Orientador: João Luiz Cardoso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T16:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sampaio_MariadeFatimaArchanjo_D.pdf: 2220999 bytes, checksum: 7ccd231d0c3c8f0d2b4cc50307f4f006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os padrões de produção e de consumo de alimentos que hoje prevalecem nos países economicamente avançados se propagam em nível mundial enquanto 800 milhões de pessoas estão desnutridas no mundo, representando 13% da população mundial, segundo dados da FAO para 1996. Atualmente, na América Latina, os pobres representam 40% da população e 11% são subnutridos de acordo com a Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe (CEPAL). A urgência de medidas corretivas é inegável. É indispensável que a movimentação de recursos para a agricultura, setor fundamental para a segurança alimentar nos países em desenvolvimento, avance em direção às mudanças desejadas. Este trabalho gera indicativos para aperfeiçoamento de modelos de produção e fornece subsídios para orientar ações de políticas públicas, sobretudo, analisando diversos aspectos da agricultura latino-americana e as relações existentes entre esta e a segurança alimentar da população envolvida. Os dados (1999, 2000, 2001) utilizados foram provenientes do banco de dados estatísticos da Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura (FAOSTAT). Aliados ao trabalho aprofundado de revisão bibliográfica, foram utilizados os métodos de análise fatorial em componentes principais e análise hierárquica. O ¿software¿ STAT-ITCF , do ¿Institut Technique de Céréales et des Fourrages¿(França) e o ¿Statistical Packet for Social Sciences¿ ¿ SPSS (EUA) foram utilizados para processar as técnicas de análises multivariadas. De maneira geral, este trabalho pôde revelar disparidades existentes e conduzir o exame das dificuldades que determinados países possuem, para orientar as suas respectivas diretrizes no sentido de viabilizar seus padrões agroalimentares compatíveis com um estado nutricional mais adequado e, sob os pontos de vista sociais, econômicos, culturais e ambientais, mais compatíveis com os conceitos recentes de sustentabilidade / Abstract: Prevailing patterns of food production and consumption are spreading throughout the world, while 800 million people in the world are malnourished, representing 13% of the world population, according to 1996 FAO data. Currently in Latin America, 40% of the population is poor and 11% undernourished, according to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.The urgent need for corrective measures is undeniable. The mobilization of resources for agriculture, which is fundamental for food security in developing countries, must advance in the direction of desired changes. This study, which analyzes various aspects of the relationship between Latin American agriculture and the food security of the populations involved, it generates indicative for improvement of production models and it supplies subsidies to guide actions of public politics. The data utilized (1999, 2000, 2001) were from the FAO statistical data base (FAOSTAT). Beans, beef and veal, cassava, eggs, fish (seafood), fruit, maize, milk, rice, pigmeat, potatoes, poultry meat, vegetables, vegetables oil, sugar and wheat were choosen to compose this analysis. We used factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis as the fundamental methodology. This multivariate analysis revealed existing disparities and difficulties of certain countries, and offers guidance for making agro-food patterns more compatible with appropriate nutritional goals, as well as more sustainable from social, economic, cultural, and environmental perspectives / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

This study examines rural household food security and its determinants in drought-prone Amhara Region of Ethiopia by focusing on Lay Gaint district as a case study site. A range of factors from physical environmental circumstances to policy and institutions-related issues determine households‟ vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood outcomes. The survey results showed that the majority (74%) of the sampled households experienced food insecurity. The situation was worse among female-headed households such that 86% of them were food insecure. The study revealed that, despite the low level of productivity related to local environmental constraints, rural livelihoods remain undiversified with small scale rain-fed agriculture to provide the primary source of livelihood for the large majority of households (~93% of respondents). Only about 25% of the respondents participated in some form of non-farm or off-farm activities, but with only little contribution to their total annual incomes. Food insecurity is a chronic problem in that, on average, households in the study area consume from own production for only about six months. The study found out that the majority of households (about 80%) perceived annual rainfall to be inadequate to support the growing of crops and grazing of animals. The main adaptive strategies employed by the majority of households included diversifying livestock kept, planting trees and diversifying crops. The study revealed that incidence, depth and severity of food insecurity of the food insecure households showed that Woina-Dega and Kolla agro-ecologies are prone to vulnerability to food insecurity. This suggests that development interventions that are geographically differentiated; and build household assets will improve household food security in the study area, and in other similar environments in the country. / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)

BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence shows that diabetes may provoke uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. However, racial differences in the associations of diabetes with uncontrolled BP outcomes among diagnosed hypertensive patients have not been evaluated. METHODS: A total of 6,134 diagnosed hypertensive subjects aged ≥ 20 years were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008 with a stratified multistage design. Odds ratios (ORs) and relative ORs of uncontrolled BP and effect differences in continuous BP for diabetes over race/ethnicity were derived using weighted logistic regression and linear regression models. RESULTS: Compared with participants who did not have diabetes, non-Hispanic black participants with diabetes had a 138% higher chance of having uncontrolled BP, Mexican participants with diabetes had a 60% higher chance of having uncontrolled BP, and non-Hispanic white participants with diabetes had a 161% higher chances of having uncontrolled BP. The association of diabetes with uncontrolled BP was lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks and whites (Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic blacks: relative OR = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.82; Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic whites: relative OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35-0.80) and the association of diabetes with isolated uncontrolled systolic BP was lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites (Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic whites: relative OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40-0.96). Mexican Americans have a stronger association of diabetes with decreased systolic BP and diastolic BP than non-Hispanic whites, and a stronger association of diabetes with decreased diastolic BP than non-Hispanic blacks. CONCLUSIONS: The association of diabetes with uncontrolled BP outcomes is lower despite higher prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites. The stronger association of diabetes with BP outcomes in whites should be of clinical concern, considering they account for the majority of the hypertensive population in the United States.