Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Henrique Bonani do Nascimento / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia da Informação, 2014. / Atualmente as redes ópticas são vistas como uma solução promissora para suprir as altas demandas de tráfego com a crescente multiplicidade de serviços na rede. Estes serviços exigem que as redes tenham larguras de banda flexíveis, ao mesmo tempo em que sejam capazes de alcançar longas distâncias provendo altas taxas de dados. Para dar suporte a esta demanda,novas tecnologias vêm sendo estudadas, sendo que nos últimos anos o foco principal está na comutação óptica de espectro, levando os sistemas a considerarem as chamadas Redes Ópticas Elásticas. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise de desempenho de uma Rede Óptica Elástica baseada na tecnologia OFDM com múltiplos serviços e múltiplos requisitos de largura de banda. A principal métrica a ser abordada neste trabalho é a Probabilidade de Bloqueio, mas também será abordada a Utilização dos enlaces. Esses parâmetros são estudados para cada tipo de serviço em diferentes cenários de rede, incluindo o caso com desfragmentação de espectro e sem desfragmentação de espectro, considerando alguns algoritmos para a alocação de espectro.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / This dissertation deals with the estimation of time-selective fading channels in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) coding systems. We considered that the channel obeys the WSS-US (Wide Sense StationaryâUncorrelated Scattering) model, with an integral number of multi-paths. In presence of time-selective fading, we showed that the sub-carriers are the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) of the average of Nc channel samples in time-domain, where Nc is the number of employed sub-carriers. Under the assumption that the channel obeys the TDL (Tapped Delay Line) model, and the transmitted symbols at each sub-carrier have the same power, we also showed that the channel power is divided between the sub-carrier and ICI (Inter-Carrier Interference) power. For a grid placement of the pilot sub-carriers, we derived a MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) estimator that is able to exploit both time and frequency correlations. Supposing the sub-carrier correlations can be separated as the product between the time and frequency correlations, the filtering structure of the IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) estimator can be separated as the estimation at the pilot positions and the interpolation over time and frequency domain. Just taking into account that the maximum Doppler frequency and the channel and sub-carrier power are known at the receiver, we proposed a robust estimator that does not require the estimation of channel correlations and noise variance. We considered an adaptive estimator derived from the filtering structure obtained in the MMSE estimator. The filtering section that exploits the frequency-domain channel correlations is estimated by the LORAF (Low-Rank Adaptive Filter ) and OPAST(Orthogonal Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking) algorithms. The filters that exploits the time-domain channel correlations are estimated adaptively by an algorithm based on QR decomposition, which supports a fast version, whose computational complexity has the order of the filter length. All the analyzed and proposed estimation techniques are compared by computer simulation. / Nesta dissertaÃÃo à abordado o problema de estimaÃÃo de canais variantes no tempo em sistemas de modulaÃÃo OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Foi escolhido o modelo de canal WSS-US (Wide Sense StationaryâUncorrelated Scattering) com um nÃmero de percursos bem definido. Mostrou-se que, quando o canal à seletivo no tempo, as sub-portadoras consistem na DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) da mÃdia conjunta de Nc amostras do canal no tempo, em que Nc à o nÃmero de sub-portadoras empregadas. Com a suposiÃÃo de que o canal obedece o modelo TDL (Tapped Delay Line) e os sÃmbolos de cada sub-portadora tÃm mesma potÃncia, tambÃm foi mostrado que a potÃncia do canal se divide entre a potÃncia da sub-portadora e a potÃncia da ICI (Inter-Carrier Interference). Para uma disposiÃÃo em grid das sub-portadoras piloto, à derivado um estimador MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) que explora as correlaÃÃes do canal tanto no tempo como na freqÃÃncia. Da suposiÃÃo de que as correlaÃÃes das sub-portadoras podem ser separadas como o produto entre as correlaÃÃes do canal no tempo e na freqÃÃncia, obtÃve-se que a estrutura de filtragem do estimador IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) pode ser separada entre as estimativas somente sobre as sub-portadoras piloto e o processo de interpolaÃÃo, seja no tempo como na freqÃÃncia. à proposto um estimador robusto, que nÃo requer as estimativas das correlaÃÃes do canal e a variÃncia do ruÃdo, apenas considerando que a freqÃÃncia Doppler mÃxima, a potÃncia do canal e a potÃncia das sub portadoras sÃo conhecidas. TambÃm foi considerado um estimador adaptativo derivado a partir da estrutura de filtragem do estimador MMSE. A seÃÃo do filtro que explora as correlaÃÃes do canal na freqÃÃncia à estimada pelos algoritmos LORAF (Low-Rank Adaptive Filter ) e OPAST (Orthogonal Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking). Jà os filtros que exploram as correlaÃÃes temporais do canal sÃo estimados adaptativamente por meio de um algoritmo baseado em decomposiÃÃo QR, que suporta uma versÃo rÃpida de complexidade computacional da ordem do comprimento filtro empregado. Todas as tÃcnicas de estimaÃÃo analisadas ou propostas sÃo comparadas utilizando simulaÃÃo em computador.

Este trabalho apresenta um novo algoritmo, denominado Intercalamento Temporal por Transformada de Fourier (FTI), desenvolvido para complementar sistemas de modulação digital. Com este processo, a informação é distribuida de forma difusa ao longo de um conjunto de símbolos, tanto no domínio do tempo como no da frequência. Constitui-se em um processo computacionalmente eficiente, especialmente adequado para operar em conjunto com a modulação OFDM, e que apresenta consideráveis ganhos de desempenho em algumas situações de degradação; por exemplo, é mais tolerante a ruídos impulsivos de longa duração do que a modulação OFDM convencional. Apresenta-se também um outro mecanismo, denominado de Realimentação de Erro, que melhora o desempenho do sistema em praticamente todas as situaçoes analisadas. Embora implique em aumento da carga computacional, este processo consiste de uma operação determinística, que dispensa etapas de iteração ou recursos computacionais distintos dos já disponíveis. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a utilização destas técnicas em um sistema OFDM com características similares ao sistema ISDB-T, adequado para radiodifusão de TV Digital . / This work introduces a new transform-based time interleaving algorithm: FTI-OFDM (Fourier Transform Interleaved OFDM), in which binary information is spread over several symbols, both in time and frequency domains. This process, designed to be included in digital modulation systems, is computationally efficient when used in conjunction with OFDM modulation. Simulations are used to show its superiority over the usual binary time interleaving used in ordinary OFDM under several impairment scenarios, that include long impulsive noise and deep fading. Also introduced in this work is the additional method of decision error feedback (ERF), that enhances the performance of FTI-OFDM in almost all situations. Furthermore, ERF is deterministic and non-iterative and employs the same computational resources found in OFDM systems. The performance of an FTI-OFDM system, similar to ISDB-T standard, is evaluated under several impairments, such as are found in Digital TV broadcasting environment.

Les communications sans fil sont essentielles pour les nouveaux systèmes des transports. Ainsi, ces communications sans fil doivent être capables d'opérer sans interruption quelque soit l'environnement électromagnétique (EM) dans lequel elles se trouvent. Pour cette raison, nous nous étudions comment certains environnements EM affectent les systèmes de communication. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux trains à grande vitesse. Dans ce secteur, on peut trouver des interférences EM intentionnelles (IEMI) et des interférences EM non intentionnelles (EMI). Nous avons considéré comme EMI les signaux interférences électromagnétiques transitoires produites par les pertes de contact entre la caténaire et le pantographe. Pour les IEMI, nous avons utilisé des signaux d'interférence générés par des brouilleurs. Nous avons étudié la vulnérabilité du réseau de communication IEEE 802.11n face à ces différents types d'interférences. Par la suite nous avons identifié le mécanisme d'accès au canal comme un point potentiellement vulnérable aux deux types d'interférences. En effet, une interférence de faible puissance peut faire croire que le canal est occupé, empêchant toute communication. Concernant les IEMI, nous avons remarqué que la période de balayage de la bande de fréquence du signal du brouillage est un paramètre important pour que celui-ci soit efficace. Pour les signaux EMI, nous avons identifié la période DIFS comme étant un autre paramètre vulnérable de la norme, car à partir d'un certain niveau de puissance d'interférence et dès que l'intervalle de répétition entre les transitoires est inférieur au DIFS, la communication est systématiquement interrompue. / Wireless communications are essential for new transportation systems. Thus, these wireless communications must be able to operate without interruption, regardless of the electromagnetic (EM) environment. For this reason, we study how some EM environments affect communication systems. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the transportation sector, especially high speed trains. In this sector, both unintentional EM interferences (EMI) and intentional EM interferences (IEMI) can be found. We considered unintentional EM interferences (EMI), such as transient EM interference signals produced by contact losses between the catenary and the pantograph. For intentional EM interferences (IEMI) we used interference signals as those generated by low power commercial jammers. We have studied the vulnerability of the IEEE 802.11n communication network facing these different interference types. We identified the channel access mechanism as a vulnerable feature of IEEE 802.11n. As a matter of fact, in the presence of low power interferences, the channel can be considered busy by the channel access mechanism, preventing any communication. With regard to the IEMI, we have noticed that the sweep period of the frequency band of the jamming signal is an important parameter on the jamming performance. For transient EM interference signals, we identified the DIFS period as another vulnerable parameter of the standard. Indeed, when the repetition interval between transients is lower than DIFS period, with a certain interference power level, the communication is systematically interrupted.

Le trafic de données a connu une explosion durant les dernières décennies, en raison d’une augmentation de la demande liée à la vidéo en ligne, mais aussi de la voix sur IP et le peer to peer. L’émergence du cloud computing et du cloud gaming ainsi que la haute résolution des contenus vidéo tend à accroître encore cette demande de débit. Ainsi les normes de communication évoluent afin de fournir les utilisateurs avec le meilleur débit possible. De ce fait, les systèmes nécessitent d’embarquer des techniques d’accès multiples afin de séparer les utilisateurs et l’augmentation du nombre d’antennes devient indispensable. Par conséquent, ces équipements deviennent de plus en plus complexes et énergivores. Dans le but de réduire la complexité des systèmes et ainsi diminuer leur consommation, en permettant de plus de fonctionner avec de faibles puissances d’émission, le Retournement Temporel apparaît comme une solution envisageable. En effet, cette technique permet de focaliser des ondes électromagnétiques dans le temps et l’espace. Ainsi, grâce à ce procédé il devient possible de réaliser des communications multi-antennes à faible complexité et à faibles interférences entre symboles grâce à la propriété de focalisation temporelle, et à faibles interférences intérutilisateurs grâce à la propriété de focalisation spatiale. Cependant, afin de l’adapter aux normes de communication actuelles, il est nécessaire d’étudier la combinaison duRetournement Temporel avec les systèmes multi-porteuses présents dans les principales normes de communication par paquets. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’étudier le Retournement Temporel appliqué aux modulations multi-porteuses, et plus particulièrement à l’OFDM. Dans un premier temps, la manière de réaliser une telle combinaison est étudiée dans un contexte SISO (Single Input Single Output). Ensuite, les avantages au niveau de la synchronisation et de la réduction de l’intervalle de garde d’une telle association sont décrits et analysés. Par la suite, une extension aux systèmes MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) est présentée, ainsi que la combinaison avec les codes espace temps en bloc orthogonaux. Les performances de ces systèmes en termes de capacité et de taux d’erreurs binaire sont ensuite évaluées analytiquement et comparées avec celles des systèmes concurrents. Un algorithme de modulation adaptative est ensuite ajouté au système afin d’en améliorer les performances. Ensuite, la manière de combiner le Retournement Temporel avec un système OQAM est présentée. Il est montré que cette combinaison permet de réaliser simplement des systèmes MISO-OQAM, et d’exploiter la diversité spatiale. Il est également montré ici que la combinaison avec les codes espace temps en bloc orthogonaux est réalisable. Enfin, la robustesse du système combinant le Retournement Temporel et l’OFDM face aux erreurs d’estimation est évaluée à l’aide de deux algorithmes d’estimation de canal. / The data traffic has been exploding in the last decades, owing to the increasing demand in streaming video, just as voice over IP and peer to peer. The appearance of cloud computing and cloud gaming, as well as the high resolution of video contents tend to increase this data rate demand. Hence, the communication norms evolve to provide users with the best possible throughput. Consequently, systems necessitate embedding multiple accesstechniques in order to discriminate users and the increase of the number of antennas becomes mandatory. Hence, these equipments become more and more complex and power consuming. To reduce the systems complexity and then decrease their consumption, also allowing working with low transmitting power, Time Reversal appears as a conceivable solution. Indeed, this technique allows focusing electromagnetic waves in the time and in the space domain. Hence, thanks to this process, low complexity multi-antennas communication becomes feasible, and with low inter symbol interference thanks to the time focusing property, and with lowinter user interference thanks to the space focusing property. However, in order to adapt if to current communication norms, it is necessary to study the combination of Time Reversal with multi-carrier systems used in the main packet communication norms. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study Time Reversal whenapplied to multi-carrier modulations, and particularly with OFDM. At first, the way to combine the two techniques isshowed in a SISO (Single Input Single Output) context. Then, the benefits in the synchronization process and the guard interval reduction of such association are described and analyzed. Afterwards, an extension to MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) systems is presented, as well as the combination with orthogonal space time bloc codes. The performances of these systems in terms of capacity and bit error rate are then analytically calculated and compared with other systems. An adaptive modulation algorithm is then added to the system aiming to improve the performances. Then, the way to combine Time Reversal with an OQAM system is presented. It is shown that this combination allows realizing simple MISO-OQAM systems, and also allows exploiting thespatial diversity. It is also shown that the combination with space time orthogonal block codes is feasible.Finally, the robustness of the system combining Time Reversal and OFDM when experiencing channel estimation errors is evaluated, with two channel estimation logarithms for multicarrier systems.

Resource allocation in control and communication systems constitutes the distribution of (finite) system resources in a way that achieves maximum system functionality and or cost effectiveness. Specific resource allocation problems in subband coding, Discrete Multi-tone modulation based systems and autonomous multi-agent control are addressed in this thesis. In subband coding, the number of bits used (out of a target bit budget) to code a sub- band signal are allocated in a way that minimizes the coding distortion. In Discrete Multi-tone modulation based systems, high bit rate streams are split into several parallel lower rate streams. These individual data streams are transmitted over different subchannels. Given a target bit rate, the goal of resource allocation is to distribute the bits among the different subchannels such that the total transmitted power is minimized. The last problem is achieving stable control of a fleet of autonomous agents by utilizing the available communication resources (such as transmitted Power and bandwidth) as effectively as possible. We present an efficient bit loading algorithm that applies to both subband coding and single-user multicarrier communication system. The goal is to effect an optimal distribution of B bits among N subchannels (subbands) to achieve a minimum transmitted power (distortion error variance) for multicarrier (subband coding) systems. All the algorithms in literature, except a few (which provides a suboptimal solution), have run times that increase with B. By contrast, we provide an algorithm that solves the aforementioned problems exactly and with a complexity (given by O(N log(N)),) which is dependent only on N. Bit loading in multi-user multicarrier systems not only involves the distribution of bit rates across the subchannels but also the assignment of these subchannels to different users. The motivation for studying suboptimal bit allocation is underscored by implicit and explicit claims made in some of the papers which present suboptimal bit loading algorithms, without a formal proof, that the underlying problem is NP-hard. Consequently, for no other reason than the sake of completeness, we present a proof for NP-hardness of the multiuser multicarrier bit loading problem, thereby formally justifying the search for suboptimal solutions. There has been a growing interest in the area of cooperative control of networks of mobile autonomous agents. Applications for such a set up include organization of large sensor networks, air traffic control, achieving and maintaining formations of unmanned vehicles operating under- water, air traffic control etc. As in Abel et al, our goal is to devise control laws that, require minimal information exchange between the agents and minimal knowledge on the part of each agent of the overall formation objective, are fault tolerant, scalable, and easily reconfigurable in the face of the loss or arrival of an agent, and the loss of a communication link. A major drawback of the control law proposed in Abel et al is that it assumes all agents can exchange information at will. This is fine if agents acquire each others state information through straightforward sensing. If however, state information is exchanged through broadcast commu- nication, this assumption is highly unrealistic. By modifying the control law presented in Abel et al, we devise a scheme that allows for a sharing of the resource, which is the communication channel, but also achieves the desired formation stably. Accordingly we modify the control law presented in [23] to be compatible with networks constrained by MAC protocols.

<p>Wireless Sensor Network is an emerging technology that has applicationsin Wireless Actuators, remote controlling, distribution of softwareupdates and distribution of parameters to sensor nodes. This projectwork basically covers the concept of macro-diversity. This is a situationin which several transmitters are used for transferring the same signal (inmulti-hop sensor networks) to check the increase in connected nodes orin network coverage. Transmitter macro-diversity increases the receivedsignal strength and thus increases the signal-to-noise ratio which resultsin a lower outage probability. To accomplish this task three differentstrategies have been simulated using thirteen different cases. Broadcastingis used when forming SFN of size one (strategy one) and uni-castingis used for forming SFNs of size two (strategy two) and size three (strategythree).In this project reference material has been gathered frombooks, journals and web sources; and MATLAB has been used as thesimulation tool in which codes are written in the M programming language.The algorithm works firstly by discovering all the nodes that areconnected directly with the Base Station through multi-hoping, afterwhich the second algorithm is applied to check how many more nodescan be reached by forming SFNs. A gain of up to 79% was observedusing strategy one and strategy two and up to 83% in strategy three.The results shows that strategy one (Forming SFNs using BroadcastingTechnique) is the best as more nodes can be reached (for different cases)than for the other two strategies (forming SFNs using uni-casting technique).</p>

<p>3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a project of the Third Generation Partnership Project to improve the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions. Two duplex schemes FDD and TDD are investigated in this thesis. Several computational intensive components of the baseband processing for LTE uplink such as synchronization, channel estimation, equalization, soft demapping, turbo decoding is analyzed. Cost analysis is hardware independent so that only computational complexity is considered in this thesis. Hardware dependent discussion for LTE baseband SDR platform is given according the analysis results.</p>

<p>We are very thirsty in terms of everything to fulfil our needs in a sophisticated way, and this leads me choose the so called master thesis titled “Multihop Concept in Cellular Systems”.</p><p>This thesis introduces an approach towards the integration of relaying or multihop scheme in the next generation of cellular networks. In a multihop cellular architecture, the users send their data to the base station via relay station or with direct communication to the base station. These relay stations can either be the nomadic, fixed at specific location or users’ mobile station (i.e. mobile relay station). The main objective of this paper is to compare the difference between the relaying network architecture with different channel bandwidth as well as their performance gain. For this we integrate the relay station into conventional cellular networks using IEEE 802.16j (One of the standard introduced relay station concept in WiMAX) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is a transmission technique that is based on many orthogonal subchannels (set of carriers) that transmits simultaneously). The results show that under certain conditions the throughput and coverage of the system has been increased with the introduction of the relay station in to cellular base station zone.</p>

Design and analysis of random-like codes for various multiple-input and multiple-output communication systems are addressed in this work. Random-like codes have drawn significant interest because they offer capacity-achieving performance. We first consider the analysis and design of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for turbo multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels. We develop techniques for computing the probability density function (pdf) of the extrinsic messages at the output of the soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detectors as a function of the pdf of input extrinsic messages, user spreading codes, channel impulse responses, and signal-to-noise ratios. Using these techniques, we are able to accurately compute the thresholds for LDPC codes and design good irregular LDPC codes. We then apply the tools of density evolution with mixture Gaussian approximations to optimize irregular LDPC codes and to compute minimum operational signal-to-noise ratios for ergodic MIMO OFDM channels. In particular, the optimization is done for various MIMO OFDM system configurations which include different number of antennas, different channel models and different demodulation schemes. We also study the coding-spreading tradeoff in LDPC coded CDMA systems employing multiuser joint decoding. We solve the coding-spreading optimization based on the extrinsic information SNR evolution curves for the SISO multiuser detectors and the SISO LDPC decoders. Both single-cell and multi-cell scenarios will be considered. For each of these cases, we will characterize the extrinsic information for both finite-size systems and the so-called large systems where asymptotic performance results must be evoked. Finally, we consider the design optimization of irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) codes for MIMO communication systems employing iterative receivers. We present the density evolution-based procedure with Gaussian approximation for optimizing the IRA code ensemble. We adopt an approximation method based on linear programming to design an IRA code with the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart matched to that of the soft MIMO demodulator.