First part discusses discharge of obligations by performance. Second part discusses discharge of obligations by other ways - agreement of contractors, withdrawal from a contract, frustration of the purpouse of a contract, compensation for withdrawal, subsequent impossibility of performance, not claiming the rights, termination, set-off of claims, settlement with creditor, merge of creditor and debitor, death of creditor or debitor. The text contains many examples of commercial praxis.

The diploma thesis deals with the affect of tax exemption as a structural element of personal income tax at the rate of taxation in the Nordic countries. The first part of the analysis consists of a comparison of the structure of personal income tax in selected countries and an analysis of exempt income, with a focus on social benefits. The final analysis includes calculation of the rate of taxation for several types of households and several levels of income. The results are then compared across selected countries.

Diploma thesis "Modern methods of production control" is engaged in the activities of production companies in general and the application of different methods, both in the manufacturing process control as such and as secondary service production processes as well. In the first part of the thesis are described processes with a theoretical base for the manufacturing enterprise, including the stratification of production management from different perspectives and division of production itself. The second part of the thesis is focused on the practical use and application of selected methods and production control in the particular Czech company, which is operating in production of plastic products for automotive industry. Selected methods are described in terms of content, achieving the objective and advantages or disadvanteges, reulting from their application. Among methods you can find e.g. Just in Time, Poka-Yoke, Lean Production, ERP, 5S, Project management, Kanban, TPM, Theory of constraints, FMEA, OEE, Continuous Improvement Processes and others.

Organizational change and development (OCD) has been studied by researchers to identify the effectiveness of change initiatives. Because of the broad scope of interventions in OCD, these studies have covered a range of areas including multiple interventions and the methodological rigor used by researchers. However, few have looked at organizational versus individual change within an organization, to examine whether individual change is more effective than organizational change. The purpose of this study is to determine if organizational change occurs in a top down or bottom up manner. A meta-analysis was conducted using 238 field experiments. Each study was coded for intervention and organizational outcome and for individual or organizational level variables. Effect sizes were calculated for each study, each level, and each level by intervention and outcome measure. Results indicate that while OCD interventions overall had a moderate effect size, the level of intervention or outcome was not a moderating variable.

Orientador: Claudio Eduardo Muller Banzato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T12:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dantas_ClarissadeRosalmeida_M.pdf: 4522719 bytes, checksum: 2a31a083f55365036635b66759191002 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version (SAI-E) é constituído de 11 itens que abordam: reconhecimento de se ter um transtorno mental, capacidade de renomear fenômenos psicóticos como anormais, e adesão ao tratamento. Objetivos: traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o SAI-E; e estudar a confiabilidade entre avaliadores e a estrutura fatorial da versão brasileira do instrumento. Métodos: A adaptação do SAI-E levou em conta as dimensões da equivalência transcultural: de conteúdo, semântica, técnica, de critério e conceitual. A versão brasileira do SAI-E foi utilizada na avaliação de 109 pacientes psicóticos internados, dos quais 60 tiveram a entrevista gravada para atribuição de escores por avaliador independente. Resultados: Uma boa equivalência transcultural foi alcançada. A confiabilidade entre avaliadores para os itens do SAI-E foi aceitável, com kappa variando de 0,48 a 0,76, e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) de 0,66 a 0,78; para o escore total foi excelente, com ICC = 0,90. Uma estrutura fatorial semelhante à obtida para a versão original do SAI-E foi encontrada, com 3 fatores explicando 71,72% da variabilidade. O fator 1 (30,43% da variância) consistiu nos cinco itens sobre o reconhecimento da doença e no item sobre reconhecimento da necessidade de tratamento; o fator 2 (26,75% da variância) consistiu nos dois itens relativos à capacidade de reconhecer o caráter patológico dos sintomas, no item de contradição hipotética e no item 3 ¿atribuição da própria condição a um transtorno mental¿; e o fator 3 (14,54% da variância) consistiu nos dois itens que abordam adesão ao tratamento. Em um estudo preliminar de associação entre insight e variáveis sócio-demográficas, clínicas e relativas ao tratamento, constatou-se que melhor insight global esteve associado à ocorrência de episódio depressivo maior, internação voluntária, e experiência de atendimento em psicoterapia. Conclusão: no contexto brasileiro o SAI-E apresentou boa confiabilidade entre avaliadores e estrutura fatorial compatível com as dimensões do insight que pretende avaliar / Abstract: The Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version is constituted of 11 items that encompass: awareness of having a mental illness, ability to rename psychotic phenomena as abnormal and compliance to treatment. Objectives: Translate into Portuguese and adapt SAI-E cross-culturally and study the inter-rater reliability and the factorial structure of the Brazilian version of the instrument. Methods: The adaptation of SAI-E considered the dimensions of cross-cultural equivalence: content, semantic, technical, criterion and conceptual equivalences. The Brazilian version of SAI-E was used for the assessment of insight of 109 psychotic inpatients, 60 of whom had the interview taped in order to be scored by an independent evaluator. Results: Good cross-cultural equivalence was achieved. An acceptable inter-rater reliability was found to the individual items of SAI-E with kappa ranging from 0.48 to 0.76, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.66 to 0.78. Regarding the total score, inter-rater reliability was excellent, with ICC=0.90. A factorial structure similar to the one obtained to the original version of SAI-E was found, with 3 factors accounting for 71.72% of variance. Factor 1 (30.43% of variance) consisted of the five items about awareness of illness and the item about the awareness of the need of treatment; factor 2 (26.75% of variance) consisted of the two items related to the renaming of symptoms as pathological, the item of hypothetical contradiction and item 3, ¿attribution of one¿s condition to a mental illness¿; and factor 3 (14.54% of variance) consisted of the two items regarding treatment compliance. In a preliminary study on the correlations between insight and socio-demographic and clinical variables, we found that better global insight was associated with occurrence of major depressive episodes, voluntary admissions, and previous psychotherapy treatment. Conclusion: In the Brazilian context, SAI-E presented good inter-rater reliability and factorial structure compatible to insight dimensions that are intended to be evaluated. / Mestrado / Saude Mental / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

<p>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR)</p><p>Ispitano je prisustvo plesni u začinskim sme&scaron;ama (za proizvodnju mortadele, mesnog nareska, srpske Ijute kobasice, alpske i tirolske salame, vir&scaron;le i &scaron;unkarice), crnom biberu u zrnu i mlevenoj začinskoj paprici. Intenzitet kontaminacije bio je najveći u začinskim sme&scaron;ama (46,13%), zatim crnom biberu (28,95%) i začinskoj paprici (24,92%).<br />Uočena je dominacija grupe kserofilnih plesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Emericella, Eurotium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium i Xeromyces. Konstatovano je da su u začinskim sme&scaron;ama i crnom biberu najbrojniji bili predstavnici rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium, ali su po zastupljenosti u uzorcima (100%) dominirale plesni roda Eurotium {E. herbariorum). U uzorcima začinske paprike najče&scaron;će su detektovane plesni roda Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) (87,5%).<br />Od ukupno 45 vrsta identifikovanih tokom mikolo&scaron;kih ispitivanja začina, 55,5% je bilo potencijalno toksigenih. Prisustvo aflatoksina B1 nije konstatovano ni ujednom od začina, ohratoksin A je pronađen kod dva uzorka crnog bibera (u tragovima; 32,00 &mu;g/kg), a zearalenon kod tri uzorka crnog bibera (192,00 do 288,00 &mu;g/kg).<br />Sposobnost sinteze ohratoksina A utvrđena je kod 4 od 5 testiranih sojeva Aspergillus ochraceus (20,00 do 340,00 &mu;g /1). Većina sojeva A. versicolor i 50% E. herbariorum sintetisali su sterigmatocistin u značajnim količinama (100,00 do 1600,00 &mu;g /1, odnosno l60,00 do 400,00 &mu;g /l).<br />A. versicolor se pokazao prilično tolerantnim na uzlaganje visokim temperaturama, preživev&scaron;i toplotni tretman na 800C (5 i 10 min), ali je naru&scaron;ena fiziolo&scaron;ka aktivnost rezultovala smanjenjem proizvodnje sterigmatocistina.</p><p>Koncentracijom kalijum sorbata od 0,5% u potpunosti je inhibiran rast A. versicolor na čvrstoj hranljivoj podlozi, ali ne i u tečnoj; proizvodnja sterigmatocistina registrovana je samo pri nižim koncentracijama (0,05 i 0,1%).</p> / <p>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR)</p><p>The presence of moulds in spice mixtures (for production of mortadella, luncheon meat, &quot;serbian&quot; hot sausage, &quot;alpine&quot; and &quot;tirol&quot; salami, Frankfurter and ham sausage) was investigated. The highest intensity of contamination was in spice mixtures (46,13%), then in black pepper (28,95 %) and in ground red pepper (24,92%).<br />The group of xerophyllic moulds of genera Aspergillus, Emericella, Eurotiiim, Paecilomvces, Penicillium and Xeromyces was dominant. It was found out that the representatives of genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most numerous, but considering the incidence in samples (100%) the moulds of genus Eurotium (E. herbariourum) were dominant. In samples of ground red pepper the moulds of the genus Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) (87,5%) were the most frequently detected. Among 45 species identified during mycological investigation of spices, 55,5% were possibly toxicogenic. The presence of aflatoxin B1 was not observed in any of spices tested, ochratoxin A was found in two samples of black pepper (from traces to 32,00 &mu;g/kg), and zaeralenone in three samples of black pepper (192,00 to 288,00 &mu;g/kg).<br />The ability for synthesis of ochratoxin A was observed in 4 of 5 tested strains of Aspergillus ochraceus (20,00 to 340,00 &mu;g/1). The majority of A. versicolor strains and 50% of E. herbariorum synthesized sterigmatocystin in significant quantities (100,00 up to 1600,00 &mu;g/1, and l60,00 up to 400,00 &mu;g/l, respectively).</p><p>A. versicolor showed to be rather tolerant to exposure to high temperatures by surviving the heat treatment at 800C (5 and 10 min), but the disturbed physiological activity resulted in reduced production of sterigmatocystin.<br />By concentration of potassium sorbate of 0,5% the growth of A. versicolor on solid medium was totally inhibited, but not on liquid medium; the production of sterigmatocystin was registered only at lower concentrations (0,05 and 0,1%).</p>

Coachande ledarskap tillhör det nya ledarskapsparadigmet och då organisationer verkar i en alltmer komplex omvärld har det blivit viktigare för ledare att underlätta för anställdas lärande. Det coachande ledarskapet kan bidra med just lärande och utveckling av medarbetare. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och få fördjupad förståelse för betydelsen av coachande ledarskap för det individuella lärandet inom organisationen och hur det i sin tur gynnar organisationen utifrån coachande medarbetare och coachande ledares perspektiv. I denna kvalitativa studie genomfördes fem intervjuer, varav tre med coachande ledare och två med coachade medarbetare vid två anonyma företag i Sverige. Av resultatet framkommer bland annat att coachande ledarskap har betydelse för både för kognitivt, emotionellt och färdighetsbaserat lärresultat. En bra relationik är dock en grundläggande förutsättning för det individuella lärandet av det coachande ledarskapet och kan förklaras av de grundläggande behov som finns hos människor av trygghet och sociala relationer. Dessutom tyder resultatet på att ledarskapet och ledarens beteenden och färdigheter samt lärtillfällen har en betydande roll i sammanhanget. Nyttan för organisationen är framförallt, ökad effektivitet, ökade idéer och innovation samt förbättrade prestationer. Hilmarsson (2020) påpekar att ”syftet med det coachande ledarskapet är att skapa en positiv kultur där det finns samarbete, effektivitet och hälsa” (Hilmarsson, 2020, s.17). Till det bör tilläggas att det coachande ledarskap även kan leda till lärande och organizational development (OD) inom organisationer. Denna studie har till största del bekräftat tidigare forskning på området och ger en inblick i coachande ledare och coachade medarbetare upplevelser av det individuella lärandet inom organisationer och hur det kommer organisationer till nytta. Då studiens resultat tyder på att relationik, ledarskap och lärtillfällen samverkar och påverkar varandra och förefaller ha betydelse för det individuella lärandet så bör det finnas en möjlighet att optimera lärandet av det coachande ledarskapet och dess resultat om hänsyn tas till detta. Lärresultatet affektivt lärande förefaller vara en stor del av lärresultatet av coachande ledarskap, medan för coaching förefaller det vara kognitiva lärresultat är en skillnad som studien kastat ytterligare ljus på.

This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of algal test methods and passes judgement on their availibility for ecotoxicological analysis of chosen chemical substances. By counting of algal cells and spectrophotometry was determined influence of potassium bichromate on growth of freshwater algae Desmodesmus subspicatus.

This work was focused on geochemical methods and analyses which were used for lithologic and facial description of floodplain sedimentary records and also for determination of depth dependence of Pb concentration and evaluation of possible mobility of Pb in six profiles, which were taken across the floodplain in two locations in the southern part of Morava River in study area called Strážnické Pomoraví. The aim was to confirm the stability of concentration of Pb in upper parts of all six profiles. Performing these analyses, a possible migration of Pb in lower parts of some profiles has unexpectedly been revealed. For better facial description of the profiles in floodplain fines, proxy methods such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), elementary analysis using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) and also determination of content of magnetic particles using magnetic susceptibility in depth profiles were used. The results of these proxy methods were confirmed by conventionally used geochemical methods - BCR sequential extraction, elementary analysis with determination of Pb isotope ratios using ICP MS, and granulometric analysis.

The diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the waste management of the town of Letohrad. The first part is focused on the legislation related to the waste management at the municipal level. It sums up duties and competences of a town resulting from the legislation. The description of the current state of the waste management of Letohrad follows, including the used methods of waste collection, waste processing, reuse or disposal. The door-to-door collection of paper, plastic, beverage cartons and metal, and the way of remuneration for sorting those commodities are described thoroughly. Further, the analysis of the amounts of municipal waste produced in the town is performed, including the comparison with the production of the Czech Republic and the Pardubice Region. In the final part, changes of the current waste management system of Letohrad are proposed.