The idea behind this report is based on the fact that it is not only the number of users in the traffic network that is increasing, the number of connected devices such as probe vehicles and mobile sources has increased dramatically in the last decade. These connected devices provide large-scale mobility data and new opportunities to analyze the current traffic situation as they traverse through the network and continuously send out different types of information like Global Positioning System (GPS) data and Mobile Network Data (MND). Travel demand is often described in terms of an Origin Destination (OD) matrix which represents the number of trips from an origin zone to a destination zone in a geographic area. The aim of this master thesis is to develop and evaluate a data-driven method for estimation of dynamic OD matrices using unsupervised learning, sensor fusion and large-scale mobility data. Traditionally, OD matrices are estimated based on travel surveys and link counts. The problem is that these sources of information do not provide the quality required for online control of the traffic network. A method consisting of an offline process and an online process has therefore been developed. The offline process utilizes historical large-scale mobility data to improve an inaccurate prior OD matrix. The online process utilizes the results and tuning parameters from the offline estimation in combination with real-time observations to describe the current traffic situation. A simulation study on a toy network with synthetic data was used to evaluate the data-driven estimation method. Observations based on GPS data, MND and link counts were simulated via a traffic simulation tool. The results showed that the sensor fusion algorithms Kalman filter and Kalman filter smoothing can be used when estimating dynamic OD matrices. The results also showed that the quality of the data sources used for the estimation is of high importance. Aggregating large-scale mobility data as GPS data and MND by using the unsupervised learning method Principal Component Analysis (PCA) improves the quality of the large-scale mobility data and so the estimation results. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Title of thesis is "Social aspects of taxes." The main objective of this study is to characterize the various social aspects that can be found in the Czech legal system. The work is divided into several parts. The first part contains the definition of basic concepts such as social aspect, tax and its functions, the main attention is paid to the redistributive function of taxation together with an explanation of what causes uneven distribution of income. The first part includes the description of the rates, particularly progressive tax rate. The first part is completed by a definition of a flat tax. The second part deals with the tax principles of legality, efficiency, and different views on tax fairness and its two main principles, the principle of utility and welfare. The second part also concludes chapter devoted to the description of a reasonable tax rate. The third part describes the various types of social aspects, ie. exemption from tax object, full and partial exemptions, standard and non-standard deductions and tax credits. A brief overview of taxes that constitutes the tax system in the Czech Republic is ranked at the end of the third parts. The last part of my work deals with social aspects, which can be found in taxes. The thesis is completed by a summary of the social aspects and outline...

Dans cette thèse on a étudié par diffraction des rayons X des polytypes à longue période de micas, qui sont des cristaux naturels formés en condition hors équilibre dans un système magmatique. Leur séquence d'empilement peut être considérée comme une combinaison plus ou moins complexe de trois polytypes à courte période 1M, 2M1 et 3T, appelés « structures de base ». L'objectif est d'obtenir les premiers affinements structuraux des ces polytypes avec attention particulière à la distribution des cations dans chaque feuillet, car, d'après la littérature, il existe vraisemblablement une relation entre cette distribution et le mécanisme de formation de ces polytypes. Plus de 120 cristaux ont été analysés, parmi lesquels deux polytypes, dont la période est formée respectivement par 4 et 5 feuillets (indiqués comme 4M3 et 5M3 respectivement en notation de Ramsdell), ont été sélectionnés. Grâce aux résultats de l'affinement, deux interprétations de formation sont possible pour le polytype 4M3, qui prennent en considération le fait que la séquence d'empilement peut-être formée par l'inter-croissance de deux sous-structures : une 3T avec une 1M ou deux sous-structures 2M1 ; dans le dernier cas il s'agit d'un exemple de « cell-twin ». Les résultats de l'affinement structural du polytype 5M3 ont permis de prouver pour la première fois la coexistence des feuillets de type M1 et M2, qui diffèrent pour la distribution cationique dans la couche octaédrique, dans le même polytype. La formation de ces polytype peut-être due à la combinaison de deux sous-structures de base et plusieurs interprétations sont possibles : 3T+1M, 3T+2M1, 1M+2M1, ou deux 1M. Une étude géologique a été effectuée pour reconstruire l'histoire de la rhyodacite contenant les polytypes à longue période. Cette roche s'est formée suite à un mélange de magma, comme indiqué par la présence de textures de déséquilibre de plusieurs minéraux, phénomène qui semble avoir un rôle important dans la formation des ces polytypes, en incrémentant l'activation et les interactions des spirales de croissance, mais aussi les interactions spirale-cristal et cristal-cristal. / We have studied by X-ray diffraction long period polytypes of micas, that are natural crystals formed far from the equilibrium condition in a magmatic system. Their stacking sequence can be considered as a more or less complex combination of three short polytypes 1M, 2M1 and 3T, called "basic structures". The aim was to obtain the first structural refinements of these polytypes, with special attention to the cationic distribution in the octahedral sheet, because, according to the literature, there seems to be a relation between this distribution and the formation of these polytypes. More than 120 crystals have been analysed, and two polytypes have been chosen, whose period is formed respectively by 4 and 5 layers (indicated as 4M3 and 5M3 respectively in Ramsdell notation). The refinement results suggest two interpretations for the formation of the 4M3 polytype, both indicating that the stacking sequence can be formed by the inter-growth of two sub-structures: a 3T with a 1M or two 2M1 sub-structures; the last case is an example of "cell twin". The results of the structural refinement of the 5M3 polytype show for the first time the coexistence of M1 and M2 types of layer, which differ for the cation distribution in the octahedral sheet, in the same polytype. The formation of this polytype can be due to the combination of two basic sub-structures and several interpretations are possible: 3T+1M, 3T+2M1, 1M+2M1, or two1M. A geological study has been done to reconstruct the history of the rhyodacite containing the long period polytypes. This rock is formed after a magma mixing, as showed by the presence of the disequilibrium textures of several minerals; this phenomenon seems to play a fundamental role for the formation of these polytypes, increasing the spiral?s activation and interactions, but also the spiral-crystal and crystal-crystal interactions.

A presente pesquisa teve a intenção de desenvolver reator biológico de 159 \'M POT.3\' de volume total, com leito de carvões granulares (ativado e antracito) expandido e parcialmente aerado, para promover remoções de matéria orgânica e nutrientes (N e P) do esgoto sanitário, devido a manutenção de ambientes anaeróbio e aeróbio, estratificados ao longo da altura do reator e ao longo do biofilme cultivado em seu interior. Para avaliar o impacto das modificações operacionais no comportamento biológico dos microrganismos presentes no reator, foram aplicados métodos para análise das atividades nitrificante (ANE), desnitrificante (ADE) e metanogênica (PME), embasados em testes respirométricos padrões descritos na literatura. A estratificação reacional também foi estudada dentro de filmes biológicos com a ajuda de microsensores amperométricos de OD em testes de bancada. Assim, após 451 dias de operação, foi possível verificar remoções médias de \'DQO IND.F\', NTK e fosfato total de, respectivamente 78%, 56% e 42%, quando o reator foi operado por 66 dias com tempo de detenção hidráulica médio de 8,8 h, injetor de oxigênio puro, instalado após placa de orifício em linha de recirculação aerada, a qual funcionava pressurizada (3 a 4 bar) e com razão média de recirculação igual a 3, comparada à vazão de alimentação. Para o restante do período, no qual foram aplicadas taxas de carregamentos volumétricos médios de 0,74 \'+ OU -\' 0,28 kg\'DQO IND.F\'/\'M POT.3\'.dia; 0,17 \'+ OU -\' 0,07 kg NTK/\'M POT.3\'.dia e 0,05 \'+ OU -\' 0,02 kg\'PO IND.4\'POT.-3\'/\'M POT.3\'.dia, o sistema demonstrou remoções médias de 65 \'+ OU -\' 20% para \'DQO IND.F\', 25 \'+ OU -\' 21% para o NTK e 48 \'+ OU -\' 18% para o fosfato total, mesmo operado com tempo de retenção celular médio de 15 \'+ OU -\' 7 dias. Os testes respirométricos foram sensíveis para avaliar a atividade microbiana do material biológico coletado ao longo do reator, com os quais foram verificados PME médio de 0,25 mL\'CH IND.4\'/gSVT.h, para as amostras de material biológico coletado na região anaeróbia, ao fundo do reator; ANE variando entre 1,3 a 4,4 mg\'O IND.2\'/gSVT.h, para as amostras coletadas na região aeróbia, intermediária ao reator; e ADE variando entre 0,024 e 5,20 mg\'N IND.2\'/gSVT.h, para amostras coletadas, respectivamente, no fundo e no topo do reator. As análises do material líquido também corroboram com a idéia de estratificação dos ambientes aeróbio, no fundo do reator, e micro-aerado, em sua região intermediária superior, apontando para região com alto potencial de ocorrerem nitrificação e desnitrificação conjuntas no topo da sua zona reativa. O microsensor amperométrico de OD com ponta entre 10 e 30 \'mü\'m de diâmetro, confeccionados em laboratório especializado, se mostrou sensível para a observação do gradiente de concentração de oxigênio dissolvido dentro de filme biológico, suficientes para a formação de regiões aeróbia e anaeróbia em seu interior, cuja informação pode ser útil para a aprimoramento de reatores com biofilme, projetados para remoções combinadas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Entretanto, quando se pretende definir parâmetros cinéticos ou de transferência de massa, maior rigor deve ser dispensado na definição dos locais para a aplicação do sensor, nos quais sejam reduzidos os efeitos da heterogeneidade do agregado microbiano no ajuste da modelagem matemática aplicada aos pontos experimentais / The current research aimed the development of a 159 \'M POT.3\' total volume biological reactor, with a expanded and partially aerated granular coal bed (activated and anthracite), to promote organic matter and nutrients (N and P) removal from wastewater due to the maintenance of anaerobic and aerobic environments, stratified throughout the height of the reactor and also all over the biofilm cultivated in its interior. Methods for the analyses of specific nitrifying activities (ENA), denitrifying (EDA) and methanogenic (EMA) were applied to assess the impact of the operational modifications in the biological behavior of microorganisms present in the reactor, based on standard respirometric tests found in literature. The reactional stratification was also studied inside the biological films with the help of DO microsensors in batch tests. Thus, after 451 of operation it was possible to verify mean \'COD IND.F\', TNK and phosphate removal of 78%, 56% and 42%, respectively, when the reactor was operated for 66 days with average hydraulic detention time of 8.8 h, pure oxygen injector which was installed after the aerated recirculation line which was working pressurized (3 to 4 bar) and with mean recirculation ratio equal to 3, when compared to the feeding flow. For the rest of the period where mean volumetric loading rates of 0.74 \'+ OR -\' 0.28 kg\'COD IND.F\'/\'M POT.3\'.day; 0.17 \'+ OR -\' 0.07 kgTNK/\'M POT.3\'.day and 0.05 \'+ OR -\' 0.02 kg\'PO IND.4\'POT.-3\'/\'M POT.3\'.day were applied the system demonstrated average removal of 65 \'+ OR -\' 20% for \'COD IND.F\', 25 \'+ OR -\' 21% for TNK and 48 \'+ OR -\' 18% for total phosphate, even when it operated with mean cellular retention time of 15 \'+ OR -\' 7 days. The respirometric tests were sensible enough to assess the microbial activity from the biological material collected throughout the reactor, and where mean PME of 0.25 mL\'CH IND.4\'/gSVT.h was verified for the samples of biological material collected in the anaerobic region, at the bottom of the reactor; ANE varying between 1.3 to 4.4 mg\'O IND.2\'/gSVT.h, for the samples collected in the aerobic region, reactor\'s intermediary; and ADE varying between 0.024 to 5.20 mg\'N IND.2\'/gSVT.h, for samples collected at the bottom and the top of the reactor, respectively. The analyses of the liquid material also support the idea of stratification of the aerobic environments, at the bottom of the reactor, and micro-aerated, in its superior intermediate region, pointing to the region as a high potential of occurring joint nitrification and denitrification at the top of the reactive zone. The DO amperometric microsensor, with tip between 10 and 30 \'mü\'m of diameter, produced in a special laboratory, is sensible to the determination of dissolved oxygen concentration gradient inside biological film, sufficient for the formation of anaerobic and aerobic regions in its interior, this information can be useful to the improvement of biofilm reactors, projected for the combined removal of organic matter and nutrients. However, when the definition of kinetic parameters or mass transference is intended more strictness must be applied when choosing the locals for microsensor application, where the effects of the microbial aggregate heterogeneity is reduced in the adjustment of the mathematical modeling applied to the experimental points.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Aparecida de Oliveira Collares.pdf: 3070263 bytes, checksum: d7752ba901e23926354e84f13315d985 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / This research has as regional cutting the State of Paraná, with the analysis of the progressive spelling book – the first spelling book of author paranaense, elaborated in 1900 and used up to 1907, whose method of reading teaching had been adopted officially in this State. This way it is believed that this research can contribute for the production in the area of the Historizes od the Brasilian Education. The term “spelling book” is the unfolding of the word “letter” that was used in Portuguese language from the beginning of the modern age for your time, to identify those texts printed, whose the explicit purpose would be it of teaching to read to write and to count the the word flowed of letter, therefore, as any didn´t exist text book until then, the teachers elaborated some hand written texts for the teaching of the reading, or they used letters, occupations and registry documents. Like this of the letters they happened to the spelling books. They were used initially in Brasil, the letters and later spelling books of Portuguese publisher, that for the first series, of the elementary schools. The spelling book found for analysis it was edicted in 1907, and used in schools paranaenses, it is called progressive schools. And it is of Lindolpho Pombo´s authorship – man that stood out as director of the public school and writer. To understand how the spelling books and your contribution appeared for the area of the education, it is necessary to understand some aspects of the history. The general objective of this research is to look for to understand in that social and political context appeared the progressive spelling book, the first of author paranaense, used in the State of Paraná for the public instruction, the specific objectives of this research: To analyse the first spelling book literacy paranaense, as well as your appearance and your importance; to investigate the pedagogic conception of the author explicited in the progressive spelling book; for us to reach the proposed objectives, Some documents were analysed originating from of the following places: Museum Paranaense; Public Library of Paraná; House of the Memory (Curitiba); Cycle of Studies of Bandeirantes; Public File of the State of Paraná; and other projects related to the research as the project Memory of the text book (USP/SP). / Esta pesquisa tem como recorte regional o Estado do Paraná, com a análise da Cartilha Progressiva – a primeira cartilha de autor paranaense, elaborada em 1900 e utilizada até 1907, cujo método de ensino de leitura fora adotado oficialmente neste Estado. Desta forma, acredita-se que esta pesquisa poderá contribuir para a produção na área da História da Educação Brasileira. O termo “cartilha” é o desdobramento da palavra “cartinha” que por sua vez era usada em língua portuguesa desde o princípio da Idade Moderna, para identificar aqueles textos impressos, cujo propósito explícito seria o de ensinar a ler, escrever e contar. O ocábulo derivou de “carta”, pois, como não existia qualquer livro didático até então, os professores elaboravam alguns textos manuscritos para o ensino da leitura, ou utilizavam cartas, ofícios e documentos de cartório. Assim, das cartas passaram-se às cartilhas. Foram utilizadas, inicialmente no Brasil, as “cartinhas” e depois “cartilhas” de editora portuguesa – isso para as primeiras séries, das escolas primárias. A cartilha encontrada para análise foi editada em 1907, e utilizada nas escolas paranaenses, é chamada de “Cartilha Progressiva” e é de autoria de Lindolpho Pombo – homem que se destacou como diretor da escola pública e escritor. Para compreender como surgiram as cartilhas e a sua contribuição para a área da educação, é necessário entender alguns aspectos da História. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é buscar compreender em que contexto social e político surgiram a Cartilha Progressiva, a primeira de autor paranaense, utilizada no Estado do Paraná para a instrução pública. Os objetivos específicos desta pesquisa: Analisar a primeira cartilha paranaense de alfabetização, bem como o seu surgimento e a sua importância; Investigar a concepção pedagógica do autor explicitado na Cartilha Progressiva; Para alcançarmos os objetivos propostos, foram analisados documentos oriundos dos seguintes lugares: Museu Paranaense; Biblioteca Pública do Paraná; Casa da Memória (Curitiba); Ciclo de Estudos Bandeirantes; Arquivo Público do Estado do Paraná; e outros projetos relacionados à pesquisa como o projeto Memória do Livro Didático (USP/SP).

Os vírus influenza A (VIA) e circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) são os agentes etiológicos da influenza suína (IS) e da circovirose suína (CS), respectivamente. Estas doenças têm um impacto econômico significativo na suinocultura mundial. Adicionalmente, o VIA pode ser transmitido entre animais e humanos, sendo por isso, importante para a saúde pública. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de pesquisar a ocorrência desses vírus em suínos de abate no sul de Moçambique. As amostras foram coletadas em um abatedouro na cidade da Matola, nos períodos de dezembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Os materiais e métodos aplicados e resultados obtidos estão apresentados em dois artigos científicos. O primeiro relata a infecção pelo VIA associada à caracterização anatomopatológica e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) das lesões pulmonares. Foram avaliados 457 pulmões de suínos, e amostras de 38 (8.3%) pulmões, que apresentaram áreas de consolidação, foram coletadas e submetidas ao exame histopatológico e IHQ para a detecção de antígenos do VIA, PCV2 e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Antígenos do VIA foram detectados em 32/38 (84.3%) dos pulmões com pneumonia através da IHQ, e os suínos positivos eram provenientes dos distritos de Matutuine (5/32), Moamba (2/32), Namaacha (21/32), Boane (3/32) e Cidade da Matola (1/32). Todos os pulmões com pneumonia foram negativos no exame de IHQ para PCV2 e M. hyopneumoniae. O segundo artigo teve o objetivo de detectar lesões histológicas, antígenos e DNA de PCV2 em linfonodos mesentéricos de suínos e realizar a caracterização filogenética de isolados de PCV2 circulantes no sul de Moçambique. Foram coletados aleatoriamente 111 linfonodos mesentéricos de suínos de abate provenientes de nove distritos do sul de Moçambique. As amostras foram submetidas ao exame histopatológico, IHQ e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Uma amostra positiva para PCV2 na PCR de cada distrito (n=9) foi selecionada aleatoriamente e submetida ao sequenciamento da região aberta de leitura ORF2. DNA de PCV2 foi detectado em 53.8% (62/111) das amostras e em 73.8% de granjas dos nove distritos. No exame de IHQ, linfonodos mesentéricos de seis suínos positivos para PCV2 na PCR apresentaram antígenos desse vírus associados à depleção linfoide e infiltrado de histiócitos e células gigantes multinucleadas. Na análise filogenética, sequências dos isolados dos distritos de Namaacha, Moamba e Maputo ficaram agrupadas no genótipo PCV2d-2; as sequências de isolados dos distritos de Manhiça e Matola, no genótipo PCV2d-1; enquanto os isolados dos distritos de Boane, Matutuine, Chibuto e Xai-Xai, no genótipo PCV2b-1A/B. Os resultados do trabalho permitem concluir que o VIA e PCV2 circulam na população suína em vários distritos da região sul de Moçambique. / Influenza A virus (IAV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are the etiological agents of swine influenza (SI) and porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) respectively. These diseases represent a significant economic impact on pig production worldwide. In addition, IAV can be transmitted between animals and humans with consequences for public health. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of these viruses in slaughter pigs in Southern Mozambique. Samples were collected in a slaughterhouse in Matola city, from December 2014 to February 2015 and December 2015 to February 2016. The materials and methods applied and the results obtained are presented in two manuscripts. The first article reports IAV infection in pigs and characterize the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical features of the associated lung lesions. Lungs from 457 slaughtered pigs were evaluated grossly, and samples from 38 (8.3%) of these that presented pulmonary consolidation were collected and examined for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the presence of IAV, PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens. IAV antigens were detected in 32/38 (84.3%) of pneumonic lungs, and positive pigs were from Matutuine district (5/32), Moamba district (2/32), Namaacha district (21/32), Boane district (3/32) and Matola City (1/32). All lung samples were immunohistochemically negative for PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae. The second article aimed to detect histological lesions, PCV2 antigens and DNA and perform phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 strains circulating in Southern Mozambique. At slaughter, mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from 111 randomly selected pigs from nine districts of Southern Mozambique. Samples were submitted to histopathological examination, IHC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One PCV2 PCR positive sample from each district (n=9) was randomly selected in order to obtain sequences covering the ORF2 region. PCV2 DNA was detected in 53.8% (62/111) of the samples and 73.8% of the farms from all nine districts. PCV2 antigen was detected by IHC in six lymph nodes that were positive for PCV2 by PCR and antigens were associated with lymphoid depletion and infiltrate of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that three sequences from Maputo, Namaacha and Moamba were grouped with PCV2d-2, two sequences from Manhiça and Matola were grouped as PCV2d-1, and four sequences from Boane, Matutuine, Chibuto, and Xai-Xai were closely related to PCV2b-1A/B genotypes. The results of this study indicate that IAV and PCV2 circulate in the swine population in several districts of the southern region of Mozambique.

The main goal of this thesis is to provide a general knowledge of the leasing as a form of asset financing compared to the loan, describe leasing and define its history, types and functions, define the legal and tax aspects of leasing. Another goal is to capture the forms of lease accounting and evaluate the leasing compared to the loan by way of examples using different methods.

Orbit of a spacecraft in three dimensional Inertial Reference Frame is in general represented by a standard set of six parameters like Keplerian Orbital Elements namely semimajor axis, eccentricity, inclination, argument of perigee, right ascension of ascending node, and true anomaly. An orbit can also be represented by an equivalent set of six parameters namely the position and velocity vectors, hereafter referred as orbit-vectors. The process of determining the six orbital parameters from redundant set of observations (more than the required minimum observations) is known as Orbit Determination (OD) process. This is, in general, solved using Least Squares principle. Availability of accurate, almost continuous, space borne observations provide tremendous scope for simplifications and new directions in Autonomous OD (AOD). The objective of this thesis is to develop a suitable scheme for onboard autonomy in OD, specifically for low-earth-orbit-missions that are in high demand in the immediate future. The focus is on adopting a simple orbit model by a thorough study and analysis by considering the individual contributions from the different force models or component accelerations acting on the spacecraft. Second step in this work is to address the application of an onboard estimation scheme like Kalman Filter for onboard processing. The impact of the approximation made in the orbit model for filter implementation manifests as propagation error or estimation residuals in the estimation. The normal procedure of tuning the filter is by getting an appropriate state and measurement noise covariance matrices by some means, sometimes through trial and error basis. Since this tuning is laborious and the performance may vary with different contexts, it is attempted to propose a scheme on a more general footing, with dynamically compensating for the model simplification. There are three parts of this problem namely (i) Analysis of different Orbit Dynamics Models and selection of a simplified Onboard Model (ii) Design of an Estimator Filter based on Kalman Filter approach for Onboard Applications and (iii) Development of a suitable Filter Compensation procedure to ensure best estimates of orbit vectors even with the simplified orbit model. Development of a Numerical Integration scheme (and a software tool) and extensive simulation exercises to justify the conclusion on the simple model to be used in the estimation procedure forms the first part of the thesis. Tables quantify the effect of individual accelerations and demonstrate the effects of various model components on orbit propagation. In general, it is well known that the atmospheric drag is a non-conservative force and reduces energy; it is also known that the effect of first zonal harmonic term is predominant than any other gravity parameters; such anticipated trends in the accuracies are obtained. This particular exercise is carried out for orbits of different altitudes and different inclinations. The analysis facilitates conclusions on a limited model orbit dynamics suitable for onboard OD. Procedures and results of this model selection analysis is published in Journal of Spacecraft Technology, Vol. 16, No.1,pp 8-30, Jan 2006, titled “Orbit Model Studies for Onboard Orbit Estimation” [69]. Design of Estimator based on Kalman Filter There are two steps involved in dealing with the next part of the defined work: • Design and implementation of Extended Kalman Filter Estimation (EKF) scheme • Steps to compensate for approximation made in the reduced orbit dynamics The GPS receivers on board some of the IRS satellites (for example, the Resource-Sat-1), output the GPS Navigation Solutions (GPSNS) namely the position and velocity vectors of the IRS satellite along with the Pseudo-range measurements. These are recorded onboard for about two orbits duration, and are down loaded. An Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm for the estimation of the orbit vectors using these GPSNS observations is developed. Estimation is carried out assuming a Gaussian white noise models for the state and observation noises. The results show a strong dependence on the initial covariance of the noise involved; reconstruction of the observations results only if the assumption of realistic noise characteristics (which are unknown) is strictly adhered. Hence this simple non-adaptive EKF is found inadequate for onboard OD scheme. Development of the Dynamics Filter Compensation (DFC) Scheme In next part of the thesis, the problem of dealing with the un-modeled accelerations has been addressed. A suitable model-compensation scheme that was first developed by D.S Ingram el at [60] and successfully applied to Lunar missions, has been modified suitably to treat the problem posed by the reduced orbit dynamics. Here, the un-modeled accelerations are approximated by the OU stochastic process described as the solution of the Langavin stochastic differential equation. A filter scheme is designed where the coefficients of the un- modeled acceleration components are also estimated along with the system state yielding a better solution. Further augmentation to the filter include a standard Adaptive Measurement Noise covariance update; results are substantiated with actual data of IRS-P6 (Resource–Sat 1, see chapter 4). Classified as the Structured Adaptive Filtering Scheme, this results in a Dynamic Filter Compensation(DFC) Scheme which provides distinctly improved results in the position of the state. First, the estimation is carried out using actual GPS Navigation Solutions as observations. What is to be estimated itself is observed; the State-Observation relation is simple. The results are seen to improve the orbit position five times; bringing down the position error from 40 meters to about 8 meters. However, this scheme superimposes an extra factor of noise in the velocity vector of the GPSNS solutions. It is noted that this scheme deals only with the process noise covariance. To tackle the noise introduced in the velocity components, modifications of the original scheme by introducing an adaptive measurement noise covariance update is done. This improves the position estimate further by about 2 meters and also removes the noise introduced in the velocity components and reconstructs the orbit velocity vector output of the GPSNS. The results are confirmed using one more set of actual data corresponding to a different date. This scheme is shown to be useful for obtaining continuous output –without data gaps- of the GPSNS output. Next, the estimation is carried out taking the actual GPS observations which are the Pseudo Range, Range rate measurements from the visible GPS satellites (visible to the GPS receiver onboard ). Switching over to the required formulation for this situation in the state-measurement relation profile, estimation is carried out. The results are confirmed in this case also. Clear graphs of comparisons with definitive orbital states (considered as actual) versus estimated states show that the model reduction attempted at the first part has been successfully tackled in this method. In this era of space-borne GPS observations, where frequent sampling of the orbiting body is suggestive of reduced orbit models, an attempt for replacement of the conventional treatment of expensive and elaborate OD procedure is proved feasible in this thesis work.

During the last century, the number of car users has increased as an effect of the increasing population growth. To manage the environmental and infrastructural challenges that comes with a more congested traffic network, traffic planning has become of higher importance to analyze the current traffic state and to predict future capacity challenges and effects of investments. These analysis and evaluations are commonly performed in different traffic analysis tools, where updated and realistic traffic demand needs to be provided to ensure reasonable results. In this thesis, a macroscopic model of Norrköping municipality constructed in the traffic demand modelling software Visum and a daily Origin-Destination(OD)-matrix is considered. The goal of this thesis is to produce a method that modify the current daily demand matrix into hourly demand matrices, called hourly target matrices, that represents a typical weekday. The goal is also to implement and evaluate the OD-estimation algorithm Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) to obtain updated and valid demand matrices for the network model of Norrköping. The method of dividing the daily demand matrix into hourly target matrices is based on the paper by Spiess %26 Suter (1990). The method makes use of the available daily trip purpose matrices combined with hourly link flow observations from 96 links in a multiple linear regression model to obtain 24 hourly demand matrices. The resulting matrices are compared with the link flow observations and has different levels of R^2-fit, the maximum fit is 85.79 % and the minimum fit is 55.89 %. The average R^2-value is 72 %. The OD-estimation based on SPSA is performed on the AM and PM peak hours. The algorithm is implemented in Python scripts that are called from Visum where the traffic assignments is calculated. The result is an increase in R^2-value since the link flow difference between estimated and observed link flow is decreased. In total, the estimated link flows are improved by 7.4 % in the AM peak hour and 15.6 % in the PM peak hour. The total absolute change in OD-demand is 3 871 trips for AM peak hour and 6 452 trips for the PM peak hour. The estimated OD-matrices are evaluated by qualitatively visualizing the difference in heat maps and in the quantitative measure structural similarity index. The result is no major structural change from the hourly target matrices which verifies that the information used when the target matrices is produced still is considered. The total demand increased in both hours, with 505 respectively 2 431 trips and flows in some OD-pairs has a very high percental change. This was restricted by adding a penalty term to the SPSA-algorithm on the PM peak hour. The result of penalized SPSA is a much less increase of total demand as well as less percental change of the OD-flows. Though, this to a cost of not decreasing the link flow difference in the same magnitude.

The thesis called "Poutník od Otavy Otavan source of information about the history and cultural traditions of Prácheňsko" is focused on the contents, the structure of the given journals and their importance for the region Prácheňsko. The introduction includes definitions of the basic terms and presents characteristics of Prácheňsko. The thesis continues with a comparison of the given journals with many selected journals from Tábor, Jindřichův Hradec and České Budějovice. The main part of the thesis is based on analysis of the articles from Písek journals related to history and cultural traditions in the region Prácheňsko. The social situation of the country at the time when the journals were released the 2nd half of the 19th century was taken into account when working out this thesis. The aim of this thesis is evaluation of importance of chosen regional journals for the region Prácheňsko.