The proliferation of the internet and associated online activities exposes users to numerous information security (InfoSec) threats. Such online activities attract a variety of online users who include novice computer users with no basic InfoSec awareness knowledge. Information systems that collect and use sensitive and confidential personal information of users need to provide reliable protection mechanisms to safeguard this information. Given the constant user involvement in these systems and the notion of users being the weakest link in the InfoSec chain, technical solutions alone are insufficient. The usability of online InfoSec systems can play an integral role in making sure that users use the applications effectively, thereby improving the overall security of the applications. The development of online InfoSec systems calls for addressing the InfoSec problem as a social problem, and such development must seek to find a balance between technical and social aspects. The research addressed the problem of usable security in online InfoSec applications by using an approach that enabled the consideration of both InfoSec and usability in viewing the system as a socio-technical system with technical and social sub-systems. Therefore, the research proposed a socio-technical framework that promotes the development of usable security for online information systems using online banking as a case study. Using a convergent mixed methods research (MMR) design, the research collected data from online banking users through a survey and obtained the views of online banking developers through unstructured interviews. The findings from the two research methods contributed to the selection of 12 usable security design principles proposed in the sociotechnical information security (STInfoSec) framework. The research contributed to online InfoSec systems theory by developing a validated STInfoSec framework that went through an evaluation process by seven field experts. Although intended for online banking, the framework can be applied to other similar online InfoSec applications, with minimum adaptation. The STInfoSec framework provides checklist items that allow for easy application during the development process. The checklist items can also be used to evaluate existing online banking websites to identify possible usable security problems. / Computer Science / D. Phil. (Computer Science)

Datorkraft och hastighet har på senare år ökat exponentiellt, men våra förväntningar och mentala modeller om vad datorsystem är kapabla till har inte följt med. I fall där människor inte tror på att systemet kan utföra de uppgifter som begärs så snabbt som de gör kan artificiell väntan appliceras för att förväntningarna ska komma närmare verkligheten. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka ifall security theater fungerar i kontexten av bankapplikationer och vad som händer med användarens förtroende ifall illusionen av säkerhet brister. Genom denna undersökning har vi fått fram att security theater är ett fenomen som fungerar och tillför ett värde för användaren. Dock ska kontexten ifråga utvärderas noggrant, då security theater i fel kontext kan ses som ett störande moment. Vi kom fram till att majoriteten av testpersoner inte påverkas negativt, och istället ser security theater som ett värde även efter illusionen genomskådats. / Computer power and speed have increased exponentially in recent years, but our expectations and mental models of what computer systems are capable of have not kept up. In cases where people do not believe that the system can perform the requested task as quickly as they do, an artificial wait can be applied to closer match the reality. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether security theater works in the context of banking applications and what happens with the users trust if the illusion of security fails. Through this paper we have found that security theater is a phenomenon that works and adds value to the user. However, the context in question must be carefully evaluated, as security theater in the wrong context can be seen as a disturbing element. We came to the conclusion that the majority of our test subjects are not negatively affected, and instead sees the value in security theater even after the illusion have been revealed.

El presente estudio desarrolla y evidencia el online brand experience con relación al e-satisfaction y e-loyalty en usuarios de banca online en el mercado peruano. Para la investigación del presente estudio se empleó una metodología cuantitativa, en donde se utilizaron encuestas virtuales para recolectar información. La información obtenida de 400 encuestas realizadas a usuarios de bancas online en el Perú, las cuales serán analizadas mediante el sistema de IBM SPSS AMOS 21.0. Los hallazgos obtenidos denotan que el online brand experience tiene un impacto positivo sobre las otras dos variables: e-satisfaction y e-loyalty; así como la relación entre la online brand experience y e-loyalty es mediada por la variable de e-satisfaction. Este estudio se enfoca en la importancia de la experiencia virtual de la marca y el efecto de esta en los sectores que ofrecen servicios en línea. Asimismo, este estudio aporta conceptos básicos y posibles estrategias para las bancas peruanas que buscan desarrollar un online brand experience único a través del e-satisfaction y e-loyalty; principalmente en este contexto de incertidumbre global (SARS-CoV2), donde la transformación digital es un paso imprescindible en todo tipo de negocio. / This study develops and evidences the online brand experience in relation to e-satisfaction and e-loyalty in online banking users in the Peruvian market. A quantitative methodology was used for the research of this study, where virtual surveys were used to collect information. The information obtained from 400 surveys of online banking users in Peru will be analyzed using the IBM SPSS AMOS 21.0 system. The findings show that the online brand experience has a positive impact on the other two variables: e-satisfaction and e-loyalty; as well as the relationship between the online brand experience and e-loyalty is mediated by the e-satisfaction variable. This study focuses on the importance of the virtual brand experience and its effect on the sectors that offer online services. Likewise, this study provides basic concepts and possible strategies for Peruvian banks seeking to develop a unique online brand experience through e-satisfaction and e-loyalty; mainly in this context of global uncertainty (SARS-CoV2), where digital transformation is an essential step in all types of business. / Trabajo de investigación

M. Tech. (Department of Marketing and Sport Management, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The rapid advancement in technology-based systems, especially those related to the Internet, has led to fundamental changes in how banks interact with customers. This study provides a framework for understanding customer perceptions of the quality of technology-based banking service and the relationship of this service to customer satisfaction and loyalty. The conceptual framework of this study was based on extensive study of relevant literature and examination of previously developed measuring instruments of service quality in general and e-service quality and online banking in particular. A modified and fully structured questionnaire was developed to suit the South African setting. Given the nature of this study, a quantitative research approach was applied. Customers from Southern Gauteng, South Africa, who made use of online banking facilities from commercial banks, constituted the population for the study. The sampling procedure (snowball sampling technique) resulted in a sample of 180 online banking consumers. Seven factors were extracted as dimensions that influence customer perception of online banking service quality, using a factor analysis and rotated factor loadings procedure. These were: factor 1 (assurance, trust and appeal), factor 2 (responsiveness), factor 3 (ease of use), factor 4 (accessibility), factor 5 (fulfilment), factor 6 (speed and accuracy) and factor 7 (contact). The percentage of variance explained, eigenvalues and scree plot were used in the process of determining the number of factors to extract for the study. With mean values above four on a scale of one (minimum) to five (maximum), all the factors were found to be critical for improvement of online banking service quality. The overall level of customer satisfaction with online banking service quality was very high, with an overall mean score of 4.22. A mean score of 4.10 for customer loyalty predicts that respondents are likely to commit to patronising their current bank in the foreseeable future. Thus, the overall customer satisfaction and loyalty levels were skewed to the right, suggesting that respondents were generally satisfied with the quality of service rendered by the banks. These high levels of customer satisfaction and loyalty should encourage the marketing practitioners of the banks to enhance online banking service quality and ensure its improvement in order to achieve delighted customers. The relationship among the constructs of online banking service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty was established by using correlations and regression analysis. From the findings, it was established that there is evidence that the seven factors positively influence customer satisfaction and loyalty. The results also highlighted a strong positive influence of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction has become a ‘must achieve’ objective for any bank that wishes to remain profitable and relevant in this competitive business environment. Acquiring loyal customers who will patronise and associate themselves with the bank is of particular importance for the potential market share growth and success of any bank. The relationship among the constructs of online banking service quality dimensions, customer satisfaction and loyalty focus must, however, be based on the individual building blocks of service quality, i.e. the factors (service attributes) that influence online banking service quality. Periodic measurement of the levels of online banking service quality should become an integral part of any bank`s effort and strategy in improving service quality levels. The study, which focused on users of Internet banking in South Africa, was not organisation/bank-specific. For more practical purposes, future endeavours could be focused on organisation/bank-specific studies. It must be emphasised that more research is needed before any final conclusions can be reached on the dimensionality and validity of online banking service quality.

Η είσοδος των ηλεκτρονικών λύσεων, εφαρμογών και διευκολύνσεων στις τραπεζικές συναλλαγές δεν είναι κάποια νέα υπόθεση. Το διαφορετικό, σήμερα, βρίσκεται στις τεράστιες δυνατότητες, που προσφέρει η τεχνολογία για την άμεση και συνεχόμενη διασύνδεση της τρα-πεζικής πελατείας με όλα τα προϊόντα και υπηρεσίες του τραπεζικού συστήματος. Οι νέες αυτές δυνατότητες περιγράφονται με τον όρο ηλεκτρονική τραπεζική. Αυτόματες ταμειακές μηχανές σε όλα τα τραπεζικά καταστήματα, ηλεκτρονικές αγορές μέσω καρτών και τηλεφωνικές συναλλαγές προσφέρουν υπηρεσίες που εφαρμόζονται ήδη με μεγάλη επιτυχία. Επίσης και η τραπεζική μέσω του Διαδικτύου αναπτύσσεται με αξιοσημείωτους βαθμούς. Η σχέση των πελατών με την τράπεζά τους ενδύεται πλέον τις ανάγκες της εποχής και προσαρμόζονται στους ρυθμούς με τους οποίους εργάζεται η σύγχρονη, παγκοσμοποιούμενη και συνεχώς ανταγωνιστικότερη οικονομία. Συνεχής λειτουργία επί 24 ώρες και για τις 7 ημέρες της εβδομάδες, με παράλληλη εντυπωσιακή μείωση του χρόνου εκτέλεσης των εντολών και περιορισμού του κόστους. Το ηλεκτρονικό δίκτυο, όπως απεικονίζεται στη φιλική μορφή του Διαδίκτυο (internet) προσφέρει πολλαπλές δυνατότητες εμπορικής ανάπτυξης των ηλεκτρονικών συναλλαγών. Με το ηλεκτρονικό χρήμα να αποτελεί, εδώ και πολύ καιρό, μια καθημερινή συνήθεια ο δρόμος για ριζοσπαστικές αλλαγές έχει ανοίξει. / The entrance of electronic solutions, applications and facilities in banking is not a new case. The different today is the enormous possibilities offered by technology for direct and con-tinuous connection of bank customers with all products and services of the banking system. These new features are described by the term electronic banking. Cash machines in all bank branches, electronic shopping cards and telephone transactions offer services that are be-ing applied with great success. Also the bank via the Internet is growing at a remarkable degree. The customer relationship with their bank now wears the needs of the times and adapt to the rhythms with which modern works, globalized and increasingly competitive economy. Contin-uous operation for 24 hours and 7 days of the week, while striking reduction in the time of exe-cution and cost containment. The electronic network, as illustrated in the friendly form of Internet offers multiple pos-sibilities for commercial development of electronic transactions. With electronic money to be here a long time, a daily habit the way for radical changes has opened.

While FinTech is a relatively recent subject in academic literature, it is widely acknowledged as one of the most notable innovations within the financial industry. Despite the growing interest in FinTech, there is currently a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the exact implications it will have on established financial institutions. The introduction of FinTech solutions has brought about a significant transformation in the banking industry of Finland. Nevertheless, the influence of FinTech adoption on employee’s satisfaction and performance in banks remains uncertain. This has emphasized the need for a deeper understanding of the opportunities and challenges presented by this form of technological innovation across all aspects of the financial industry. The purpose of this research is to bridge the existing gap in literature by examining the relatively unexplored area of how the adoption of FinTech solutions influences job satisfaction and performance among employees in the context of a Finnish bank. Specifically, this research centered on OP Bank, which is recognized as one of the largest banks in Finland. By conducting an in-depth exploration of the experiences of employees at OP Bank, this research will offer valuable insights into how the adoption of FinTech solutions influences employee’s behavior in the Finnish banking industry. To accomplish this, the study utilizes a qualitative exploratory research approach, employing semi-structured interviews as the data collection method, involving 8 middle-level employees from OP Bank. This methodology facilitates a deeper understanding of employees' experiences and perspectives, thereby generating rich and detailed data. The findings of our research reveal several key conclusions regarding the varying ways that the adoption of FinTech solutions influences employee’s job satisfaction and performance. The insights gained highlight the crucial role of FinTech in transforming traditional banking practices, driving innovation, and fostering a positive work environment for employees in the financial industry. Understanding the complexities linked to FinTech adoption is imperative for banks and financial institutions to effectively leverage the complete potential of these technological innovations, thereby steering employee’s satisfaction and performance in the desired direction. Through an in-depth examination of this phenomenon, we have gained a better understanding of the benefits and challenges associated with FinTech adoption, as well as its influence on employee’s job satisfaction and performance. Moreover, this study has provided crucial insights for improving employee’s satisfaction and performance in banks that have embraced FinTech solutions, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of successful FinTech adoption in the Finnish financial industry. Additionally, this research has contributed to the existing literature on FinTech, management of employee’s satisfaction and performance, employee behavior and technology adoption. These findings have offered practical theoretical, managerial and societal contributions.