Os centros de operação de sistemas elétricos de potência (SEP) exigem que uma vasta quantidade de informações esteja disponível para o controle e supervisão dos SEP. Em uma operação segura dos SEP é de suma importância que o processo de estimação de estado (EE) seja confiável. Visando este propósito, neste trabalho: i) propõe-se o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional que permita avaliar e aumentar a confiabilidade de um SEP em termos de qualidade e redundância das medidas disponíveis. Este programa fundamenta-se na fatoração da matriz Jacobiana transposta (\'H POT.t\') para realização da análise e restauração de observabilidade, e identificação de medidas críticas e conjuntos críticos de medidas. Para estimação de estado, é utilizado o algoritmo desacoplado rápido versão BX, e para a detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros, utiliza-se o teste dos resíduos normalizados; ii) propõe-se uma metodologia e um algoritmo para análise de observabilidade e identificação de ilhas observáveis, usando conceitos de caminhos de grafo e a fatoração triangular da matriz \'H POT. t\'. Para comprovar a eficiência das metodologias propostas, vários testes foram realizados, utilizando o sistema de 6, 14, 30 e 118 barras do IEEE. / The operating center requires much information in order to control and supervise the power systems. In a secure power systems operation it is important that the state estimation process be reliable. For that purpose, in this work: i) a computer program to evaluate and increment the reliability of power system in terms of redundancy and measurements availability is developed. That program is based on the \'H POT.t\' matrix factorization with the purpose of observability analysis and restoration; critical measurements and critical sets identification. The version BX of the fast decoupled algorithm for state estimation is used. Gross errors detection and identification is made through the normalized residue test; ii) using of path graph concepts a methodology and algorithm for network observability analysis and observable island identification is developed. To implement that algorithm, the triangular factorization of the transpose Jacobian matrix is used. To prove the efficiency of the proposed methodology, several tests were performed using the system of 6, 14, 30 and 118 buses from IEEE.

Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento e implantação, em computador, de uma metodologia para tratamento de diversas etapas do processo de estimação de estado em Sistemas de Distribuição (SDs), que possibilite um tratamento adequado para as particularidades dos SDs no contexto atual (com poucas medidas disponíveis) e futuro (contando com mais medidas SCADA, com as Medidas Fasoriais Sincronizadas (MFSs) e com as avançadas infra-estruturas de medição), ou seja, que possibilite: análise de sistemas desbalanceados e desequilibrados, com ramais monofásicos, bifásicos e trifásicos; o tratamento de sistemas radiais e malhados sem perda de precisão; uma modelagem adequada dos componentes dos SDs, considerando as várias possibilidades de conexão dos transformadores e dos reguladores de tensão; o tratamento de diversos tipos de medidas (medidas convencionais obtidas pelo sistema SCADA, medidas virtuais, pseudo-medidas de carga e de dados históricos e MFSs), ponderando-as de acordo com as respectivas precisões. A metodologia proposta baseia-se no método dos mínimos quadrados ponderados, trabalha no nível dos alimentadores e compreende os seguintes quatro estágios: Estágio 1 geração de pseudo-medidas de carga; Estágio 2 - análise e restauração de observabilidade e identificação de medidas críticas; Estágio 3 - estimação de estado propriamente dita; e Estágio 4 - processamento de erros grosseiros. Tendo em vista as respostas coerentes das diversas simulações realizadas com os alimentadores de teste trifásicos de 4 e 34 barras do IEEE, demonstra-se satisfatoriamente a performance da metodologia proposta. / This thesis proposes a multi-phase unbalanced distribution system (DS) state estimation methodology based on the weighted least squares technique, which allows: load pseudo-measurement modeling; observability analysis and restoration by selecting the required pseudo-measurements (load pseudo-measurements and/or historical measurement data); identication of critical measurements; state estimation; and, nally, gross errors processing. The proposed methodology intends to be a practical tool able to be applied to a variety of DSs, considering latest and future realities. Therefore, the proposed methodology has the following features: (i) includes all realistic DS modeling details, such as, various types of transformer and voltage regulator connections, the presence of single, two and three-phase circuits, as well as the possibility of both the mutual coupling between phases and the shunt susceptance; (ii) treat three-phase networks with high resistance/reactance ratios in a unied framework; and (iii) process measurements with very distinct qualities, some of them are real-time measurements provided by Supervisory Control Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), other are virtual measurements (information provided by the buses of zero power injection) and also the pseudo-measurements (load pseudo-measurements, load proles and historical measurement data). Several simulations results (with IEEE 34 and 4 node test feeders) have demonstrated satisfactory performance of the proposed methodology.

Os centros de operação de sistemas elétricos de potência (SEP) exigem que uma vasta quantidade de informações esteja disponível para o controle e supervisão dos SEP. Em uma operação segura dos SEP é de suma importância que o processo de estimação de estado (EE) seja confiável. Visando este propósito, neste trabalho: i) propõe-se o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional que permita avaliar e aumentar a confiabilidade de um SEP em termos de qualidade e redundância das medidas disponíveis. Este programa fundamenta-se na fatoração da matriz Jacobiana transposta (\'H POT.t\') para realização da análise e restauração de observabilidade, e identificação de medidas críticas e conjuntos críticos de medidas. Para estimação de estado, é utilizado o algoritmo desacoplado rápido versão BX, e para a detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros, utiliza-se o teste dos resíduos normalizados; ii) propõe-se uma metodologia e um algoritmo para análise de observabilidade e identificação de ilhas observáveis, usando conceitos de caminhos de grafo e a fatoração triangular da matriz \'H POT. t\'. Para comprovar a eficiência das metodologias propostas, vários testes foram realizados, utilizando o sistema de 6, 14, 30 e 118 barras do IEEE. / The operating center requires much information in order to control and supervise the power systems. In a secure power systems operation it is important that the state estimation process be reliable. For that purpose, in this work: i) a computer program to evaluate and increment the reliability of power system in terms of redundancy and measurements availability is developed. That program is based on the \'H POT.t\' matrix factorization with the purpose of observability analysis and restoration; critical measurements and critical sets identification. The version BX of the fast decoupled algorithm for state estimation is used. Gross errors detection and identification is made through the normalized residue test; ii) using of path graph concepts a methodology and algorithm for network observability analysis and observable island identification is developed. To implement that algorithm, the triangular factorization of the transpose Jacobian matrix is used. To prove the efficiency of the proposed methodology, several tests were performed using the system of 6, 14, 30 and 118 buses from IEEE.

Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento e implantação, em computador, de uma metodologia para tratamento de diversas etapas do processo de estimação de estado em Sistemas de Distribuição (SDs), que possibilite um tratamento adequado para as particularidades dos SDs no contexto atual (com poucas medidas disponíveis) e futuro (contando com mais medidas SCADA, com as Medidas Fasoriais Sincronizadas (MFSs) e com as avançadas infra-estruturas de medição), ou seja, que possibilite: análise de sistemas desbalanceados e desequilibrados, com ramais monofásicos, bifásicos e trifásicos; o tratamento de sistemas radiais e malhados sem perda de precisão; uma modelagem adequada dos componentes dos SDs, considerando as várias possibilidades de conexão dos transformadores e dos reguladores de tensão; o tratamento de diversos tipos de medidas (medidas convencionais obtidas pelo sistema SCADA, medidas virtuais, pseudo-medidas de carga e de dados históricos e MFSs), ponderando-as de acordo com as respectivas precisões. A metodologia proposta baseia-se no método dos mínimos quadrados ponderados, trabalha no nível dos alimentadores e compreende os seguintes quatro estágios: Estágio 1 geração de pseudo-medidas de carga; Estágio 2 - análise e restauração de observabilidade e identificação de medidas críticas; Estágio 3 - estimação de estado propriamente dita; e Estágio 4 - processamento de erros grosseiros. Tendo em vista as respostas coerentes das diversas simulações realizadas com os alimentadores de teste trifásicos de 4 e 34 barras do IEEE, demonstra-se satisfatoriamente a performance da metodologia proposta. / This thesis proposes a multi-phase unbalanced distribution system (DS) state estimation methodology based on the weighted least squares technique, which allows: load pseudo-measurement modeling; observability analysis and restoration by selecting the required pseudo-measurements (load pseudo-measurements and/or historical measurement data); identication of critical measurements; state estimation; and, nally, gross errors processing. The proposed methodology intends to be a practical tool able to be applied to a variety of DSs, considering latest and future realities. Therefore, the proposed methodology has the following features: (i) includes all realistic DS modeling details, such as, various types of transformer and voltage regulator connections, the presence of single, two and three-phase circuits, as well as the possibility of both the mutual coupling between phases and the shunt susceptance; (ii) treat three-phase networks with high resistance/reactance ratios in a unied framework; and (iii) process measurements with very distinct qualities, some of them are real-time measurements provided by Supervisory Control Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), other are virtual measurements (information provided by the buses of zero power injection) and also the pseudo-measurements (load pseudo-measurements, load proles and historical measurement data). Several simulations results (with IEEE 34 and 4 node test feeders) have demonstrated satisfactory performance of the proposed methodology.

L'amélioration permanente de la qualité et des performances des systèmes automatiques constitue un défi majeur dans la théorie du contrôle. La théorieHinf a permis d'améliorer considérablement les performances des correcteurs. Ces derniers reposent sur des modèles mathématiques qui sont potentiellement d'ordre élevé (c.-à-d. comprenant un nombre élevé d'équations différentielles). De plus, l'ajout de poids de pondérations spécifiant les performances à respecter accroit encore plus leur ordre. La complexité algorithmique résultante peut alors rendre leur implantation difficile voire même impossible pour un fonctionnement en temps réel.Les travaux présentés visent à réduire l'ordre de correcteurs Hinf dans le but de faciliter leur intégration tout en respectant les performances imposées d'une part et proposent une majoration de l'erreur introduite par l'étape de réduction d'autre part.Dans la littérature, de nombreuses méthodes pour la réduction d'ordre de modèles et de correcteurs des systèmes LTI ont été développées. Ces techniques ont été étudiées, comparées et testées sur un ensemble de benchmarks. S'appuyant sur ces travaux, nous proposons une extension aux systèmes linéaires à paramètres variants (LPV). Pour valider leurs performances, une application sur une commande d'une suspension semi-active a montré l'efficacité des algorithmes de réduction développés. / The work presented in this dissertation is related to the Hinf-LPV-controller orderReduction. This latter consists of the design of a robust reduced-order LPV-controller for LPV-systems. The order reduction issue has been very fairly investigated. However, the case of LPV-control design is slightly discussed. This thesis focuses primarily on two topics: How to obtain an LPV-reduced-order controller even the high order generated by the classical synthesis and how this reduced order controller can deal with a practical engineering problem (semi-active suspension control). In view of this, the order-reduction topic and the Hinf-synthesis theory have been widely studied in this thesis. This study, has allowed the development of a new method forH1-LPV-controller order reduction.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions des modèles mathématiques concernant certains problèmes d'écoulement de fluide à densité variable. Le premier chapitre résume l'ensemble de la thèse et se concentre sur les résultats obtenus, la nouveauté et la comparaison avec la littérature existante. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions la stabilisation locale des équations non homogènes de Navier-Stokes dans un canal 2d autour du flot de Poiseuille. Nous concevons un contrôle feedback de la vitesse qui agit sur l'entrée du domaine de sorte que la vitesse et la densité du fluide soient stabilisées autour du flot de Poiseuille, à condition que la densité initiale soit donnée par une constante additionnée d'une perturbation dont le support se situe loin du bord latéral du canal. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous étudions un système couplant les équations de Navier-Stokes compressibles à une structure élastique située à la frontière du domaine fluide. Nous prouvons l'existence locale de solutions solides pour ce système couplé. Dans le quatrième chapitre, notre objectif est d'étudier la nulle- contrôlabilité d'un problemè d'interaction fluide-structure linéarisé dans un canal bi dimensional. L'écoulement du fluide est ici modélisé par les équations de Navier-Stokes compressibles. En ce qui concerne la structure, nous considérons une poutre de type Euler-Bernoulli amortie située sur une partie du bord. Dans ce chapitre, nous établissons une inégalité d'observabilité pour le problème considéré d'interaction fluid-structure linéarisé qui constitue le premier pas vers la preuve de la nulle contrôlabilité du système. / In this thesis we study mathematical models concerning some fluid flow problems with variable density. The first chapter is a summary of the entire thesis and focuses on the results obtained, novelty and comparison with the existing literature. In the second chapter we study the local stabilization of the non-homogeneous Navier-Stokes equations in a 2d channel around Poiseuille flow. We design a feedback control of the velocity which acts on the inflow boundary of the domain such that both the fluid velocity and density are stabilized around Poiseuille flow provided the initial density is given by a constant added with a perturbation, such that the perturbation is supported away from the lateral boundary of the channel. In the third chapter we prove the local in time existence of strong solutions for a system coupling the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with an elastic structure located at the boundary of the fluid domain. In the fourth chapter our objective is to study the null controllability of a linearized compressible fluid structure interaction problem in a 2d channel where the structure is elastic and located at the fluid boundary. In this chapter we establish an observability inequality for the linearized fluid structure interaction problem under consideration which is the first step towards the direction of proving the null controllability of the system.

Du fait du manque de capteurs fiables et bon marché, la problématique de la reconstruction d'état est cruciale pour les bioprocédés, particulièrement pour les (bio)réacteurs à paramètres répartis. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel d'étudier leurs propriétés d'observabilité, qui peuvent notamment dépendre des dimensions spatiales des capteurs. Dans cette thèse, on étudie tout d'abord l'observabilité d'une classe de réacteurs tubulaires à lit fixe mettant en oeuvre une seule réaction biochimique, où un substrat est dégradé suivant une cinétique non linéaire. Plus précisément, l'analyse porte sur un modèle linéarisé, consistant notamment en une Équation aux Dérivées Partielles (EDP) parabolique linéaire comportant un coefficient non uniforme (c.-à-d. dépendant de la variable spatiale). Ce modèle entre dans le cadre d'une classe particulière de systèmes : les systèmes de Sturm-Liouville. Il s'en déduit que tout nombre fini de modes dominants du système est observable par un capteur (de concentration en substrat) situé en sortie et de largeur suffisamment petite. En outre, considérant un minorant et un majorant du coefficient non uniforme, on détermine une expression numérique, fonction du nombre de modes à observer, qui minore cette largeur. La pertinence de ce résultat est confirmée par un exemple numérique : un biofiltre de dénitrification. Cette étude est étendue à un procédé-pilote de digestion anaérobie de l'INRA-Narbonne. On montre l'existence d'un état d'équilibre, autour duquel le comportement du système est modélisé par deux EDP linéaires, dont une à coefficient non uniforme. La démarche précédente est généralisée et on calcule des expressions des largeurs de deux capteurs en fonction du nombre de modes dont on veut s'assurer qu'ils sont observables. Ce résultat s'applique notamment à la conception d'un estimateur d'état.

Mathematical models of signal transduction pathways are characterized by a large number of proteins and uncertain parameters, yet only a limited amount of quantitative data is available. The dissertation addresses this problem using two different approaches: the first approach deals with a model simplification procedure for signaling pathways that reduces the model size but retains the physical interpretation of the remaining states, while the second approach deals with creating rich data sets by computing transcription factor profiles from fluorescent images of green-fluorescent-protein (GFP) reporter cells. For the first approach a model simplification procedure for signaling pathway models is presented. The technique makes use of sensitivity and observability analysis to select the retained proteins for the simplified model. The presented technique is applied to an IL-6 signaling pathway model. It is found that the model size can be significantly reduced and the simplified model is able to adequately predict the dynamics of key proteins of the signaling pathway. An approach for quantitatively determining transcription factor profiles from GFP reporter data is developed as the second major contribution of this work. The procedure analyzes fluorescent images to determine fluorescence intensity profiles using principal component analysis and K-means clustering, and then computes the transcription factor concentration from the fluorescence intensity profiles by solving an inverse problem involving a model describing transcription, translation, and activation of green fluorescent proteins. Activation profiles of the transcription factors NF-κB, nuclear STAT3, and C/EBPβ are obtained using the presented approach. The data for NF-κB is used to develop a model for TNF-α signal transduction while the data for nuclear STAT3 and C/EBPβ is used to verify the simplified IL-6 model. Finally, an approach is developed to compute the distribution of transcription factor profiles among a population of cells. This approach consists of an algorithm for identifying individual fluorescent cells from fluorescent images, and an algorithm to compute the distribution of transcription factor profiles from the fluorescence intensity distribution by solving an inverse problem. The technique is applied to experimental data to derive the distribution of NF-κB concentrations from fluorescent images of a NF-κB GFP reporter system.

Many control algorithms for ABS systems have been proposed in the literature since the introduction of this equipment by Bosch in 1978. In general, one can divide these control algorithms into two different types: those based on a regulation logic with wheel acceleration thresholds that are used by most commercial ABS systems; and those based on wheel slip control that are preferred in the large majority of academic algorithms. Each approach has its pros and cons [Shida 2010]. Oversimplifying, one can say that the strength of the first ones is their robustness; while that of the latter ones their short braking distances (on dry grounds) and their absence of limit cycles. At the midpoint of this industry/academy dichotomy, based on the concept of extended braking stiffness (XBS), a quite different class of ABS control strategies has been proposed by several researchers (see, e.g., [Sugai 1999] and [Ono 2003]). This concept combines the advantages from both the industrial and academic approaches. Nevertheless, since the slope of the tyre characteristic is not directly measurable, it introduces the question of real-time XBS estimation. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of this estimation problem and to a generalization of the proposed technique to a larger class of systems. From the technological point of view, the design of ABS control systems is highly dependent on the ABS system characteristics and actuator performance. Current ABS control algorithms on passenger cars, for instance the Bosch ABS algorithm, are based on heuristics that are deeply associated to the hydraulic nature of the actuator. An interesting observation is that they seem to work properly only in the presence of a specific delay coming from the hydraulic actuation [Gerard 2012]. For brake systems that have different delays compared to those of hydraulic actuators, like electric in-wheel motors (with a smaller delay) or pneumatic trailer brakes (with a bigger delay), they might be no longer suitable [Miller 2013]. Therefore, adapting standard ABS algorithms to other advanced actuators becomes an imperative goal in the automobile industry. This goal can be reached by the compensation of the delays induced by actuators. The second part of this thesis is focused on this issue, and to the generalization of the proposed technique to a particular class of nonlinear systems. Throughout this thesis, we employ two different linearization techniques: the linearization of the error dynamics in the construction of model-based observers [Krener 1983] and the linearization based on restricted state feedback [Brockett 1979]. The former is one of the simplest ways to build an observer for dynamical systems with output and to analyze its convergence. The main idea is to transform the original nonlinear system via a coordinate change to a special form that admits an observer with a linear error dynamics and thus the observer gains can be easily computed to ensure the observer convergence. The latter is a classical method to control nonlinear systems by converting them into a controllable linear state equation via the cancellation of their nonlinearities. It is worth mentioning that existing results for observer design by error linearization in the literature are only applied to the case of regular time scalings ([Guay 2002] and [Respondek 2004]). The thesis shows how to extend them to the case of singular time scalings. Besides, the thesis combines the classical state feedback linearization with a new method for the input delay compensation to resolve the output tracking problem for restricted feedback linearizable systems with input delays.

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning framework in which an agent learns a policy from continual interaction with the environment. A policy is a mapping from states to actions. The agent receives rewards as feedback on the actions performed. The objective of RL is to design autonomous agents to search for the policy that maximizes the expectation of the cumulative reward. When the environment is partially observable, the agent cannot determine the states with certainty. These states are called hidden in the literature. An agent that relies exclusively on the current observations will not always find the optimal policy. For example, a mobile robot needs to remember the number of doors went by in order to reach a specific door, down a corridor of identical doors. To overcome the problem of partial observability, an agent uses both current and past (memory) observations to construct an internal state representation, which is treated as an abstraction of the environment. This research focuses on how features of past events are extracted with variable granularity regarding the internal state construction. The project introduces a new method that applies Information Theory and decision tree technique to derive a tree structure, which represents the state and the policy. The relevance, of a candidate feature, is assessed by the Information Gain Ratio ranking with respect to the cumulative expected reward. Experiments carried out on three different RL tasks have shown that our variant of the U-Tree (McCallum, 1995) produces a more robust state representation and faster learning. This better performance can be explained by the fact that the Information Gain Ratio exhibits a lower variance in return prediction than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test used in the original U-Tree algorithm.