A presente dissertação trata do direito de preferência para a celebração de negócios jurídicos, em geral translatícios de propriedade, que não encontra definição expressa no Código Civil, muito embora diversos dispositivos legais aludam ao referido direito. Na medida em que limita a liberdade contratual do vinculado à prelação, no tocante à escolha do outro contraente, a preferência, de origem legal ou negocial, atribui ao sujeito ativo da relação prelatícia o direito de ser preferido. Para tal, exige-se que o vinculado à preferência tenha decidido, de maneira livre e inequívoca, celebrar um contrato preferível, e que a sua intenção se tenha materializado, com a presença de um terceiro efetivamente interessado em com ele contratar. Constituído o direito do preferente, o que em geral chega a seu conhecimento por meio de notificação extrajudicial remetida pelo obrigado à prelação, pode aquele manifestar interesse em preferir, ou não. No primeiro caso, nasce na esfera jurídica do vinculado à prelação o dever de com ele contratar, nos mesmos termos e condições ajustados com terceiro. Dever este cuja violação, a depender da eficácia, real ou obrigacional, da preferência, possibilitará ao sujeito ativo perseguir não só as perdas e danos por ele eventualmente sofridas em decorrência do desrespeito a seu direito, como também, cumulativamente, lhe facultará exigir o cumprimento específico da obrigação. Neste último caso, o negócio jurídico celebrado entre o obrigado à preferência e terceiro será, perante o preferente, inoponível. / This thesis examines rights of first refusal to enter into a business transaction, generally involving the transfer of property. Rights of first refusal are not specifically defined in the Brazilian Civil Code, although various provisions of the Code allude to them. While on one hand rights of first refusal, whether legal or contractual in origin, limit the contractual freedom of the obligor, by restricting his choice of contracting parties, on the other they generate a preference or option in the right holder to conclude the transaction contemplated by the right. Before this preference or option can be exercised, however, the obligor must have formed the free and unmistakable intention to enter into the business transaction subject to the right of first refusal, and this intention must be made manifest in relation to a third party that is effectively interested in making the contract. The holder of the right of first refusal usually becomes aware that the right has become exercisable by notice sent by the obligor, and in response the right holder is required to state whether the right will be exercised or not. If the right is exercised, a new obligation arises on the part of the obligor to enter into the transaction with the right holder, on the same terms and conditions agreed with the third party. Depending on whether the right of first refusal is personal or real in nature, violation of this obligation can give rise not only to the right to reparation of losses suffered as a consequence of the breach, but also the right to demand specific performance of the obligation, in which case any transaction made between the obligor and a third party will be unenforceable against the holder of the right of first refusal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_tmfp_me_fran.pdf: 701169 bytes, checksum: b531c021c3f78a9a99f0b9382c89a378 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com efeito, os temas pertinentes ao Meio Ambiente são inesgotáveis e de impressionante atualidade, posto que o desequilíbrio ambiental acentua-se a cada dia que passa em um cenário complexo típico de uma sociedade tecnológica e científica em construção, ameaçando sobremaneira a qualidade de vida humana, senão a sua própria sobrevivência. Nesse modo de ver, a questão preliminar, ao abordar o tema proposto, refere-se à necessidade da sociedade global proteger juridicamente o Meio Ambiente em sua totalidade. Como conseqüência, constata-se que o campo de estudo do Direito Ambiental vem crescendo e se sofisticando com novos princípios e institutos, cedendo espaço para todos os elementos integrantes dos sistemas ecológicos, inclusive o humano. Aliás, possivelmente, a mais importante característica do Direito Ambiental é a de que seus princípios e normas possuem nítido caráter humanista do imperativo ético da dignidade da pessoa humana. A esse respeito, visando-se a promover um novo olhar sobre o Meio Ambiente é que caminha a presente dissertação de mestrado, ordenando reflexões dedutivas e históricas sobre o tema em sua inerente amplitude, integrando-se os conhecimentos da Ciência Ecológica, do Direito Ambiental e da Ética em torno de um conjunto de problemas e limitações humanas para que o maior bem estar possam vir a ser atingido por todos. De outra parte, torna-se igualmente importante à proteção do Meio Ambiente através do processo educativo. A Educação Ambiental deve ser promovida em todos os níveis de ensino, fato este disposto no artigo 225, parágrafo 1º, inciso VI da Constituição Federal, porquanto é necessário educar e conscientizar a coletividade quanto à efetiva gravidade da degradação ambiental mundial. Aliás, a oportunidade trazida pela Educação Ambiental e seu conseqüente... / Indeed, issues related to the Environment are endless and incredibly up to date, regarding the fact that environmental imbalance gets bigger day after day in a complex scene which is typical of a technological and scientific society that is being formed, threatening the quality of human life, not to mention its own survival. From that viewpoint, the preliminary issue, when approaching the proposed topic, refers to global society s need to juridically protect the Environment as a whole. As a consequence, it s been noticed that the field of study of Environmental Law has been growing and becoming more and more sophisticated with new principles and institutes; making room for every component of ecological systems, including the human one. Possibly, Environmental Law s most important characteristic is that its principles and rules have a sharp humanistic character of the ethic imperative of human dignity. With that respect, aiming at promoting a different look over the environment is the objective of this very master s degree essay, with deductive and historic reflection on the theme in its inherent amplitude, integrating knowledge of Ecological Science, Environmental Law, and Ethics related to a group of human problems and limitations so that all people are able to achieve major well being. Besides, it s equally important to protect the Environment through educational processes. Environmental Education must be implemented in each and every level of education, as stated on the Federal Constitution 225(1)(6), for it s necessary to teach and make people fully aware of the effective seriousness of worlwide environmental degradation. By the way, the opportunity brought about by Environmental Education and its subsequent ethic awakening may indicate the beginning of a new era of cooperation among nations and peoples, looking forward to new inspirations that contact with Nature and with humanistic idea...(Complete abstract click access below)

Orientador: Fernando Andrade Fernandes / Banca: Antonio Milton de Barros / Banca: Marisa Helena D'Arbo Alves de Freitas / Resumo: São deveres do Estado, no contexto do ato do portador de anomalia psíquica que entra em contradição com o ordenamento jurídico pátrio, proteger a sociedade de novas lesões de bens jurídicos penalmente relevantes, proporcionar ao indivíduo adequado tratamento terapêutico, reinseri-lo no convívio social, e, não por último, respeitar e fomentar sua dignidade humana. O presente trabalho investiga as potencialidades da desinternação progressiva na efetivação das finalidades político-criminais das medidas de segurança, finalidades essas que se constituem verdadeira obrigação do Estado Social e Democrático de Direito Material. Ao lado do quadro teórico a respeito de tais finalidades e dos princípios constitucionais aplicáveis à medida de segurança, este trabalho apresenta dados a respeito de sua execução tradicional no Brasil, que apontam para a urgente necessidade de sua reestruturação. O trabalho também expõe dados empíricos relacionados à desinternação progressiva, colhidos no Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico II de Franco da Rocha, local em que a experiência inovadora se dá. Revela seus objetivos, características e critérios de funcionamento, assim como desvela os resultados já obtidos e patenteia as imperfeições encontradas. Por fim, evidencia em que medida a desinternação progressiva permite o atingimento das finalidades político-criminais das medidas de segurança e o que deve ser feito para aumentar-lhe a eficácia / Abstract: Protecting the society from attempts against interests protected by criminal legal rules, providing the patients a proper therapeutical treatment, embedding the patients in the social conviviality, and also respecting and promoting their human dignity, are obligations of the Brazilian State considering the mental ill's act against legal rules. This paper investigates the potentiality of progressive disinternment on accomplishing the politic-criminal purposes of the Safety Measures. Such purposes are stablished as real obligations of the actual Democratic Welfare Legal State. Besides theoretics on these purposes and applicable constitucional principles related to Safety Measures, the research presents information about their usual execution in Brazil, whose qualifications bring up the need of urgent reorganization. It also presents empirical data about progressive disinternment, collected from the Franco da Rocha Custody and Psychiatric Treatment Second Hospital, establishment in which this innovative experience occurs. It discloses the objectives, characteristics and operational criteria of this experience as well as it studies the results obtained and points the imperfections revealed. Finally, it highlights how progressive disinternment is able to provide the achievement of the politic-criminal purposes related to the Safety Measures and what should be done in order to increase its effectiveness / Mestre

A presente dissertação trata do direito de preferência para a celebração de negócios jurídicos, em geral translatícios de propriedade, que não encontra definição expressa no Código Civil, muito embora diversos dispositivos legais aludam ao referido direito. Na medida em que limita a liberdade contratual do vinculado à prelação, no tocante à escolha do outro contraente, a preferência, de origem legal ou negocial, atribui ao sujeito ativo da relação prelatícia o direito de ser preferido. Para tal, exige-se que o vinculado à preferência tenha decidido, de maneira livre e inequívoca, celebrar um contrato preferível, e que a sua intenção se tenha materializado, com a presença de um terceiro efetivamente interessado em com ele contratar. Constituído o direito do preferente, o que em geral chega a seu conhecimento por meio de notificação extrajudicial remetida pelo obrigado à prelação, pode aquele manifestar interesse em preferir, ou não. No primeiro caso, nasce na esfera jurídica do vinculado à prelação o dever de com ele contratar, nos mesmos termos e condições ajustados com terceiro. Dever este cuja violação, a depender da eficácia, real ou obrigacional, da preferência, possibilitará ao sujeito ativo perseguir não só as perdas e danos por ele eventualmente sofridas em decorrência do desrespeito a seu direito, como também, cumulativamente, lhe facultará exigir o cumprimento específico da obrigação. Neste último caso, o negócio jurídico celebrado entre o obrigado à preferência e terceiro será, perante o preferente, inoponível. / This thesis examines rights of first refusal to enter into a business transaction, generally involving the transfer of property. Rights of first refusal are not specifically defined in the Brazilian Civil Code, although various provisions of the Code allude to them. While on one hand rights of first refusal, whether legal or contractual in origin, limit the contractual freedom of the obligor, by restricting his choice of contracting parties, on the other they generate a preference or option in the right holder to conclude the transaction contemplated by the right. Before this preference or option can be exercised, however, the obligor must have formed the free and unmistakable intention to enter into the business transaction subject to the right of first refusal, and this intention must be made manifest in relation to a third party that is effectively interested in making the contract. The holder of the right of first refusal usually becomes aware that the right has become exercisable by notice sent by the obligor, and in response the right holder is required to state whether the right will be exercised or not. If the right is exercised, a new obligation arises on the part of the obligor to enter into the transaction with the right holder, on the same terms and conditions agreed with the third party. Depending on whether the right of first refusal is personal or real in nature, violation of this obligation can give rise not only to the right to reparation of losses suffered as a consequence of the breach, but also the right to demand specific performance of the obligation, in which case any transaction made between the obligor and a third party will be unenforceable against the holder of the right of first refusal.

The requirement for liquidated damages a convention, accessorial  to  the principal obligation, which guarantees the accomplishment of the first one. The penalty clause has received a different treatment in various legal systems; such are the French, Italian, German and Peruvian cases.In this article, the author explains the functions of the requirement for liquidated damages and its differences with similar figures. In addition he explains the relation between the requirement for liquidated damages and precontractual responsibility, as well as its role inthe scheme of contractual responsibility. / La cláusula penal es aquel negocio jurídico,accesorio a la obligación principal, por mediodel cual se garantiza el cumplimiento de dicha obligación. Este mecanismo de garantía delcumplimiento ha recibido un trato legislativodistinto en diversos ordenamientos, como elfrancés, italiano, alemán y peruano.En el presente artículo, el autor establece cuáles son las funciones de la cláusula penal y sus diferencias con figuras afines. Asimismo, explica la relación entre esta y la responsabilidad precontractual; así como su papel dentro del esquema de la responsabilidad contractual.

In electricity markets evolving towards liberalisation and internationalisation, green certificates are seen as an important tool to promote production of renewable energy. In a green certificate market producers sell certificates received per unit of electricity generated from renewable energy. Trade in renewability is thereby decoupled from the the physical electricity trade. Tradable green certificates in combination with renewables obligation are implemented or planned in several EU member states. Integration at EU leveland the creation of a common certificate market seem like a possible next step. Using a simple model, the effects of an EU system for tradable green certificates, compared to national implementation, are tested for the period 2000–2010. The simulations show a clear increase of cost effectiveness and large changes in the geographical balance of renewable energy when reaching the EU 22 per cent target. Less competitive technologies, such as solar power, are not deployed at all. The situation is however similar without international trade. Rather than implementing a certificate market with all EU member states, but with different support schemes, a smaller market, only with countries that combine the certificate market with renewables obligation, is recommended.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o instituto da obrigação propter rem à luz do direito positivo brasileiro. Com isso, pretende-se fornecer uma descrição dogmaticamente coerente do instituto. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram analisadas categorias jurídicas que, em sede de obrigação propter rem, são controvertidas, entre as quais, destacam-se a renúncia e o abandono liberatório / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the institute of the propter rem obligation through the light of the Brazilian positive Law. With that, it intends to provide a dogmatically consistent description of the institute. To achieve this goal, there were analyzed legal categories that, in place of propter rem obligation, are issued; including, the waiver and the discharging relinquishment that are stood out.

A frequência com que trabalhadores migrantes encontram-se submetidos a condições indignas de moradia despertou o interesse na investigação da existência e da extensão de obrigação jurídica do empregador em relação a seu correspondente direito. Como deixa entrever a jurisprudência a respeito, à exceção das ocasiões em que o empregador expressamente assume obrigação de tal natureza, o problema não encontra resposta normativa enunciada de forma específica. À vista dos direitos fundamentais, normas jurídicas nacionais e internacionais convergem no sentido de que o conteúdo do direito à moradia não se preenche com a simples existência de um abrigo ou alojamento; tem deveras maior alcance e abrange a concepção da moradia adequada. A inserção do direito à moradia do trabalhador migrante no âmbito do contrato de emprego pode suscitar colisão entre aquele direito fundamental e o de proteção à propriedade do empregador. A solução apresentada pretende oferecer uma resposta plausível e fundamentada à indagação central da pesquisa, dentre os possíveis encaminhamentos do problema. / The frequency with which migrant workers are subjected to degrading housing conditions has aroused the interest in investigating the existence and extent of the employer\'s legal obligation in relation to his/her corresponding right. As jurisprudence about it allows us to glimpse, except for occasions where the employer expressly assumes an obligation of such nature, the problem finds no normative response specifically set out. In view of fundamental rights, national and international legal standards converge in the sense that the content of the right to housing is not filled with the mere existence of a shelter; indeed has greater range and covers the conception of a dignifying housing. The insertion of the housing rights of migrant workers under the scope of the labor agreement may raise collision between that fundamental right and that of protecting the employer\'s property. The solution presented aims to provide a plausible answer and reasoned to the research central question, among the possible referrals of the problem.

The focus of this thesis was to use serious games as a tool to teach about obligation to give notice. Obligation to give notice means that certain professionals need to report to social services if a child is being harmed. This thesis studied if case-based storytelling could bring a relevant teaching experience, if storytelling could help participants learn about obligation to give notice and how instant and delayed feedback affect the learning. Participants played a story-based game with either instant or delayed feedback and answered three questionnaires about obligation to give notice. The study found that participants did find that the storytelling was useful for learning and gaining more knowledge about about obligation to give notice. For the feedback it was found that both types of feedback made the participants learn significantly more but there was no significant difference when comparing the feedbacks to each other.

This thesis analyses the concept of unjust enrichment under the business law. First of all the thesis explains the term of business law. Business law is a complex of legal rules concerning the contractual relationships between entrepreneurs arising from their business activities. Business law is a comprehensive field of law which extends into many other fields of law, both private and public law. Equally the regulation of unjust enrichment within the business law expands into many other laws with particular specialization, but these laws are not subject of this thesis. For these laws the subsidiary legislation is included in the civil code., therefore this thesis focuses on the general regulation of unjust enrichment included in the civil code. Further the thesis continues with a historical development of both business law and unjust enrichment. The historical view begins with roman law, continues with the regulation of unjust enrichment under the ABGB and ends with regulation under the so. socialist law. Further in the text is referred to the historical chapter to facilitate understanding of a present regulation. Next chapter of the thesis describes the current regulation of unjust enrichment, mainly under the civil code, and from the reason mentioned above it is not going into the particular...