Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria gram-negativa que coloniza os vasos de xilema das plantas, podendo ser patogênica para algumas culturas de importância econômica. Esta bactéria é transmitida por cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) da superfamília Cercopoidea (Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae e Clastopteridae) e família Cicadellidae (subfamília Cicadellinae). Na Itália este fitopatógeno esta causando uma nova doença em plantas de oliveira, denominada síndrome do declínio rápido da oliveira. Recentemente também foi detectada a ocorrência desta bactéria associada a sintomas de requeima foliar na Argentina e no Brasil. Sendo assim, surgiu a necessidade de realizar levantamentos de espécies de cigarrinhas que ocorrem nas regiões onde estão localizados os pomares de oliveira na Serra da Mantiqueira, nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, na faixa de 800 a 1800 m de altitude. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a análise faunística das espécies de cigarrinhas, como também mensurar a similaridade da comunidade de espécies encontradas entre os pomares, e indicar possíveis vetores de Xylella fastidiosa para a cultura da oliveira. Foram selecionadas sete pomares de oliveira localizados na Serra da Mantiqueira, seguindo um gradiente altitudinal, sendo estes: Wenceslau Braz (MG-1780 m), São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (SP-1602 m), São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) (SP-1512 m), Maria da Fé (MG), com três pomares (área do Lago-1329 m, área da Suíça-1318 m, área da Atemoia-1310 m) e Cabreúva (SP-883 m). Para a captura de cigarrinhas, foram instalados em cada pomar nove cartões adesivos amarelos, em duas alturas, 0,8 m e 1,6 m do nível do solo, totalizando 18 cartões por pomar, que foram trocados a cada 15 dias no período de junho de 2015 a maio de 2017. Coletaram-se 40.324 indivíduos de 270 espécies incluídos em Auchenorrhyncha, distribuídos em 12 famílias, com maior frequência de indivíduos do grupo Cicadellidae (68%), e Cicadellinae (43% de todos os cicadelídeos coletados). A análise faunística indicou 44 espécies predominantes, sendo 20 pertencentes a grupos de potenciais vetores. Dentre elas, Clastoptera sp. 1 (Clastopteridae), Macugonalia cavifrons e Scopogonalia sp. 1 (Cicadellinae) foram predominantes em todos os pomares, exceto no pomar de Cabreúva, sendo que a primeira coloniza a oliveira. Os maiores índices de diversidade, riqueza e equitabiliade foram obtidos para os pomares de Wenceslau Braz, São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) e São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (0,87), respectivamente. A maior similaridade de Jaccard foi encontrada entre os pomares de Maria da Fé (55%). A maior similaridade de Morisita foi encontrada entre os pomares de São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) e Maria da Fé (área da Suíça) (91%) e a menor entre os pomares de Cabreúva e São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (6%). Para algumas espécies predominantes de Cicadellinae e Cercopoidea, houve diferença na eficiência de captura por armadilhas adesivas posicionadas em alturas distintas na copa das oliveiras. / Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the xylem vessels of plants and may be pathogenic to some crops. This bacterium is transmitted by leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the superfamily Cercopoidea (Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae and Clastopteridae) and family Cicadellidae (subfamily Cicadellinae). In Italy this phytopathogen is causing a new disease in olive trees, named \'olive quick decline syndrome\'. Recently, the occurrence of this bacterium associated to a \'leaf scorch\' was also detected in Argentina and Brazil. Thus, it is necessary to carry out surveys of Auchenorrhyncha species in olive orchards in the region of the Mantiqueira Mountain Range, where the olives are grown in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, at 800 to 1800 m altitude range. The objectives of this work were to do faunistic analysis of Auchenorrhyncha species, to measure species similarity of the community of Auchenorrhyncha among orchards, and to indicate possible vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in olives. Seven olive orchards located in the Mantiqueira Mountain Range were selected, following an altitudinal gradient: Wenceslau Braz (MG-1780 m), São Bento do Sapuccaí (EntreVilas) (SP-1602 m), São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) (SP-1512 m), Maria da Fé (MG), with three orchards (area of Lago-1329 m, area of Suíça-1318 m, area of Atemoia-1310 m) e Cabreúva (SP-883 m). Nine yellow stick traps were installed in each orchard at two heights, 0.8 m and 1.6 m above soil level, totaling 18 cards per orchard, which were replaced fortnightly from June/2015 to May/2017. A total of 40,324 individuals from 270 species included in Auchenorrhyncha were collected, distributed in 12 families, with the highest frequency of individuals in the group Cicadellidae (68%) and group Cicadellinae (43% of all Cicadellidae). The faunistic analyses classified 44 species as predominant, 20 belonging to groups of possible vectors of X. fastidiosa. Among them, the species Clastoptera sp. 1 (family Clastopteridae), Macugonalia cavifrons and Scopogonalia sp. 1 (subfamily Cicadellinae) are predominant in all orchards, except in the Cabreúva orchard. Nymphs of Clastoptera sp. 1 were observed developing on young olive branches. Higher diversity, richness and equitability indices were observed in Wenceslau Braz, São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) and São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) orchards, respectively. Jaccard\'s greatest similarity was found between Maria da Fé orchards (55%). The greatest similarity of Morisita was found between the orchards of São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) and Maria da Fé (91%) and the lowest one between orchards of Cabreúva and São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (6%). For some predominant species of Cicadellinae and Cercopoidea, capture efficiency was influenced by trap height on the olive tree canopy.

Chez les plantes, la dynamique structurelle et l'évolution concertée des génomes nucléaire et cytoplasmiques restent peu documentées. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier la diversité structurelle et l'évolution des mitogénomes et des plastomes chez les Oleaceae à l'aide d'une approche de phylogénomique. Nous avons d'abord assemblé des mitogénomes à partir de données de séquençage de faible couverture, obtenues à partir de matériel frais et d'herbier. Une grande variation de structure du mitogénome a été observée chez l'olivier, et un gène chimérique potentiellement associé à un type de stérilité mâle a été identifié. Enfin, nous avons étudié l'évolution des plastomes et des gènes mitochondriaux chez les Oleaceae. Une accélération de l'évolution du plastome a été observée dans deux lignées indépendantes. Ce changement de trajectoire évolutive pourrait être la conséquence d'une transmission occasionnelle de plastes par le pollen, modifiant les pressions sélectives sur certains gènes. / In plants, the structural dynamics and concerted evolution of nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes are poorly understood. The objective of this thesis was to study the structural diversity and evolution of mitogenomes and plastomes in the family Oleaceae with a phylogenomic approach. First, we assembled mitogenomes from low-coverage sequencing data obtained from live and herbarium material. Considerable structural variation of mitogenomes was observed in the olive, and a chimeric gene potentially associated to a type of male sterility was detected. Finally, we studied the evolution of plastomes and mitochondrial genes in the Oleaceae. Accelerated evolution of plastomes was observed in two independent lineages. This change of evolutionary rate could be the consequence of an occasional transmission of plastids with pollen, modifying selective pressures on some genes.

Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria gram-negativa que coloniza os vasos de xilema das plantas, podendo ser patogênica para algumas culturas de importância econômica. Esta bactéria é transmitida por cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) da superfamília Cercopoidea (Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae e Clastopteridae) e família Cicadellidae (subfamília Cicadellinae). Na Itália este fitopatógeno esta causando uma nova doença em plantas de oliveira, denominada síndrome do declínio rápido da oliveira. Recentemente também foi detectada a ocorrência desta bactéria associada a sintomas de requeima foliar na Argentina e no Brasil. Sendo assim, surgiu a necessidade de realizar levantamentos de espécies de cigarrinhas que ocorrem nas regiões onde estão localizados os pomares de oliveira na Serra da Mantiqueira, nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, na faixa de 800 a 1800 m de altitude. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a análise faunística das espécies de cigarrinhas, como também mensurar a similaridade da comunidade de espécies encontradas entre os pomares, e indicar possíveis vetores de Xylella fastidiosa para a cultura da oliveira. Foram selecionadas sete pomares de oliveira localizados na Serra da Mantiqueira, seguindo um gradiente altitudinal, sendo estes: Wenceslau Braz (MG-1780 m), São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (SP-1602 m), São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) (SP-1512 m), Maria da Fé (MG), com três pomares (área do Lago-1329 m, área da Suíça-1318 m, área da Atemoia-1310 m) e Cabreúva (SP-883 m). Para a captura de cigarrinhas, foram instalados em cada pomar nove cartões adesivos amarelos, em duas alturas, 0,8 m e 1,6 m do nível do solo, totalizando 18 cartões por pomar, que foram trocados a cada 15 dias no período de junho de 2015 a maio de 2017. Coletaram-se 40.324 indivíduos de 270 espécies incluídos em Auchenorrhyncha, distribuídos em 12 famílias, com maior frequência de indivíduos do grupo Cicadellidae (68%), e Cicadellinae (43% de todos os cicadelídeos coletados). A análise faunística indicou 44 espécies predominantes, sendo 20 pertencentes a grupos de potenciais vetores. Dentre elas, Clastoptera sp. 1 (Clastopteridae), Macugonalia cavifrons e Scopogonalia sp. 1 (Cicadellinae) foram predominantes em todos os pomares, exceto no pomar de Cabreúva, sendo que a primeira coloniza a oliveira. Os maiores índices de diversidade, riqueza e equitabiliade foram obtidos para os pomares de Wenceslau Braz, São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) e São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (0,87), respectivamente. A maior similaridade de Jaccard foi encontrada entre os pomares de Maria da Fé (55%). A maior similaridade de Morisita foi encontrada entre os pomares de São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) e Maria da Fé (área da Suíça) (91%) e a menor entre os pomares de Cabreúva e São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (6%). Para algumas espécies predominantes de Cicadellinae e Cercopoidea, houve diferença na eficiência de captura por armadilhas adesivas posicionadas em alturas distintas na copa das oliveiras. / Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the xylem vessels of plants and may be pathogenic to some crops. This bacterium is transmitted by leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the superfamily Cercopoidea (Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae and Clastopteridae) and family Cicadellidae (subfamily Cicadellinae). In Italy this phytopathogen is causing a new disease in olive trees, named \'olive quick decline syndrome\'. Recently, the occurrence of this bacterium associated to a \'leaf scorch\' was also detected in Argentina and Brazil. Thus, it is necessary to carry out surveys of Auchenorrhyncha species in olive orchards in the region of the Mantiqueira Mountain Range, where the olives are grown in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, at 800 to 1800 m altitude range. The objectives of this work were to do faunistic analysis of Auchenorrhyncha species, to measure species similarity of the community of Auchenorrhyncha among orchards, and to indicate possible vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in olives. Seven olive orchards located in the Mantiqueira Mountain Range were selected, following an altitudinal gradient: Wenceslau Braz (MG-1780 m), São Bento do Sapuccaí (EntreVilas) (SP-1602 m), São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) (SP-1512 m), Maria da Fé (MG), with three orchards (area of Lago-1329 m, area of Suíça-1318 m, area of Atemoia-1310 m) e Cabreúva (SP-883 m). Nine yellow stick traps were installed in each orchard at two heights, 0.8 m and 1.6 m above soil level, totaling 18 cards per orchard, which were replaced fortnightly from June/2015 to May/2017. A total of 40,324 individuals from 270 species included in Auchenorrhyncha were collected, distributed in 12 families, with the highest frequency of individuals in the group Cicadellidae (68%) and group Cicadellinae (43% of all Cicadellidae). The faunistic analyses classified 44 species as predominant, 20 belonging to groups of possible vectors of X. fastidiosa. Among them, the species Clastoptera sp. 1 (family Clastopteridae), Macugonalia cavifrons and Scopogonalia sp. 1 (subfamily Cicadellinae) are predominant in all orchards, except in the Cabreúva orchard. Nymphs of Clastoptera sp. 1 were observed developing on young olive branches. Higher diversity, richness and equitability indices were observed in Wenceslau Braz, São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) and São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) orchards, respectively. Jaccard\'s greatest similarity was found between Maria da Fé orchards (55%). The greatest similarity of Morisita was found between the orchards of São Bento do Sapucaí (São José) and Maria da Fé (91%) and the lowest one between orchards of Cabreúva and São Bento do Sapucaí (Entre Vilas) (6%). For some predominant species of Cicadellinae and Cercopoidea, capture efficiency was influenced by trap height on the olive tree canopy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Fabricio_Carlotto_Ribeiro.pdf: 690403 bytes, checksum: c4c774a79c4c65c49064168d12f774bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / Brazil has a large consumer market for olive-derived products (Olea europaea L.); however, this new culture requires further technical investigation. Therefore, the determination of an efficient method of propagation is the first step in obtaining sufficient amount of plants for the establishment of a sustainable production system. Due to the lack of information surrounding the olive propagation, especially in Brazil, the present work aimed to improve the efficiency of the vegetative propagation by rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings and whip grafting. The trial was carried out at Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas/RS, and it was divided into three experiments. The first one aimed to obtain information about performance of different substrates (Perlite, Vermiculite and Plantmax) to promote rooting of olive 'Frantoio'. It was evaluated the rooting of cuttings (%) and/or callus formation (%) and quality of rooting (root amount grown). The second experiment aimed to evaluate the rooting of semi-hardwood cutting of Olives 'Arbequina' and 'Arbosana' submitted to different sources and concentrations of auxin (0mg.L-1, IBA 2000mg.L-1, IBA 4000mg.L-1, NAA 250mg.L-1 and NAA 500mg.L-1). Also, it was evaluated the rooting of cuttings (%) and/or callus formation (%) and quality of rooting (root amount grown). The third batch assessed the behavior of different olive cultivars (Itrana, Tanche, Bosana, Barnea, Manzanilla, Seggianese, Canino, Picual, Taggiasca and Cipressino) grafted on privet. The measurements here were living grafts (%), shooting grafts (%), number of shoots and length of shoots (cm). It was verified that: in the first experiment the substrate associated with the use of IBA (2000mg.L-1), has no influence on the amount and quality of roots formed on semi-hardwood cuttings of olive 'Frantoio'. In the second experiment, olive cuttings of 'Arbequina' and 'Arbosana' reached up to 18.64% of rooting, indifferently of auxin source and concentration. Rooted cuttings of olive 'Arbequina' and 'Arbosana', untreated and treated with butyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), showed low quality of rooting (around one to four main roots). In the third experiment, regarding whip grafting of olive grafts on privet tree, there are considerable variations among living grafts (grafts that remain green but without shooting), grafting set (grafts that show shoots and union between scion/rootstock), number and average length of shoots. The highest grafting set rates and number of shoots per olive graft on privet, occur after 120 days of grafting. / O Brasil apresenta amplo mercado consumidor para os produtos derivados da oliveira (Olea europaea L.), porém, esta nova cultura, necessita de maiores conhecimentos técnicos. Assim, a determinação de um método de propagação eficiente é o primeiro passo na obtenção de quantidades de mudas suficientes para a implantação de um sistema de produção. Em conseqüência da falta de informações que envolvem a propagação de oliveira, principalmente no Brasil, realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de melhorar a eficiência da propagação vegetativa por enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas e enxertia de garfagem. Foram conduzidos na Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas/RS, três experimentos, sendo o primeiro para obter informações sobre o potencial de diferentes substratos (Perlita, Vermiculita e Plantmax) para promover o enraizamento de estacas de oliveira Frantoio‟. Avaliou-se o enraizamento de estacas (%) e/ou formação de calo (%) e qualidade de enraizamento (quantidade de raízes emitidas). No segundo experimento objetivou-se avaliar o enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de oliveiras Arbequina‟ e Arbosana‟ submetidas a diferentes fontes e concentrações de auxina exógena (0mg.L-1, AIB 2000mg.L-1, AIB 4000mg.L-1, ANA 250mg.L-1 e ANA 500mg.L-1). Também avaliou-se o enraizamento de estacas (%) e/ou formação de calo (%) e qualidade de enraizamento (quantidade de raízes emitidas). O terceiro teve-se como objetivo, avaliar o comportamento de diferentes cultivares de oliveira (Itrana, Tanche, Bosana, Barnea, Manzanilla, Seggianese, Canino, Picual, Taggiasca e Cipressino) enxertadas sobre ligustro, sendo avaliados os enxertos vivos (%), enxertos brotados (%), número médio de brotações e o comprimento médio das brotações (cm). Através dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que: no primeiro experimento, o tipo de substrato, associado ao uso de AIB (2000mg.L-1), não tem influência sobre a quantidade de raízes formadas em estacas semilenhosas de oliveira Frantoio‟. No segundo experimento, indiferentemente da fonte e da concentração de auxina exógena, estacas de oliveiras Arbequina‟ e Arbosana‟ atingem, no máximo, 18,64% de enraizamento; Estacas enraizadas de oliveira Arbequina‟ e Arbosana‟, não tratadas e tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA), apresentaram baixa qualidade de enraizamento, (entre uma e quatro raízes principais). No terceiro experimento, verificou-se que na enxertia de garfagem de oliveira sobre ligustro, existem consideráveis variações entre enxertos vivos (enxertos que permanecem verdes, porém sem apresentar brotação), pegamento de enxertos (enxertos que apresentam brotações e união entre enxerto/porta-enxerto), número e comprimento médio das ii brotações. O maior pegamento e número médio de brotações por enxerto de oliveira sobre ligustro, ocorrem após 120 dias de realização da enxertia.

Thesis ( |b(MSc. (Biochemistry)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Medicinal plants have been used as a key source for medication and they remain to provide new therapeutic remedies to date. Extracts of Olea europaea subspecies africana leaves are used extensively in South Africa to treat various diseases traditionally. The diseases have been noted to be associated with free radicals, bacterial infections, and inflammation. However, there is little information about the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaves of this plant in literature and the cytotoxicity of the leaf extracts is still a concern. The information about the Isolated compounds is also minimal hence this study was aimed at filling in those gaps in relation to the traditional use of the leaves in southern Africa and subsequently isolating and identifying the active compounds using bioassay-guided fractionation. Preliminary screening of the crude extracts for antioxidant, antibacterial and antiinflammatory activities indicated that the extracts possessed all biological activities. The presence of major phytochemicals in the crude extracts was determined through the use of standard chemical methods and TLC analysis. The colorimetric methods (Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride) were used for quantification purposes. TLC-DPPH assay was used to screen antioxidant activities of the crude extracts. The observed activity was quantified using the spectrophotometric method of DPPH and reducing power. The antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts were determined by direct bioautography and the serial broth microdilution assay using E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and S. aureus as test bacteria. Screening of the acetone crude extract for anti-inflammatory activities was done using the LPSstimulated RAW 264.7, cells where the inhibition of ROS generation was studied. MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity effects of the leaves. Isolation of bioactive compounds started with serial exhaustive extraction, followed by column chromatography packed with silica gel. NMR analysis was conducted to identify the isolated compound. The results revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids with the total phenolic (99.67 ± 2.52 mg of GAE/g) and tannin content (114.33 ± 9.02 mg of GAE/g) found in high amounts. All crude extracts exhibited antioxidant activities and the antioxidant activity quantified via the DPPH assay demonstrated to xxi have EC50 value of 1.05 ± 0.0071 mg/mL. The reducing capacity was found to be dose-dependent and great significance was seen at concentration 0.5 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL that was about 2/3 of that of L-ascorbic acid (standard) at a similar concentration. Screening of the crude extracts for antibacterial activity revealed that all crude extracts except n-hexane and water extracts, inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria on the previously developed TLC plates. The activity was seen as clear zones on the bioautograms. Serial broth microdilution assay indicated that dichloromethane, acetone and ethanol had average MIC values of 0.30, 0.32 and 0.35 mg/mL against all tested bacteria, respectively. Good anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract was demonstrated at the highest concentration of 0.90 mg/mL. MTT assay indicated that the crude extract had no adverse cytotoxic effects. This was demonstrated by the LC50 values greater than 20 µg/mL and considered non-cytotoxic according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Isolation following the bioassay-guided-fractionation resulted in the selection of acetone extract to isolate the bioactive compounds from as it demonstrated good antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Fractionation of the compound by column chromatography yielded three combinations (pools) of fractions and of the three from which only pool 1 was considered for further fractionation. NMR spectra information identified the isolated compound as a mixture of ursolic acid (minor) and oleanolic acid (major). This compound had antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities and no cytotoxic effects. The leaves of Olea europaea subspecies africana have been proven to possess antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Evaluation of the biological activities of the crude extracts was to validate the use of the leaves traditionally to treat free radical and bacterial-related diseases and potential drug that are safe and has less side effects may be produced from the leaves. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de: Ingeniero Agrónomo Departamento: Producción Agrícola / El ajuste de la carga frutal y del área foliar son prácticas comunes en los sistemas productivos en vid y olivo que alteran la relación entre la demanda de carbono por los sumideros (frutos) y la oferta por las fuentes (hojas). Se ha demostrado que las relaciones fuente-sumidero afectan la asimilación de carbono (P n ) y el crecimiento en vid y olivo, reduciéndose P n y el crecimiento de los frutos; y aumentando el crecimiento vegetativo al aumentar la relación hojas/fruto. El objetivo del este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la carga frutal del brote sobre P n , conductancia estomática (g s ) y crecimiento del fruto, a lo largo del período de crecimiento del fruto en vid y olivo, y evaluar si dicho efecto es afectado por la carga frutal del resto de la planta. Con dicho fin se ajustaron seis niveles de carga frutal (relación hoja/fruto homogéneamente distribuidos entre 24/0 y 4/2 para vid y 24/0 y 13/2 para olivo) en dos brotes por planta, ya sea en plantas con carga alta o baja, en un huerto comercial de vid cv. Chardonnay y de olivo cv. Arbequina en la localidad de Cerrillos de Tamaya, región de Coquimbo, Chile. Uno de los brotes por planta fue anillado (aislado para el transporte de carbono del resto de la planta). Para ambas especies se observó un efecto de la carga frutal del brote sobre P n , siendo este efecto más marcado en brotes anillados que no anillados, sugiriendo que los brotes no actúan de forma autónoma y que exportaron e importaron asimilados de acuerdo a la evolución estacional de su balance fuente-sumidero. Dichos efectos fueron mayores en olivo que en vid, sugiriendo que esta última especie tiene una mayor capacidad de generar sumideros vegetativos, alternativos a los frutos. El área foliar y la radiación interceptada de ambas especies también se afectó por la carga frutal del brote, observándose disminuciones en las áreas foliares e interceptaciones de radiación, a medida que aumentaba la carga frutal del brote, tanto en brotes anillados como no anillados. Esto indica una priorización en la translocación de asimilados hacia los frutos respecto de otros órganos o estructuras en ambas especies. El peso seco del fruto se afectó por la carga frutal del brote, disminuyendo su peso seco a medida que aumentaba la carga. Mayores pesos de racimos se observaron en brotes no anillados en vid, contrariamente, en el olivo se observó mayor peso en brotes anillados. Esto indica que en vid prevaleció la importación de asimilados durante el período de crecimiento de los frutos y en los brotes de olivo prevaleció la exportación de asimilados desde el brote a otros sumideros de la planta. / The adjustment of both crop load and leaf area are common practices in olive and grapevine production systems and alter the relationship between the demand for carbon by sinks (fruits) and its supply by sources (leaves). It has been shown that the sinksource relationship affects carbon assimilation (P n ) and growth of grapevine and olive trees which reduce P n and fruit growth and increase vegetative growth as a response to increasing leaf-fruit ratio. The aim of this work was to study the effect of shoot fruit load on P n , stomatal conductance, and fruit growth along the period of fruit growth, and test if the effect of shoot fruit load is autonomous from the rest of the plant. For that purpose six shoot fruit load levels (leaf / fruit ratio distributed between 24/0 and 4/2 for vine and 24/0 and 13/2 to olive) were adjusted in two shoots per plant, either in high or a low fruit loaded plant, in a commercial orchard of grape cv. Chardonnay and olive cv. Arbequina in the locality of Cerrillos de Tamaya, Chile. One of both shoots was girdled (isolated from the rest of the plant for carbon transport). For both species decreasing shoot fruit load reduced P n and g s , the effect being more pronounced in ungirdled shoots than girdled shoots, hereby suggesting that the shoots were not autonomous and exported and imported assimilates according to their current source-sink balance. These effects were higher in olive than grapevine, suggesting that the latter species has a greater capacity to generate alternative vegetative sinks. Leaf area and light interception of both species was also reduced by increasing shoot fruit load, both on girdled and ungirdled shoots, indicating a priority for allocating assimilates to fruits rather than leaves in both species. Fruit dry weight was affected by the shoot fruit load, decreasing its dry weight with increasing shoot fruit load. Higher cluster dry weights were observed in ungirdled shoots in grapevine, contrary, olive trees showed higher fruit dry weight in girdled shoots. This results indicate that assimilate import prevailed in grapevine shoots whereas assimilate export to other sinks prevailed in olive shoots.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Versão Entregue Final.pdf: 2040128 bytes, checksum: a0234ca7762f3c4daa96acd37dffd8c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Oliveira é uma cultura que ganhou destaque dentro da cadeia agrícola mundial, concentrando-se basicamente em dois produtos, a azeitona e o azeite de oliva. No entanto, o desenvolvimento da oliveira está relacionado às propriedades do solo onde é cultivada. O principal problema do cultivo em solos ácidos é a toxicidade do alumínio que resulta em alterações nos processos fisiológicos e bioquímicos nas plantas e consequentemente na produtividade. As informações sobre o cultivo de oliveira em solos ácidos ainda são escassas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas morfofisiológicas, com determinações de estatura de planta, diâmetro do caule, teor de clorofila e nutrientes foliares de mudas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ submetida a diferentes níveis de pH no solo. Para as avaliações de estatura de planta, diâmetro do caule e teor de clorofila, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado arranjado em parcelas subdivididas. O fator alocado nas parcelas principais foi constituído pelo tempo (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150) dias após o transplante (DAT) e, o fator arranjado nas subparcelas foi composto pelo pH (2,9; 3,1; 3,9; 4,3; 5,0 e 6,3). Na determinação do teor de nutrientes foliares (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês, alumínio e boro) seguiu-se o mesmo delineamento, porém, somente foi testado o pH. Pela otimização matemática, as condições ótimas foram 76,63 cm de estatura de planta com pH de 4,7 em 15,2 DAT; 7,17 mm de diâmetro do caule em pH 5,7 e 107 DAT; e, teor de clorofila de 78,45 em pH 4,8 com 118,8 DAT. O crescimento das plantas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’, avaliado pela estatura de plantas, diâmetro dos caules e teor de clorofila, não são prejudicados pelos pHs ácidos até 150 DAT. Para os diferentes níveis de pH testados os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro estão adequados à faixa de suficiência preconizada para a cultura da oliveira, exceto o nitrogênio no pH 2,9. As plantas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ suportam adequadamente pHs ácidos mesmo com acréscimos acentuados no teor de alumínio foliar. A evidência indica que as plantas de oliveira em solos ácidos evoluíram várias 9 estratégias para superar o estresse por Al3+, sendo que seus mecanismos bioquímicos e moleculares ainda não foram investigados. / The olive tree is a culture that has gained prominence within the world agricultural chain, concentrating basically on two products, the olive and olive oil. However, the development of the olive tree is related to the properties of the soil where it is cultivated. The main problem of cultivation in acid soils is the toxicity of aluminum that results in changes in physiological and biochemical processes in plants and consequently in productivity. Information on olive cultivation on acid soils is still scarce. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the morphophysiological responses, with determinations of plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients of 'Arbequina' olive seedlings submitted to different soil pH levels. For the evaluations of plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content the experimental design was completely randomized arranged in subdivided plots. The factor allocated to the main plots consisted of the time (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150) days after transplantation (DAT) and the factor arranged in the subplots was composed of pH (2.9, 3.1, 3.9, 4.3, 5.0 and 6.3). The determination of leaf nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminum and boron) followed the same design, however, only pH was tested. By the mathematical optimization the optimal conditions were 76.63 cm of height of plant with pH of 4.7 in 15.2 DAT; 7.17 mm stem diameter at pH 5.7 and 107 DAT; and, chlorophyll content of 78.45 at pH 4.8 with 118.8 DAT. The growth of 'Arbequina' olive plants, evaluated by plant stature, stem diameter and chlorophyll content, are not affected by acid pHs up to 150 DAT. For the different pH levels tested, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron levels were adequate for the recommended range for olive cultivation, except nitrogen at pH 2.9. The 'Arbequina' olive plants adequately support acidic pHs even with accentuated additions to the aluminum leaf content. Evidence indicates that olive plants in acid soils have evolved several strategies to overcome Al3+ stress, and their biochemical and molecular mechanisms have not yet been investigated.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / Con el propósito de evaluar el método de Jackson y Palmer de interceptación de radiación solar para la estimación no destructiva del índice de área foliar (IAF) en vid cv. Chardonnay y olivo cv. Arbequina, se realizó un estudio en la temporada 2009-2010, en la localidad de Cerrillos de Tamaya, Región de Coquimbo, Chile. Se escogieron plantas de diferente densidad foliar y se efectuaron mediciones de interceptación de radiación solar en diferentes momentos del día utilizando un ceptómetro lineal SS1 (Delta-T Devices) para obtener el IAF estimado (IAFe) aplicando la metodología de Jackson y Palmer. Posteriormente, se extrajo la cubierta foliar de las plantas y se tomó su peso total. Este peso total se transformó en área foliar en base a muestras de hojas de peso conocido cuyo área foliar se midió utilizando un medidor LI- 3000 (Li Cor) en vid y un método de análisis de imágenes con Photoshop Cs4 Ultra en olivo. Los IAF obtenidos por este método destructivo (IAFr) y estimados en base a la intercepción de radiación fueron relacionados por medio de regresiones lineales. Se observó que los IAFe fueron dependientes de las condiciones de la medición, especialmente del ángulo solar formado con la hilera. En vid el mejor ajuste entre los IAFe e IAFr se obtuvo con el promedio del IAFe entre la mañana y la tarde. En olivo no se obtuvo un buen ajuste para las mediciones del mediodía, por lo que las estimaciones requieren de un factor de corrección específico para las condiciones observadas en el huerto estudiado. Adicionalmente se evaluaron diferentes métodos de estimación indirecta del área foliar (número de hojas, largo de brote y área de sección transversal de brote (ASTB)) en vid, y el método de estimación por el área de sección transversal de rama (ASTR) en olivo. Se apreció que los métodos de estimación pueden ser influenciados por los manejos productivos, la naturaleza de la estructura utilizada y la complejidad de obtención del estimador. En vid, el número de hojas y el largo de brote fueron buenos estimadores del área foliar, en cambio, el ASTB no mostró los mismos resultados, dado su alta dependencia a los manejos productivos. En olivo, el ASTR obtuvo buenos resultados, lo que podría atribuirse a una menor incidencia de las prácticas de manejo (poda) en especies de hoja persistente. / In order to evaluate the method of Jackson and Palmer based on the interception of solar radiation for the nondestructive estimation of leaf area index (LAI) in grapevine cv. Chardonnay and olive tree cv. Arbequina, a study was conducted during the 2009-2010 season, in Cerrillos de Tamaya, Region of Coquimbo, Chile. Different plants were chosen and leaf density measurements were made for interception of solar radiation at different times of day using a linear ceptometer SS1 (Delta T Devices) to obtain LAI estimated using the methodology of Jackson and Palmer. Subsequently, foliar cover was extracted from plants and took his total weight. The total weight was transformed into leaf area meter LI-3000 (Li Cor) in grapevine and a method of image analysis with Photoshop CS4 Ultra in olive. The LAI obtained by this destructive method and LAI estimated based on light interception were related by linear regressions. The estimated LAI were dependent on measurement conditions, especially solar angle formed with the planting row. In grapevine, the best adjustment between measured and estimated values was obtained with the average LAI estimated between morning and afternoon. In olive tree, the adjustment was less adequate and needed to incorporate a correction coefficient that is specific for the conditions observed in this study. Additionally, we evaluated several methods of the indirect estimation of leaf area (leaf number, shoot length and shoot cross-sectional area (ASTB)) in grapevine, and branch cross-sectional area (ASTR) in olive. It was observed that these estimation methods can be influenced by management practices, the nature of the structure used and the complexity of obtaining the estimator. In grapevine, the number of leaves and the shoot length were successful for estimating leaf area, however, the ASTB did not show the same results, given its high dependence on management practices. In olive trees, ASTR performed well, which might be attributed to the lower incidence of management practices (pruning) in evergreen species.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo mención Producción Agrícola / El ajuste de la carga frutal y del área foliar son prácticas comunes en los sistemas productivos en vid y olivo que alteran la relación entre la demanda de carbono por los sumideros (frutos) y la oferta por las fuentes (hojas). Se ha demostrado que las relaciones fuente-sumidero afectan la asimilación de carbono (Pn) y el crecimiento en vid y olivo, reduciéndose Pn y el crecimiento de los frutos; y aumentando el crecimiento vegetativo al aumentar la relación hojas/fruto. El objetivo del este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la carga frutal del brote sobre Pn, conductancia estomática (gs) y crecimiento del fruto, a lo largo del período de crecimiento del fruto en vid y olivo, y evaluar si dicho efecto es afectado por la carga frutal del resto de la planta. Con dicho fin se ajustaron seis niveles de carga frutal (relación hoja/fruto homogéneamente distribuidos entre 24/0 y 4/2 para vid y 24/0 y 13/2 para olivo) en dos brotes por planta, ya sea en plantas con carga alta o baja, en un huerto comercial de vid cv. Chardonnay y de olivo cv. Arbequina en la localidad de Cerrillos de Tamaya, región de Coquimbo, Chile. Uno de los brotes por planta fue anillado (aislado para el transporte de carbono del resto de la planta). Para ambas especies se observó un efecto de la carga frutal del brote sobre Pn y gs, siendo este efecto más marcado en brotes anillados que no anillados, sugiriendo que los brotes no actúan de forma autónoma y que exportaron e importaron asimilados de acuerdo a la evolución estacional de su balance fuente-sumidero. Dichos efectos fueron mayores en olivo que en vid, sugiriendo que esta última especie tiene una mayor capacidad de generar sumideros vegetativos, alternativos a los frutos. El área foliar y la radiación interceptada de ambas especies también se afectó por la carga frutal del brote, observándose disminuciones en las áreas foliares e interceptaciones de radiación, a medida que aumentaba la carga frutal del brote, tanto en brotes anillados como no anillados. Esto indica una priorización en la translocación de asimilados hacia los frutos respecto de otros órganos o estructuras en ambas especies. El peso seco del fruto se afectó por la carga frutal del brote, disminuyendo su peso seco a medida que aumentaba la carga. Mayores pesos de racimos se observaron en brotes no anillados en vid, contrariamente, en el olivo se observó mayor peso en brotes anillados. Esto indica que en vid prevaleció la importación de asimilados durante el período de crecimiento de los frutos y en los brotes de olivo prevaleció la exportación de asimilados desde el brote a otros sumideros de la planta.

Tesis para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo y al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias mención Sanidad Vegetal / El repilo del olivo, causado por el hongo Fusicladium oleagineum, es considerado la enfermedad más importante del olivo (Olea europaea) y está extendida en todas las áreas del mundo donde éste se cultiva: Cuenca del Mediterráneo, Sudáfrica, California, Sudamérica y Australia. En Chile, la superficie de olivos ha ido en aumento y se estimó en 24.000 ha para el año 2010. Esta enfermedad provoca defoliaciones prematuras que tienen como consecuencia un debilitamiento progresivo del árbol y una disminución importante de la productividad. La medida de control más utilizada es la aplicación de fungicidas, en forma preventiva, por lo tanto es importante conocer la epidemiología de la enfermedad, para lograr un adecuado control. La utilización de cultivares resistentes es otra forma de lucha contra la enfermedad, pero la información existente al respecto es contradictoria debido a que la mayoría de los trabajos se refieren a observaciones de campo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer los períodos críticos de infección, establecer la dinámica de esporulación del hongo y evaluar la susceptibilidad de 6 cultivares de olivo Arbosana, Bossana, Coratina, Frantoio, Koroneiki y Leccino inoculados artificialmente con F. oleagineum bajo condiciones de campo. Los períodos críticos de infección se establecieron en tres huertos, en la región de Coquimbo, Metropolitana y de Valparaíso, estos fueron similares siendo los meses de otoño-invierno los más severos, con una fuerte dependencia de parámetros climáticos principalmente precipitaciones, pero además, se observó la importancia del agua libre producto de rocíos que da inicio a las infecciones. La dinámica de esporulación se estableció para dos huertos, ubicados en la región de Atacama y Metropolitana, confirmándose dos períodos de mayor esporulación, otoño y primavera, sin embargo, si las condiciones de humedad lo permiten F. oleagineum puede producir conidias durante todo el año. El estudio de susceptibilidad de 6 cultivares de olivo se llevó a cabo en un huerto de la región Metropolitana, donde se determinó que los cultivares Bossana y Coratina son susceptibles a la enfermedad y los cultivares Arbosana, Frantoio, Koroneiki y Leccino son moderadamente susceptibles. / The olive leaf spot caused by Fusicladium oleagineum (Castagne) is widespread in the Mediterranean basin and other world regions were olive trees are grown. The disease causes premature defoliation which result in a progressive weakening of the tree and a significant decrease in productivity. It is important to understand the epidemiology of the fungus to achieve adequate control of the disease. In this work the critical periods of infection were established for the Coquimbo, Valparaíso and Metropolitan regions, where the higher disease incidence occurred during the fall and winter months, with a strong dependence of climatic parameters mainly rainfall, but disease was observed to occur before the first fall rains as a result of morning dew. The sporulation dynamics of F. oleagineum in one orchard in the Atacama and one orchard in the Metropolitan Regions were also determined. Fall and spring time were confirmed as the periods with the highest sporulation. Finally, the susceptibility of 6 olive cultivars was studied in a commercial orchard located in the Metropolitan Region. Bossana and Coratina were susceptible while Arbosana, Frantoio, Koroneiki and Leccino were moderately susceptible.