Två identiteter som den interna revisorn på ett universitet upplever är en professionell och organisatorisk identitet. Medvetet eller omedvetet behöver den interna revisorn beakta när den professionella och organisatoriska identiteten uttrycks då identiteterna har positiva samt negativa aspekter i rollen som internrevisor. Syftet med studien var att skapa förståelse för hur den interna revisorns professionella och organisatoriska identitet balanseras samt uttrycks i praktiken. Detta gjordes genom att identifiera problematiska situationer och analysera spänningar. Social Identitetsteori har använts som grund för studien och tidigare forskning inom identitet, identifiering och revisorer har kompletterat teorin. Kvalitativa intervjuer med interna revisorer på universitet har utgjort det empiriska materialet för att fånga problematiska situationerna. Resultaten indikerar på att de interna revisorerna i studien upplever problematiska situationer när relationerna med de anställda och det professionella arbetet hamnar i konflikt. Förtroende hos de anställda ses vara en anledning till att spänningar upplevs och skapar konflikter mellan den professionella och organisatoriska identiteten. Den organisatoriska identitetens intresse ses värdesätta förtroende hos de anställda medan den professionella identitetens intresse ses värdesätta en oberoende och objektiv ställning. Identiteterna ses kunna dra åt olika håll vilket skapar en spänning i rollen. Förslag till framtida forskning var att undersöka om samt varför skillnader i spänningar hos internrevisorer i den offentliga och privata sektorn existerar. / Two identities the internal auditor on a university experience are a professional identity and an organizational identity. Consciously or unconsciously, the internal auditor needs to acknowledge when the professional and the organizational identity are expressed since the identities both have positive and negative aspects on the role as an internal auditor. The purpose of this study was to create an understanding of how the internal auditors professional and organizational identity are balanced and expressed in practice. This was done by identifying problematic situations and analyzing tensions. Social Identity theory was used as the base for the study and previous research in identity, identification and auditors have complemented the theory. Qualitative interviews with internal auditors at eight universities have constituted the empirical material to capture problematic situations. The results indicate the internal auditors need to balance the interaction between the professional and the organizational identity when problematic situations occur. Trust from employees in the internal auditor is seen as a reason for why tensions occur in the problematic situations which can create conflicts in the interaction between the professional and organizational identity. The professional identity is seen to contribute to why an objective stance is valued, simultaneously the organizational identity is seen to contribute to why trust and understanding from employees are valued. Future research is proposed to investigate if and why differences in tensions among internal auditors exist in the public and private sector.

This thesis argues that there is a clear imbalance in the representation of crime in the newspaper, Grocott’s Mail, in Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The thesis concludes that the system of marginalisation and segregation which was established during the apartheid era is the foundation for the continued segregation and marginalisation of certain groups of people in Grahamstown as depicted in crime journalism. Previous research shows that not only people, but spaces are marginalised through media representations of crime. As people are represented as dangerous, so too the spaces they occupy become dangerous spaces. Importantly, the research shows that discourses of marginalisation are present in newspaper reports reproducing the discourses prominent in society, and in turn, the newspaper itself perpetuates these marginalising discourses. This extends into the coverage that different crimes receive in newspapers. For instance, the reports show that a middle-class audience will be more concerned with property crime in middle-class neighbourhoods, than other crimes in lower-class neighbourhoods. I argue that not only the type of crime, but the severity, the effect, and the necessity for justice represented by the newspaper, are all largely determined by the region of the crime. Further, I show that the criminal is not only demonised and represented as individually deviant in the reports in the newspaper, but that these representations are made by this newspaper because they are deeply imbedded as a discourse in society. This is partly because this newspaper has taken on a monitorial role, requiring neutral reporting from journalists, and a dedication to surveying the processes of state institutions, like the police and courts. As a result, the ways in which crime is reported on in the newspaper is fairly well fixed, making it difficult for journalists to conceive of different ways of reporting crime. The representations of the criminal justice system that the monitorial media, this newspaper included present, are a careful balance between the interest of the public, and the need to preserve relationships with sources. The monitorial media in general, and this newspaper in particular, represent the criminal justice system. The relationship between the police and the newspaper, and the courts and the media, therefore strongly influences the way in which crime news is reported. In particular, crime news is represented from the perspective of the criminal justice system. This research was carried out using Critical Discourse Analysis, qualitative interviews, and focus group interviews.

On May 16 2006 the government of Zimbabwe embarked on a clean-up programme of urban centres, destroying informal human settlements and informal businesses. This operation, which the government called operation "Restore Order", resulted in the displacement of nearly one million people and left thousands of families homeless. This study is a discussion and an analysis of the coverage of the clean-up operation by two of Zimbabwe's leading Sunday newspapers, The Sunday Mail and The Standard. The Sunday Mail is owned by the Zimbabwe government and The Standard is privately owned and perceived to be oppositional to the current Zimbabwe government. The two newspapers, therefore, covered the clean-up operation from different perspectives and often presented conflicting reports explaining why the clean-up operation was carried out and the extent of its impact on the lives of millions of Zimbabweans. The chosen research approach is the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework as developed by Fairclough (1995). Using CDA, this study seeks to find out and expose the underlying ideological struggles for hegemony between different social and political groups in Zimbabwe and how the newspapers became actors in this process. This process is made possible by looking at how news reporting is organised in the two newspapers, issues of language use, sourcing and external factors that influenced the coverage of the operation.

This research is premised on the understanding that media texts are discourses and that all discourses are functional, that is, they refer to things, issues and events, in meaningful and goal oriented ways. Nine articles are analysed to explicate the sorts of discourses that were promoted by The Chronicle during the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe between 1982 and 1986. It is argued that discourses in the news media are shaped by the role(s), the type(s) of journalism assumed by such media, and by the political environment in which the news media operate. The interplay between the roles, types of journalism practised, and the effect the political environment has on news discourses is assessed within the context of conflictual situations. This is done using insights from the theoretical position of peace journalism and its critique of professional or mainstream journalism as promoting war/violence journalism. Using the case of The Chronicle's reportage of the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe, it is concluded that, in performing the collaborative role, state owned/controlled media assume characteristics of war/violence journalism. On the other hand, it is concluded that The Chronicle developed practices consistent with peace journalism when it both espoused the facilitative role and journalistic objectivity. These findings undermine the conventional view among proponents of peace journalism that in times of conflict, the news media should be interventionist in favour of peace and that they should abandon the journalistic norm of objectivity which they argue, promotes war/violence journalism.

This research focuses on the controversy surrounding the exhibition and media publication of Brett Murray’s painting, The Spear of the Nation (May 2012). It takes the form of a qualitative Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), underpinned by Fairclough’s (1995) three-dimensional approach, to investigate how the contesting discourses articulated by the ruling political party (the ANC) and the news media have been negotiated in the City Press coverage in response to the painting. While the contestation was fought ostensibly on constitutional grounds, it arguably serves as an illustrative moment of the deeply ideological debate occurring in South Africa between the government and the national media industry regarding media diversity, transformation and democracy. It points to the lines of fracture in the broader political and social space. Informed by Foucault’s conceptualisation of discourse and the role of power in the production of knowledge and ‘truth’, this study aims to expose the discourses articulated and contested in order to make inferences about the various ‘truths’ the ANC and the media make of the democratic role of the press in a contemporary South Africa. The sample consists of five reports intended to represent the media’s responses and four articles that prominently articulate the ANC’s responses. The analysis, which draws on strategies from within critical linguists and media studies, is confined to these nine purposively sampled from the City Press online newspaper texts published between 13 May 2012 and 13 June 2012. Findings suggest the ANC legitimise expectations for the media to engage in a collaborative role in order to serve the ‘national interest’. Conversely, the media advocate for a monitorial press to justify serving the ‘public interest’. This research is envisioned to be valuable for both sets of stakeholders in developing richer understandings relevant to issues of any regulation to be debated. It forms part of a larger project on Media Policy and Democracy which seeks to contribute to media diversity and transformation, and to develop the quality of democracy in South Africa.

The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...

Available literature reveals that most prevalently delinquency has been viewed from a modernist perspective. However, as cybernetic epistemology increased its stronghold within the field of psychology, explanations became increasingly systemic in nature. In this study a literature review is presented which articulates these approaches. This critique is followed by a comprehensive consideration of delinquency from a social constructionist stance as an alternative to modernist and early cybernetic perspectives. Examples are provided as to possible ways in which the label "delinquency" evolves within an interpersonal context, as well as the ways in which the meaning engendered is linked to broader cultural discourses. It has been acknowledged that this does not constitute the social constructionist perspective on delinquency, but represents some challenging ideas about how delinquency is co-created between people. Implications for therapy and research are also discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This study empirically compares the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and the Partial Credit Model (PCM) of Rasch focusing on the invariance of item parameters. The invariance concept which is the consequence of the principle of specific objectivity was tested in both CTT and PCM using the results of learners who wrote the National Senior Certificate (NSC) Mathematics examinations in 2010. The difficulty levels of the test items were estimated from the independent samples of learn- ers. The same sample of learners used in the calibration of the difficulty levels of the test items in the PCM model were also used in the calibration of the difficulty levels of the test items in CTT model. The estimates of the difficulty levels of the test items were done using RUMM2030 in the case of PCM while SAS was used in the case of CTT. RUMM2030 and SAS are both the statistical softwares. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the four different design groups of test takers. In cases where the ANOVA showed a significant difference between the means of the design groups, the Tukeys groupings was used to establish where the difference came from. The research findings were that the test items' difficulty parameter estimates based on the CTT theoretical framework were not invariant across the different independent sample groups. The over- all findings from this study were that the CTT theoretical framework was unable to produce item difficulty invariant parameter estimates. The PCM estimates were very stable in the sense that for most of the items, there was no significant difference between the means of at least three design groups and the one that deviated from the rest did not deviate that much. The item parameters of the group that was representative of the population (proportional allocation) and the one where the same number of learners (50 learners) was taken from different performance categories did not differ significantly for all the items except for item 6.6 in examination question paper 2. It is apparent that for the test item parameters to be invariant of the group of test takers in PCM, the group of test takers must be heterogeneous and each performance category needed to be big enough for the proper calibration of item parameters. The higher values of the estimated item parameters in CTT were consistently found in the sample that was dominated by the high proficient learners in Mathematics ("bad") and the lowest values were consistently calculated in the design group that was dominated by the less proficient learners. This phenomenon was not apparent in the Rasch model. / Mathematical Sciences / M.Sc. (Statistics)

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to find out, if the level of knowledge of German language at pupils at basic schools in the Czech Republic is increasing, stagnating or decreasing and what factors influence their results. In the theoretic part I am going to deal with testing of pupils in Europe and in the Czech Republic. After that there is introduced a list of all standard assessment tests of German language on level A1 and A2. Then there are compared standard assessment tests ?Fit in Deutsch? and ?Start Deutsch? with the tests of Czech School Inspection from 2012/2013. In the research part I focus on the development of pupils? knowledge of German language at basic schools. The research is based on the assigned tests from 2007, 2010 and 2013. On the basis of these tests and filled questionnaires I am trying to find answers on the set research questions and to check correctness of the set hypotheses or alternatively to find other factors that influence pupils? knowledge of German language.

Dans Les Règles de l'art, Bourdieu propose une science des œuvres. A l'aide des concepts de champ, d'habitus, d’espace des possibles, il tente de faire le lien entre la littéraire et le social. Son approche récuse toute tentation psychologisante et ferme la porte à toute explication du processus créatif en termes de génie, de sensibilité ou d’inspiration. La littérature est d’abord au carrefour des faits sociaux. Les textes sont des faits sociaux, comme apparition mais aussi comme expression. Ils ne sont ni à sacraliser ni à désacraliser. Bourdieu tente de rendre intelligible l’espace littéraire des auteurs. Il veut mettre en lumière ce qui rend l’œuvre d’art nécessaire, c’est-à-dire sa formule informatrice, son principe générateur, sa raison d’être. Il affirme qu'au fond l'écrivain, quelle que soit son orientation, n'a pas d'autres choix que d'être traversé par la sociologie de son époque. Il suggère même que tout effort de distanciation formelle, supposant que l'œuvre soit un ailleurs du réel, est signe de cette connaissance intuitive du réel lui-même. L’Education Sentimentale de Flaubert se prête particulièrement bien à ce paradigme analytique. En s’arrêtant sur la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, Bourdieu décrit la genèse et le processus d’autonomisation de l’espace littéraire qui entérine le fonctionnement du champ. Il essaie alors de montrer comment les règles sont articulées par/dans une configuration sociale, politique, économique, culturelle et quelle place nouvelle occupe, dans cette modernité, l'artiste. / I have used Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological approach as a critical tool for the study of literary texts. As a sociologist, Bourdieu is not satisfied with the notion that the literary text would be isolated from the world and considers the writer as a product of economic, social, religious or political circumstances that may be recovered through analysis. According to Bourdieu, the development of literature as an independent field goes hand in hand with the expansion of a liberal politics, a connection critics refuse to recognize as they will believe in the myth of inspired creation. Bourdieu retraces to the nineteenth century the moment when literature became independent and describes how twentieth-century literature is but a perpetuation of nineteenth-century literary myths. I also look at the ways the specialists of Flaubert responded to the publication of Les Règles de l’art as the book provoked heated debates when it was issued. I have especially examined the arguments of critics hostile to Bourdieu in order to demonstrate how such an emblematic figure as Flaubert embodies what is at stake when one questions the notion of literature. How can Bourdieu fit in literary studies? One has to be careful interpreting the title of Bourdieu’s book. Les Règles de l’art is no prescriptive book : Bourdieu is not the one who sets the rule nor does he suggest that there were no rules before the advent of the modern age. He is simply trying to show how, from the start of this period, the literary world is determined by specific social, political, economic and cultural conditions and questions the particular role played by the artist in this new state of things.