The principle of load balancing is to distribute the data load more evenly over the network in order to increase the network performance and efficiency. With dynamic load balancing the routing is undated at certain intervals. This thesis was developed to evaluate load balancing methods in the IP-network of TeliaSonera.Load balancing using short path routing, bottleneck load balancing and load balancing using MPLS have been evaluated. Short path routing is a flow sharing technique that allows routing on paths other than the shortest one. Load balancing using short path routing is achieved by dynamic updates of the link weights. Bottleneck is in its nature a dynamic load balancing algorithm. Unlike load balancing using short path routing it updates the flow sharing, not the metrics. The algorithm uses information about current flow sharing and link loads to detect bottlenecks within the network. The information is used to calculate new flow sharing parameters. When using MPLS, one or more complete routing paths (LSPs) are defined at each edge LSR before sending any traffic. MPLS brings the ability to perform flow sharing by defining the paths to be used and how the outgoing data load is to be shared among these. The model has been built from data about the network supplied by TeliaSonera. The model consists of a topology part, a traffic part, a routing part and cost part. The traffic model consists of a OD demand matrix. The OD demand matrix has been estimated from collected link loads. This was done with estimation models; the gravity model and an optimisation model. The algorithms have been analysed at several scenarios; normal network, core node failure, core link failure and DWDM system failure. A cost function, where the cost increases as the link load increases has been used to evaluate the algorithms. The signalling requirements for implementation of the load balancing algorithm have also been investigated.

Traffic congestion has been imposing a tremendous burden on society as a whole. For decades, the most widely applied solution has been building more roads to better accommodate traffic demand, which turns out to be of limited effect. Active Traffic and Demand Management (ATDM) is getting more attention recently and is considered here, as it leverages market-ready technologies and innovative operational approaches to manage traffic congestion within the existing infrastructure. The key to a successful Active Traffic and Demand Management strategy is to effectively induce travelers' behavior to change. In spite of the increased attention and application throughout the U.S. or even the world, most ATDM strategies were implemented on-site through small-scale pilot studies. A systematic framework for analysis and evaluation of such a system in order to effectively track the changes in travelers' behavior and the benefit brought about by such changes has not been established; nor has the effect of its strategies been quantitatively evaluated. In order to effectively evaluate the system benefit and to analyze the behavior changes quantitatively, a systematic framework capable of supporting both macroscopic and microscopic analysis should be established. Such system should be carefully calibrated to reflect the traffic condition in reality, as only after the calibration can the baseline model be used as the foundation for other scenarios in which alternative design or management strategies are incorporated, so that the behavior changes and system benefit can be computed accurately by comparing the alternative scenarios with the baseline scenario. Any effective traffic management strategy would be impossible if the traveler route choice behavior in the urban traffic network has not been fully understood. Theoretical research assumes all users are homogeneous in their route choice decision and will always pick the route with the shortest travel cost, which is not necessarily the case in reality. Researchers in Minnesota found that only 34% of drivers strictly traveled on the shortest path. Drivers' decision is made usually based on several dimensions, and a full understanding of the travel route choice behavior in the urban traffic network is essential. The existence of most current Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) offer the capability to provide pre-trip and/or en route real time information, allowing travelers to quickly assess and react to unfolding traffic conditions. The basic design concept is to present generic information to drivers, leaving drivers to react to the information their own way. This "passive" way of managing traffic by providing generic traffic information has difficulty in predicting outcome and may even incur adverse effect, such as overreaction (aka herding effects). Furthermore, other questions remain on how to utilize the real-time information better and guide the traffic flow more effectively towards a better solution, and most current research fails to take the traveler's external cost into consideration. Motivated by those concerns, in this research, a behaviorally induced system optimal model is presented, aimed at further improving the system-level traffic condition towards System Optimal through incremental routing, as well as establishing the analysis methodology and evaluation framework to calibrate quantitatively the behavior change and the system benefits. In this process, the traffic models involved are carefully calibrated, first using a two-stage calibration model which is capable of matching not only the traffic counts, but also the time dependent speed profiles of the calibrated links. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first with a methodology to incorporate the use of field observed data to estimate the Origin-Destination (OD) matrices departure profile. Also proposed in this dissertation is a Constrained K Shortest Paths algorithm (CKSP) that addresses route overlap and travel time deviation issues. This proposed algorithm can generate K Shortest Paths between two given nodes and provide sound route options to the drivers in order to assist their route choice decision process. Thirdly, a behaviorally induced system optimal model includes the development of a marginal cost calculation algorithm, a time-dependent shortest path search algorithm, and schedule delay as well as optimal path finding models, is present to improve the traffic flow from an initial traffic condition which could be User Equilibrium (UE) or any other non-UE or non-System-Optimal (SO) condition towards System Optimal. Case studies are conducted for each individual research and show a rather promising result. The goal of establishing this framework is to better capture and evaluate the effects of behaviorally induced system optimal traffic management strategies on the overall system performance. To realize this goal, the three research models are integrated in order to constitute a comprehensive platform that is not only capable of effectively guiding the traffic flow improvement towards System Optimal, but also capable of accurately evaluating the system benefit from the macroscopic perspective and quantitatively analyzing the behavior changes microscopically. The comprehensive case study on the traffic network in Tucson, Arizona, has been conducted using DynusT (Dynamic Urban Simulation for Transportation) Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) simulation software; the outcome of this study shows that our proposed modeling framework is promising for improving network traffic condition towards System Optimal, resulting in a vast amount of economic saving.

My thesis is devoted to the resistance of pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus, son. Brassicogethes aeneus Fabricius, 1775) to pesticides in selected localities in southern Moravia. Collecting adults was performed in the spring of 2013 by tapped into polyethylene bags. Adults are collected from the stands of oilseed rape, mustard and poppy. Tests were performed on the basis of the methodology of Insecticide Resistance Action Committee number 011, 021, 025. In total, we tested the pollen population from 18 locations. For testing, we used the following chemical substances: Biscaya 240 OD, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, tau-fluvalinate, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos(ethyl). We evaluated 100% of the registered dose of pesticides after 24 hours. From the results of the individual populations, we found large differences in resistance to chemicals.

The dissertation is focused on customer engagement which is defined as a certain activity when a company creates convenient possibilities and opportunities actively in order to involve customers who will be willing to express themselves to chosen companies' matters. It is obvious that it depends on the customers, whether they will participate or not. Both the company and the customer must be able to identify certain value that they obtain for them through their activity. The main goal of the thesis was creating a proposal in the form of a methodology, how to implement the chosen way of customer engagement with regard to the marketing management of retail companies. For purposes of the dissertation, the chosen way of customer engagement was obtaining customer feedback. During research interviews with entrepreneurs and managers, it was found out that it is just customer feedback that is one of the important topics in retail. In order to fulfil the main goal, the basis was a transposition of both theoretical pieces of knowledge and newly gained findings from own empirical research, concerning customer engagement within entrepreneurial subject's management. There were three partial goals that present a sequence of steps how to fulfil the mentioned main goal: (A) to identify particular ways of customer engagement in retail, (B) to find out how the chosen way of customer engagement is used in business practice in retail, and (C) to determine links between marketing management and the chosen way of customer engagement. There were used data from entrepreneurial subjects in retail and from customers as well. The result of fulfilling the main goal is the created methodology, how to work with customer feedback. It has three main sections: obtaining, processing and using of customer feedback. It is possible to consider the created methodology as a set of recommended directions for use how to develop and deepen relationships with customers. It is also an answer to the behaviour of contemporary customers who are not only passive receivers but they are active creators and influencers of actions around them.

The thesis consists of a context and textual analysis of Artmix, a TV show dedicated to visual arts, while touching on other relevant programs on Czech TV. The results of these analyses are then brought into theoretical setting primarily using the philosophical and social concept of the Field of Power as defined by Pierre Bourdieu in his book Rules of Art. Principal themes, interspersing throughout the text, are the limits of reflections of visual arts through TV screen and hidden interpretational patterns applied to visual arts through its media image. Furthermore there is an additional issue of traditional notions of an artist existing within our society, weighed down by history, or the quest for the ideal format of a TV show reflecting visual arts.

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis was to analyse mortality in calf rearing.I found out that the most important causes of the calf mortality are: course of calving, order of calving, seasonal character and climatic conditions.The casualties in calf rearing were about 24 %. Economic loss which was evoked by calf death affected trading income in whole cattle breeding. The main aim of the both farms is to achieve high level in calf rearing which essentially decides about profitability and efficiency of cattle breeding.

Neste trabalho se estuda o comportamento dinâmico não linear de um pórtico plano submetido à excitação não ideal de suportes, sendo isto aplicável a estruturas civis dele derivadas. Neste sentido, um edifício pode ser considerado uma justaposição de pórticos. Modelos físicos simples aplicáveis a estruturas civis ou mecânicas com grau de dificuldade crescente são resolvidos individualmente com a utilização das equações diferenciais de Lagrange para determinar as equações do movimento do sistema. A análise qualitativa de cada problema permite determinar os valores que os parâmetros físicos podem assumir. Cada modelo simples fornece um conjunto de parâmetros, que vão sendo utilizados progressivamente nas integrações numéricas. Em sistemas com fonte de energia limitada, ocorre uma interação entre o movimento da estrutura e da fonte de energia; matematicamente é acrescentada uma equação diferencial acoplada adicional ao correspondente sistema livre de excitações. No caso de pórticos planos de grande esbelteza, as cargas axiais induzem grandes deslocamentos, sendo importante considerar na estrutura a não-linearidade geométrica. Neste caso, uma discretização da estrutura precisa ser feita para identificar os graus de liberdade do sistema. Nas análises dos problemas, busca-se o regime permanente de trabalho, no qual as amplitudes da estrutura variam lentamente com o tempo e a fonte de energia trabalha com freqüência constante. / In this work we study the dynamical nonlinear behavior of plane frame under non ideal support excitation, being this applicable to civil structures derived from it. In this sense, a building can be considered as a contiguous series of frames. Simple physical models that are applicable to civil or mechanical structures with increasing difficulty degree are solved individually, with the use of differential Lagrange\'s equations to determine the systems equations of motion. Qualitative analysis of each problem allows the determination of the values that the physical parameters can take. Each model provides a simple set of parameters, which are being progressively used in numerical integrations. On systems with limited power supply, there is an interaction between the structures and the energy sources movement; mathematically an extra equation of motion is coupled to its corresponding excitements free system. Because in plane frames of high slenderness the axial loads induce large displacements, it is important to consider the structures geometric nonlinearity. In this case, in order to identify systems degrees of freedom, the structure must be discretized. In the problems analysis, we seek the steady state, in which the structures amplitudes vary slowly with time and the power supply works with constant frequency.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a estrutura quÃmica e investigar a atividade antioxidante in vitro e in vivo de fraÃÃes polissacarÃdicas extraÃdas dos subprodutos do processamento da acerola, abacaxi, caju, manga e maracujÃ. Utilizando a extraÃÃo aquosa exaustiva, um maior rendimento em massa foi obtido para a fraÃÃo extraÃda do subproduto da manga (20%) que foi superior ao apresentado pela aquela proveniente do abacaxi e acerola em 96 e 87%, respectivamente. Os espectros de infravermelho apontaram atribuiÃÃes de grupos quÃmicos tÃpicos de polissacarÃdeos, tais como OH (3000 - 3500 cm-1), CO (1034 cm-1), C-O-C (1150 cm-1) e C1-H (1079, 929 e 858 cm-1). Sinais de 13C-RMN em &#948; 100 e 170,6, presentes em todos os materiais, indicaram a presenÃa de Ãcido galacturÃnico e urÃnico, respectivamente, evidenciando a natureza pÃctica dos mesmos. Maior massa molar foi atribuÃda para a fraÃÃo obtida do subproduto da manga (1,54 x 10 6 g/mol) seguido do maracujà (3,69 x 10 5 g/mol), acerola, abacaxi e caju (~10 4 g/mol). O conteÃdo de proteÃnas variou de 0,25 (abacaxi) a 0,68% (caju) concordando com o evidenciado pelo espectro de infravermelho que à 1242 cm-1 para estas molÃculas. Maior atividade antioxidante total e menor IC50 foi verificada para a fraÃÃo polissacarÃdica proveniente do caju (147  4,1 &#956; Trolox/g e 0,03 mg/mL, respectivamente). As fraÃÃes obtidas da acerola, abacaxi, maracujà (IC50 = 0,05 mg/mL) e manga (IC50 = 0,33 mg/mL) tambÃm apresentaram baixo IC50 indicando a eficiÃncia desses materiais na eliminaÃÃo dos radicais de ABTSâ+ em baixas concentraÃÃes. O ensaio com o MTT indicou a nÃo toxicidade das fraÃÃes polimÃricas estudadas mesmo quando avaliados em concentraÃÃes de 100%. A atividade antioxidante in vivo demonstrou que os materiais provenientes da acerola, abacaxi e caju foram eficientes (p < 0,05) na manutenÃÃo dos nÃveis de GSH e reduÃÃo de MDA na mucosa gÃstrica de ratos estressados com etanol 50%. As fraÃÃes polissacarÃdicas da manga e maracujà apresentaram os resultados menos satisfatÃrios nos dois testes antioxidantes, o que pode ser atribuÃdo a sua elevada massa molar e viscosidade. Em conjunto, os resultados apresentados na presente pesquisa apontaram que as fraÃÃes polissacarÃdicas extraÃdas dos subprodutos estudados apresentaram natureza pÃctica em associaÃÃo com proteÃnas, sendo evidenciada principalmente para aquelas extraÃdas da acerola, abacaxi e caju, efetiva aÃÃo antioxidante in vitro e in vivo, sugerindo sua possÃvel aplicaÃÃo como antioxidantes naturais. / The aim of this work was to characterize the chemical structure and investigate the antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharide fractions extracted from by-products of acerola, pineapple, cashew, mango and passion fruit processing. Using the exhaustive aqueous extraction, a greater mass yield was obtained for the polysaccharide fraction extracted of the mango by-product (20%) which was higher than that from the pineapple and acerola at 96 and 87%, respectively. The infrared spectra showed typical assignment of polysaccharides chemical groups such as OH (3000 - 3500 cm -1),CO (1034 cm-1), C-O-C (1150 cm-1) and H-C1 (1079, 929 and 858 cm-1). 13C-NMR signals at &#948; 170.6 and 100, present in all material, indicated the presence of uronic and galacturonic acid, respectively, showing the nature of such pectin. High molecular weight was assigned to the fraction obtained of mango by-product (1.54 x 10 6 g/mol) followed by passion fruit (3.69 x 10 5g / mol) and acerola, pineapple and cashew (~10 4g/ mol). The protein content ranged from 0.25 (pineapple) to 0.68% (cashew), agreeing with the evidenced by the infrared spectrum which is 1242 cm-1 for these molecules. Major total antioxidant activity and minor IC 50 were observed for the polysaccharide fraction of cashew (147  4.1 &#956;M Trolox/g and 0.03 mg/mL,respectively). The fractions obtained from acerola, pineapple, passion fruit (IC50 = 0,05 mg/mL) and mango (IC50= 0.33 mg/mL) also had low IC50, indicating the efficiency of these materials in the elimination of ABTSâ+ radical in low concentrations. The MTT assay indicated that no toxicity of the polymeric fractions studied even when evaluated at concentrations of 100%. The total antioxidant activity in vivo showed that materials prevenient of acerola, pineapple and cashew were efficient (p <0.05) in maintaining the levels of GSH and MDA reduction in gastric tissue of rats stressed with ethanol 50%. The polysaccharides fractions of mango and passion fruit exhibited less satisfactory results in both antioxidants tests, which may be assigned to its high molecular weight and viscosity. Together, the results presented in this study, showed that the polysaccharide fractions extracted from byproducts studied had pectic nature in association with proteins, which highlighted, especially for those taken from the cherry, pineapple and cashew, effective antioxidant action in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their possible application as natural antioxidants.

Background: Alcohol use disorders belong among the ten leading causes of Years Lost due to Disability in high-income countries. Poland, Czech Republic, and the Slovak Republic are countries with high alcohol consumption. The specific inpatient psychotherapeutic program is basic treatment approach in patients suffering from alcohol dependency. The theory of change assumes that therapeutic approaches should be adapted to the stage of change in which the patient actually is. Aim: To examine the state of readiness to change at the beginning and the end of inpatient short (six weeks) and long (12 weeks) therapeutic program in Slovak Republic, Poland, and the Czech Republic. To compare readiness to change with insight and motivation. To find, whether patients change and how patients change advances in alcohol treatment. Methods: Total 380 alcohol dependent inpatients (282 men and 98 women) were examined using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems- 10th Revision (ICD- 10), World Health Organization (1992). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ), and Demographic Questionnaire. All analyses were calculated using the SPSS (Statistical Packages...