Initial public offering (IPO) underpricing is a costly practice that decreases the IPO proceeds accruing to the issuing firms and can derail a firm's growth objectives. The purpose of this correlational study was to determine the relationship between share retention, underwriter reputation, and IPO underpricing among a population of IPOs issued in Jamaica. The efficient market hypothesis served as the theoretical framework for this study. Archived data for 52 IPOs issued in Jamaica from 1986 to 2018 were collected and Spearman's correlation matrix and heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors regression analysis were applied. The outcomes of this study indicated no significant relationship between share retention and IPO underpricing, α = .1 and α = .05, r = .059, p = .35; however, there was partial acceptance of the alternative hypothesis that underwriter reputation is related to IPO underpricing at α = .1, r = .234, p = .055, but not α = .05. Additionally, underpricing was higher for IPOs supported by the high reputation underwriters, and share retention was a slightly better predictor of IPO underpricing for this group of IPOs, R2 = .02, p = .31 versus R2 = .01, p = .75. Finally, the overall model indicated that the independent variables did not jointly explain IPO underpricing, F(2, 45) = .78, p = .455, R2 = .032. The results of this study might contribute to social change because successful IPOs can increase employment opportunities as well as improve income distribution and socioeconomic indicators for the communities served by IPO firms.

In recent years, the initial public offerings (IPOs) on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) witnessed some level of undersubscriptions. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which valuation, pricing, and performance of prior IPOs listed on the GSE contributed to this state of undersubscriptions. The research was informed by the valuation and pricing framework of Roosenboom. The research questions addressed whether IPOs on the GSE were under/overpriced and whether the projected and pre-issue financials were free from forecasting errors and earnings management. A cross-sectional, explanatory research design was employed to examine a dataset of 30 sampled IPOs. The dataset, obtained from IPO prospectuses, trading data, and financial statements, was analyzed using both logistic and multiple regressions. IPO valuation methods, first-day returns (R(1st day)), absolute forecast errors (AFE), and discretionary current accruals (DCA) served as dependent variables and firm characteristics of size, age, profitability, dividends, price-to-value (P/V) ratios, owner-manager, and auditors' reputation served as independent variables. Results revealed that firm characteristics were not significant predictors of the choice of IPO valuation methods, IPOs were underpriced and their R(1st day) were significantly predicted by P/V ratios, the financial projections were over forecasted and their AFE were not predicted by the independent variables, and the pre-IPO financials experienced earnings management and their DCA were significantly explained by the owner-manager variable. This research contributes to positive social change by assisting regulators, investment bankers, corporations, and institutional investors in improving their respective roles in the valuation and pricing of IPOs on the GSE, thus reducing the observed IPO undersubscriptions in the stock market.

基於資本市場先天資訊的不對稱，企業內部人本就享有私有資訊之絕對利益，再加上風險分攤的觀念，透過證券市場向投資人募集資金的方式多為企業的首選。而主管機關為防止投資人權益受損，對於企業現金增資審核之嚴謹門檻，卻導致企業盈餘管理的動機。國內研究對於上述因果及衍生問題已有相當多的研究，但未見針對現金增資目的與盈餘管理動機及工具之關聯性進行探討。 一般而言，公司可能為了補充營運資金、償還負債、擴充產能或購併他公司等目的申請現金增資。理論上，不同的增資目的其資金需求之迫切程度應不同，且不同的增資目的之資金需求也應透過財務報表中不同的會計科目來表達。本研究主要的實證議題有二：（1）現金增資的決策提供盈餘操縱的動機，而盈餘操縱的強度是否因增資目的不同而互異？及（2）不同的增資目的是否搭配不同的盈餘操縱工具，期使現金增資目的與財務報表所顯現出的現金需求相允合？ 實証結果顯示：（1）上市公司增資前確實傾向於採用增加盈餘之裁決性應計項目，同時配合操控業外收益來增加盈餘，但以資產或收益調整之裁決性應計項目之操縱行為並不顯著。（2）補充營運資金及償還負債二種增資目的盈餘操縱強度只有在增資前一季是大於其他增資目的，其他測試期間並無顯著不同。（3）補充營運資金之增資目的並不傾向採用裁決性應計項目作為盈餘操縱工具。（4）償還負債之增資目的傾向利用業外收益作為盈餘操縱工具。（5）補充營運資金及償還負債二增資目的之盈餘操縱動機之強度並無顯著差異。

資本市場之目的在於匯集社會游資, 供給企業營運所需資金, 進而促進經 濟成長。欲達此一目標則有賴於承銷制度之健全, 及承銷機能的有效運作 。本文乃是探討股票承銷中有關增資新股申購人是否享有預期超額報酬, 及承銷價影響因素。運用之理論基礎為Black-Scholes 選擇權訂價公式, 及探討公司價值之訊息理論。經過實證測試, 發現增資新股申購人的確享 有預期超額報酬。而訊息理論並不太適用於臺灣實務現象, 所列入探討的 因素中, 唯有總資產達到0.01的顯著水準, 現金增資比率達0.15的顯著水 準, 此或為訊息須經轉換之故。

本研究主要是探討台灣上市櫃公司從事現金增資之決策是否受公司所處生命周期及市場時機影響，並進一步探討增資公司是否因市場時機有囤積現金的現象。 本研究檢視民國83年1月1日至95年12月31日止，共十三年期間台灣發生之現金增資。本研究以羅吉斯回歸檢定企業生命週期與市場時機之替代變數，發現兩者對台灣上市櫃公司增資意願之影響皆為顯著，而企業生命週期對增資之影響比市場時機的影響更大。雖然生命週期與市場時機的替代變數皆為顯著，但迴歸的預測模型對增資機率的解釋力低，因此本研究進一步探討增資公司於增資前後的現金水準變化。最後發現台灣增資公司利用市場時機進行增資而短期現金水準提高的現象並不算常態，多數公司於增資後會用盡增資現金，且多數公司若未進行增資則可能面臨現金短缺的狀況。因此，本研究之實證結果顯示，市場時機與公司所處生命週期雖會影響現金增資之機率，但只能解釋為一小部分的增資動機，而大部分的公司之所以從事現金增資是因為面臨現金短缺，為避免進一步的財務危機而向資本市場籌資。

本研究以中國2000年至2007年間滬深上市公司為樣本，分析保薦制度對於企業在現金增資（在本研究中包含增發與配股）後經營績效的影響，其中經營績效包括稅後淨利成長率、股東權益報酬率成長率與每股盈餘成長率為衡量指標。實證結果顯示，現金增資後企業的經營績效有明顯衰退的現象，但是本研究發現這個經營績效惡化的現象在保薦制度後有顯著減緩的證據。最後，若將企業細分為增發與配股，進一步的分析顯示，保薦制度的效果在配股樣本中得到顯著結果。彙總而言，實施保薦制度能夠有效減緩企業現金增資後經營績效衰退的情形，且該效果在配股企業較為明顯。 / This study examines the impact of Sponsor’s System on operating performance of firms conducting Seasoned Equity Offerings from 2000 to 2007 in China. The performance measures include the growth of net income, the growth of ROE, and the growth of EPS. The empirical results indicate that there is significant decline in post-SEO performance. However, the phenomenon of poor performance after SEO is less severe after Sponsor’s System. In conclusion, the employment of Sponsor’s System can relief performance decline after SEO.

<p>From having relied on its employees in the interaction with customers, the service industry now move towards an increased adoption of technology to enhance the value of the service</p><p>offering to the customer. This development has also reached the public transport sector which is traditionally seen as low-tech.</p><p>In this study we investigate how the customers experience the use of high-tech supporting services within a low-tech context. The case that is used is the city-bus transport provider Karlstadsbuss who provide a high-tech supporting service called Live, which delivers realtime information on bus departures through a website, a WAPsite, and electronic boards at certain bus stops.</p><p>Focused group interviews were used to get in-dept information from commuters of how they perceive Live. Results show that respondents do not use Live website or WAPsite because the information is not worth the effort of use. Commuters question the service because many</p><p>buses do not run according to the Live-schedule. Still the commuters say they benefit from Live because it contributes alternative ways of finding departure times, and it presents an overview of departure options. However, if the information is in real-time or not is of</p><p>secondary importance.</p>

From having relied on its employees in the interaction with customers, the service industry now move towards an increased adoption of technology to enhance the value of the service offering to the customer. This development has also reached the public transport sector which is traditionally seen as low-tech. In this study we investigate how the customers experience the use of high-tech supporting services within a low-tech context. The case that is used is the city-bus transport provider Karlstadsbuss who provide a high-tech supporting service called Live, which delivers realtime information on bus departures through a website, a WAPsite, and electronic boards at certain bus stops. Focused group interviews were used to get in-dept information from commuters of how they perceive Live. Results show that respondents do not use Live website or WAPsite because the information is not worth the effort of use. Commuters question the service because many buses do not run according to the Live-schedule. Still the commuters say they benefit from Live because it contributes alternative ways of finding departure times, and it presents an overview of departure options. However, if the information is in real-time or not is of secondary importance.

When a company sells shares of their business to the public for the first time, it is called an Initial Public Offering, IPO. The IPO is usually conducted by the issuing firm to raise capital for their future growth. Before the IPO the information about the issuing company is often limited and the investment in an IPO is associated with risks. The investors who choose to invest in an IPO are therefore usually compensated with a discount on the shares and often experience a first day positive return. This first day positive return is the definition of underpricing. If the majority of the IPOs are underpriced it should be of interest for an investor to take part of this opportunity and use it as an investment strategy. This thesis investigates if there is a way to predict which IPOs that will generate a positive first day return based on the information in the IPO prospect. / En IPO är det första erbjudandet av företagets aktier till den publika marknaden. En IPO genomförs ofta i samband med att företaget behöver ta in nytt kapital för framtida investeringar. Innan ett företag blir publikt är informationsinsynen begränsad vilket medför en risk för den som vill investera i det initiala erbjudandet. Investerarna som väljer att investera i erbjudandet är ofta kompenserade med en rabatt på aktierna och får då ofta en positiv avkastning på första handelsdagen. Denna initiala avkastning definieras som underprissättningen av erbjudandet. Om en majoritet av börsnoteringarna är underprissatta skulle det vara av stort intresse för investerare att upprepande investera i IPOs och ha detta som investeringsstrategi. Den här uppsatsen undersöker om det går att förutspå vilka IPOs som genererar en positiv avkastning första handelsdagen baserat på den informationen som finns att tillgå i IPO prospektet. / Civilekonom-uppsats

This dissertation explores the issues of mixed oligopoly, restructuring, and M&A that occurs in turn on the stages of policy set-up, preparation, and performing when the government attempt to privatize the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). On the policy set-up stage, private firms in domestic market are not necessary confined to originate at home country. Foreign private firms may establish an oversea subsidiary and create a mixed oligopoly market structure at home country. In addition, those foreign private firms may not passively accept all the trade policies that came from the government decision of home country. Mixed oligopoly competition between one domestic public firm and one subsidiary of foreign private firm is been formulated to investigate the following questions: (1) how the agents compete under the cases that home country government adopts policies such as corporate tax rate, repatriation tax rate, and partial offering public stocks; and the foreign private firm implements strategies such as vertical integration and transfer pricing; (2) the impact on social welfare and the decision of optimal public stock-offering ratio while home country government¡¦s policies and foreign private firm¡¦s strategies have changed. New findings include (1) Home country government can not maximize social welfare by simply adopting strategic policies; (2) For home country government, the best strategy for privatizing SOEs maybe partial privatization; (3) For home country government, ¡§mass privatization¡¨ should be avoided as the means of manipulating domestic market shares. On the preparation stage, an incentive scheme model is designed to analyze the governance mechanism for improving SOEs¡¦ situation. First, different types of SOEs are classified according to their own ability and the employees¡¦ attitude for privatization. By offering a sound device of incentive scheme, the government is able to strengthen the SOEs¡¦ ability and employees¡¦ desirability. Within a one-stage symmetric information game framwork, it proves that SOEs with high ability and their employees with high privatization desirability can implement the highest amount of public stock offering ratio. Next, it utilizes a two-stage asymmetric game model for discussing how to improve the SOEs¡¦ ability and how to encourage the employees to support privatization. By providing an incentive contract, the government not only can coerce the SOEs but also can inspire their employees to reveal their true information. The due process of public stock offering is able to strengthen the abilities of SOEs via ¡§restructuring¡¨ on the one hand, and to facilitate the issue of ¡§training subsidies¡¨ for hatching the entrepreneurship of employees on the other hand. Finally, it investigates the impact on public stock offering ratio for the amount of specific grants, and found that the more generosity of incentive contract, the higher the public stock offering ratio. On the performing stage, it adopts the incentive theorem to analyze the outcome of SOEs¡¦ privatization by inviting a named firm. The named firm takes over the SOEs through M&A for the purpose of long-term operation. In order to encourage the employees of the privatized company working more aggressively, the named firm comes up incentive schemes including bonus-sharing and Employees Stock Ownership Plan, ESOP. It found that whether there exists information asymmetry or not between the named firm and the employees of the privatized company will affect the following decision-makings: the level of the employees¡¦ effort, the willingness of the employees¡¦ stock-holding, and the achievement of the named firm¡¦s profit maximizing objective. In particular, it shows that the change of the contents of the incentive schemes will affect the bargaining outcomes between the named firm and the trade union of the SOEs on the issue of working conditions after privatization.