96 Sanctioning of serious criminal act offenders Abstract The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with general questions concerning the topic of the thesis: how a serious offence can be defined and how offenders who committed such an offence can be punished. The aim of the chapter is to present general ideas and to set the problematic the thesis deals with in detail in a broader context. The second and the third chapter presents the statute law concerning two topics withing the broader topic of the thesis. The second chapter deals with the rules of punishment of sexual offenders according to the Belgian law. The rules are discussed in detail and presented in the context of the criminal law as whole. Several inconsistencies that are caused by a non respect to the consequences of a change in one field of criminal law to another one. The third chapter presents the Belgian complementary punishment of mise à la disposition du tribunal de l'application des peines and the German preventive measure of Sicherungsverwahrung and their brief comparison. Both measures incorporate the same idea - a group of offenders cannot be liberated, even though they have already served their punisment as whole - but they differ in details. The fourth chapter deals with the participation of experts to the...

The subject of this thesis is the criminal law governing the manipulation of psychoactive substances or so-called drug offenses. For the purposes of the thesis the term psychoactive substances is equal to the term narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as used in Act 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code. Special attention is then paid to the real impact of this regulation in the area of drug related issues. The first chapter maps the development of laws governing psychoactive substances from antiquity to present day while observing the repetitive trends in the historical legal approach. The attention is also paid to the modern development in this area in the international field, with particular focus the most important conventions signed during the twentieth century and the gradually increasing role of the European Union. The changes in the legal treatment of drug offenses on Czech territory are then described in more detail, the current Czech legislation being one of the main focuses of the thesis. The individual drug offenses contained in Sections 283 to 287 of Act No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code, are discussed in further detail also taking into account the relevant case law and any problems encountered in their practical application. Due to the interdependence of criminal and non- criminal norms it's...

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2010

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T20:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado.pdf: 793330 bytes, checksum: 1c55bf30e245e1211cbcd9b711237a7e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T18:11:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado.pdf: 793330 bytes, checksum: 1c55bf30e245e1211cbcd9b711237a7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T18:11:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado.pdf: 793330 bytes, checksum: 1c55bf30e245e1211cbcd9b711237a7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente trabalho destinou-se a identificar as características narrativas do auto de prisão em flagrante, no que diz respeito à sua estrutura e aos discursos nele transcritos. No contexto do campo transdisciplinar de estudos sobre direito e literatura, foram utilizados recursos da teoria literária e da teoria jurídica, para a identificação de regularidades e divergências em uma amostra de 50 (cinquenta) autos de prisão em flagrante, colhida nos arquivos do conselho penitenciário do estado da bahia. A opção metodológica pelo campo direito e literatura decorre da percepção de que o declínio do positivismo exige uma nova postura diante dos fatos, e legitima a investigação, no âmbito da teoria jurídica, das obscuridades na sua reconstrução discursiva perante as instituições; com efeito, quando se dá maior atenção aos momentos narrativos da prática jurídica, descortina-se toda uma série de problemas, antes negligenciados pela comunidade científica. Para tanto, foram empregados recursos de um dos setores da teoria literária, a teoria narrativa, especificamente da corrente estruturalista. O presente trabalho também se serviu da dogmática jurídica, tanto de estudos específicos sobre a prisão em flagrante, como de tratados, cursos e manuais de direito processual penal, para demarcar as conclusões da teoria jurídica diante de cada elemento da estrutura e do discurso narrativo encontrados nos autos, quer para aceitá-las, quer para complementá-las, quer para rejeitá-las, quer para simplesmente compreendê-las a partir do enfoque transdisciplinar. A amostra foi formada com o objetivo de estudar a maior variação estrutural e discursiva possível entre os autos de prisão em flagrante, visando a fortalecer a generalização das conclusões para além da base empírica inicial. Aprofundando a relação da presente investigação com o movimento direito e literatura, deu-se ênfase à polissemia do termo auto, que serve para designar tanto os documentos oficiais destinados ao registro de atos, como um gênero de textos dramáticos formados por um só ato. Com isso, fez-se uso, como alegoria, do auto da barca do inferno, do dramaturgo português Gil Vicente, em cuja estrutura foram identificadas notáveis semelhanças com a do auto de prisão em flagrante. Estudou-se a estrutura narrativa do auto de prisão em flagrante, com o objetivo de estabelecer esquemas conceituais capazes de explicar o enredo, o narrador, as personagens, o espaço e o tempo das histórias nele narradas. Estudou-se o discurso narrativo dos participantes da prisão em flagrante, com o objetivo de identificar os recursos retóricos empregados pela autoridade policial, pelo condutor, pelas testemunhas, pela vítima e pelo conduzido. / Salvador

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The main aim of this study is to analyse how traditional African practices relating to child marriages violate the South African legal framework in the face of HIV/AIDS, as well as assessing it's response to child marriage in compliance with international and regional human rights standards. The specific objectives are: 1) To analyse traditional African practices in relation to child marriages in South Africa. 2) To discuss international and regional standards on the protection of child marriages linked to harmful cultural practices. 3) To show how different traditional African practices relating to child marriages violate the South African legal framework in light of international human rights standards.

Crime relating to the abuse of addictive substances The abuse of addictive substances is an issue of the whole society, which in current globalized world, considering continuous development of drug scene, still remains topical. The abuse of addictive substances, as a significant criminogenic need, relates to all kinds of different criminal offences, both those committed by addicts and those committed against them. This includes for example property crimes, crimes against life, person and health, or endangerment. Because of such wide scope of crimes related to the abuse of addictive substances, the focus of my work is on substantive regulation of so-called drug offences, which is stated in the articles 283 - 287 of the Criminal Code. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse constituent elements of the particular drug offences, coherent case-law, as well as some questionable issues related with this kind of criminal offences. It is for instance, the issue of determining the term "greater than the small amount" and regulation of making cannabis accessible for medical use. Higher consideration is given to the questions of so called growshops and the issues of the distribution of drug addiction. The thesis is divided into general part and special part. In the general part, there is a definition of some...

Bakgrund   Sexuellt våld är ett utbrett folkhälsoproblem som drabbar kvinnor över hela världen. Det sexuella våldet kan komma att påverka kvinnors fysiska och psykiska hälsa livet ut. I vården sker möten ständigt och för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal ingår det i den professionella hållningen att oavsett omständigheter främja ett gott bemötande gentemot patienten. Hälso- och sjukvården har ett stort ansvar i mötet med sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnor, då mötet kan komma att påverka kvinnans möjligheter till stöd, återhämtning och tillit till vården. Syfte  Syftet med studien var att beskriva sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser och erfarenheter av mötet med hälso- och sjukvården. Metod  En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes och resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ och kvantitativ design. Artiklarna togs fram med hjälp av databaserna CINAHL och PubMed samt via manuella sökningar. De valda artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag och analyserades med hjälp av integrerad analys.  Resultat Resultatet visade att positiva upplevelser och erfarenheter präglades av god kommunikation som genomsyrades av empati, respektfullhet och lyhördhet. I sin tur präglades negativa upplevelser och erfarenheter av okunskap hos personalen, dömande attityder och väntetid. Likaså lyftes lugn och avskild vårdmiljö, möjlighet att välja personal samt tillräcklig uppföljning och stöd som faktorer som saknades i mötet.  Slutsats Sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnor hade både positiva och negativa upplevelser och erfarenheter av hälso- och sjukvården och flera aspekter saknades i mötet. Med hjälp av ökad kunskap om kvinnors utsatthet och förbättrad förståelse för sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser och erfarenheter kan nya riktlinjer kring omhändertagandet utformas och därmed förbättra vården och lindra lidande. / Background Sexual violence is a widespread public health problem affecting women around the world. Sexual violence may affect women's physical and mental health throughout life. In healthcare encounters occur regularly and for personnel within healthcare, it is part of the professional attitude to promote a rewarding treatment to the patient, regardless of the circumstances. Health services have a great responsibility in the encounter with sexually abused women, as the encounter may affect the woman's opportunities for support, recovery and trust for healthcare. Aim The purpose of this study was to describe sexually abused women’s experience of their encounter with healthcare. Method A non-systematic literature review was conducted and resulted in 15 scientific articles of both qualitative and quantitative design. The articles were retrieved from the databases CINAHL, PubMed and through manual searches. The included articles were reviewed using Sophiahemmet University’s template for quality assessment and the results were analyzed with a thematic analysis approach. Results The results showed that positive experiences were characterized by good communication based on empathy, respect and sensitivity. In contrast, negative experiences were characterized by ignorance among the staff, judgmental attitudes and waiting time. Likewise, a calm and secluded care environment, the freedom to choose staff and sufficient support and follow-up were highlighted as factors that were lacking in the encounter. Conclusions Sexually abused women had both positive and negative experiences of health care, and several aspects were missing in the encounter. With the help of increased knowledge about women's vulnerability and an improved understanding of sexually abused women experiences, new guidelines regarding care can be developed, and thereby improve care and alleviate suffering.

Magister Legum - LLM / A person should at all times try to avoid the blemish of a previous conviction and a criminal record entered against his name. A criminal record entered against his name could have detrimental consequences for an individual. An accused is usually aware of this if he is involved in a trial and is thereafter convicted and sentenced. However, the same result could occur where a person paid an admission of guilt fine. Such a person could be aware that he has attained a record, but it could also be that a payee1 of a fine is very unaware that he has attained a criminal record that is entered against his name. This study focusses on the legal consequences of the payment of such an admission of guilt fine and will endeavour to investigate the remedies available to an uninformed payee of such fines.

L’habitude est un concept connu de nombreuses disciplines telles que la philosophie ou la psychologie. Si le droit ne fait pas figure d’exception, la fonction répressive du droit pénal confère à l’habitude un sens particulier en sanctionnant l’habitude pénale.Loin d’assimiler l’habitude pénale à l’habitude criminelle, la thèse en retient une conception purement juridique et objective, détachée de toute référence à la dangerosité du délinquant. L’étude, résolument technique, propose, à partir de cinq institutions (infraction d’habitude, circonstance aggravante d’habitude, récidive, réitération d’infractions et concours réel d’infractions) une notion unitaire de l’habitude pénale et une répression adaptée à la criminalité particulière du délinquant d’habitude. L’habitude est alors définie comme un ensemble de comportements répétés unis par un lien juridique consistant principalement en un lien d’analogie et un lien temporel. Cette notion a permis de déduire une répression de l’habitude adaptée à son particularisme. Ainsi, son régime juridique est influencé par sa double structure, matériellement plurale et juridiquement unitaire, de même que sa sanction est influencée par le lien unissant les comportements.En puisant des exemples de comparaison dans les législations pénales étrangères et au sein du droit privé français, l’étude permet également de mettre en évidence les atouts et les faiblesses du droit pénal français dans l’appréhension de l’habitude pénale. / Habit is a concept known by many disciplines such as philosophy or psychology. If Law is not an exception, the repressive function of criminal Law gives to the habit a specific sense by punishing penal habits.Far from assimilating penal habit and criminal habit, the thesis holds a purely legal and objective conception, disconnected from references to the offender’s dangerosity. The study, resolutely technical, suggests, from five legal institutions (habitual offence, habit as an aggravating circumstance, subsequent offence, repetition of offences and combination of offences) a unitary notion of the habit in criminal Law and a better adapted repression to the habitual offender’s specific criminality.Penal habit is defined as repeated behaviours joined by a legal link, mainly analogical and temporal. This notion allows a repression of habit adapted to its specific characteristics. Thus, the legal repression is influenced by its double pattern, physically plural and legally unitary. In the same way, punishment is influenced by the link joining behaviours.Taking examples from comparing foreign criminal legislations as well as private French law, this study emphasizes assets and weaknesses of the criminal law approach of habit.

Section 234 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, states that in order to deepen the culture of democracy established by the Constitution, Parliament may adopt Charters of Rights consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. In accordance with its obligations caused by ratifying various international instruments, the government adopted the Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa in 2007. The Service Charter entrenches seven specific rights to a victim of a crime, which also includes the child as a victim. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the question whether the rights of child victims to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy, to offer information and to receive information are satisfactorily protected within the South African legal framework in light of the requirements of the Constitution and the international legal framework. As point of departure, the background and legal nature of the Service Charter will be investigated briefly. The background of the relevant international and regional instruments are also discussed. This is followed by an analysis and an explanation of the theoretical foundations of the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy, from an international, regional and a South African perspective. Attention is particularly drawn to the way the courts have interpreted the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for dignity and privacy. What the right entails within the Victim’s Charter is also investigated. This is followed by an analysis and an explanation of the theoretical foundations of the right to offer information and to receive information, from an international, regional and a South African perspective. What the right entails within the Victim’s Charter is also investigated. Finally, a conclusion is reached. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014