproblem vilket har uppmärksammats mer på senare tid. Vårdpersonal möter denna patientgrupp inom olika vårdenheter då patienter med självskadebeteende kommer in på akutmottagningar för skador de vållat själv. Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. Metod: Studien gjordes som en litteraturstudie där datainsamling genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PsycINFO. En granskning gjordes av sju artiklar som svarade på studiens syfte. Resultat: Betydande faktorer visade att vårdpersonalen yttrar olika emotionella uttryck så som frustration och medkänsla i kontakt med patienter med ett självskadebeteende, och andra avgörande faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder, vilket kunde vara brist på tid och otillräcklig kompetens. Diskussion: För att kunna förstå denna patientgrupp bör underliggande faktorer belysas, vilket kan då påverka vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. Slutsats: Det finns ett behov av att identifiera faktorer som skapar negativa attityder inom sjukvården. Studier bekräftar att vårdpersonalen önskar ökad kompetensutbildning. / Background: Self-injury regarded as a public health problem which has attracted attention more recently. Caregivers face this group of patients in different care units where patients with self-injury come into the emergency room for injuries they caused themselves. Aim: The aim was to describe factors that affect nursing staff attitudes to patients with self-injury. Method: The study was done as a literature in which data collection was conducted in the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO. An examination was made of seven articles that responded to the study purpose. Results: Significant factors revealed that caregivers respond different emotional expressions as frustration and compassion in contact with patients with a self-injury, and other crucial factors that influence health professionals' attitudes, which could be a shortage of time and insufficient skills. Discussion: In order to understand this population should be highlighted underlying factors, which may then affect the health professionals' attitudes towards patients with self-injury. Conclusion: There is a need to identify factors that create negative attitudes in health care. Studies confirm that nursing staff would increase skills training.

This thesis examined the relationship among sex role attributes of registered nurses and their professional attitudes. The study was centered in a number of 200-bed or larger medical-surgical hospitals located in Northeastern Indiana. Nonadministrative female staff R.N.s employed to work at least 32 hours per week comprised the sample population. The instruments for measurement were (1) a 25item professional attitudinal scale developed by Richard Hall, and (2) Sandra L. Bemis Sex Role Inventory.A multiple regression analysis was computed using the questionnaire results. The independent variables were age, number of years of active practice, masculine score, feminine score, and masculine-feminine interaction. The dependent variable was degree of professionalism. The findings revealed that those nurses scoring higher on the femininity subscale of the Bem Sex Role Inventory scored higher on the total Professionalism Scale than subjects endorsing a high degree of masculine traits. Older nurses and nurses with a greater number of years of practice demonstrated a higher degree of professionalism when compared with younger, less experienced nurses. Other findings revealed that nurses endorsing high levels of feminine traits on the Bem Sex Role Inventory manifested a strong belief in self regulation; nurses endorsing high levels of masculine traits on the Bem Sex Role Inventory employed use of the professional organization as a major referent most consistently.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The present study, based on Lazarus' cognitive theory, identified coping strategies utilized by psychiatric nurses, and examined correlations between social support, perceived threat and coping effectiveness. The correlational design utilized a convenience sample of registered nurses holding membership in the Indiana State Nurses' Association Council on Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Practice. Subjects completed a demographic sheet, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, Jalowiec Coping Scale, McNett Coping Effectiveness Questionnaire, and a one-item threat evaluation scale. Problem-focused coping was preferred by the sample. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between social support and coping effectiveness, a significant negative correlation between threat and coping effectiveness, and a non-significant negative correlation between social support and threat. Conclusions were psychiatric nurses utilize problem-focused coping strategies, there was a significant relationship betweeen social support and coping effectiveness, and threat and coping effectiveness, and a nonsignificant relationship between social support and threat. / School of Nursing

The main purpose of this study was to examine nurses' attitudes toward caring for patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The study also compared the attitudes of nurses who had cared for AIDS patients with the attitudes of nurses who had not cared for AIDS patients. Educational background was also examined to see if education influences attitudes. The Ajzen-Fishbein Model of Reasoned Action was the framework used for this study.A descriptive design was used for the purpose of gaining more information regarding nurses' attitudes toward caring for patients with AIDS. A random sample of all registered nurses in the state of Indiana was used for this study. The data obtained were analyzed using frequency distributions, independent t-tests, and analysis of variance.Nurses in general are sill uncomfortable with caring for AIDS patients. Between 40% and 50% of nurses are fearful of contracting the AIDS virus and fearful of putting their family at risk. On the other hand, approximately the same percentage are comfortable caring for AIDS patients. Furthermore, nurses believe that health care agencies should care for AIDS patients, but believe that nurses should have the right to refuse to care for AIDS patients.Results of this study indicated that educational background does not influence nurses' attitudes toward caring for patients with AIDS. However, as nurses have more experience caring for patients with AIDS, they appear to develop more positive attitudes. / School of Nursing