Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-11-23T15:47:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Versão Entregue Final.pdf: 2040128 bytes, checksum: a0234ca7762f3c4daa96acd37dffd8c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-11-23T18:55:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Versão Entregue Final.pdf: 2040128 bytes, checksum: a0234ca7762f3c4daa96acd37dffd8c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T18:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Versão Entregue Final.pdf: 2040128 bytes, checksum: a0234ca7762f3c4daa96acd37dffd8c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-21 / A oliveira é uma cultura que ganhou destaque dentro da cadeia agrícola mundial, concentrando-se basicamente em dois produtos, a azeitona e o azeite de oliva. No entanto, o desenvolvimento da oliveira está relacionado às propriedades do solo onde é cultivada. O principal problema do cultivo em solos ácidos é a toxicidade do alumínio que resulta em alterações nos processos fisiológicos e bioquímicos nas plantas e consequentemente na produtividade. As informações sobre o cultivo de oliveira em solos ácidos ainda são escassas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas morfofisiológicas, com determinações de estatura de planta, diâmetro do caule, teor de clorofila e nutrientes foliares de mudas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ submetida a diferentes níveis de pH no solo. Para as avaliações de estatura de planta, diâmetro do caule e teor de clorofila, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado arranjado em parcelas subdivididas. O fator alocado nas parcelas principais foi constituído pelo tempo (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150) dias após o transplante (DAT) e, o fator arranjado nas subparcelas foi composto pelo pH (2,9; 3,1; 3,9; 4,3; 5,0 e 6,3). Na determinação do teor de nutrientes foliares (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês, alumínio e boro) seguiu-se o mesmo delineamento, porém, somente foi testado o pH. Pela otimização matemática, as condições ótimas foram 76,63 cm de estatura de planta com pH de 4,7 em 15,2 DAT; 7,17 mm de diâmetro do caule em pH 5,7 e 107 DAT; e, teor de clorofila de 78,45 em pH 4,8 com 118,8 DAT. O crescimento das plantas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’, avaliado pela estatura de plantas, diâmetro dos caules e teor de clorofila, não são prejudicados pelos pHs ácidos até 150 DAT. Para os diferentes níveis de pH testados os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro estão adequados à faixa de suficiência preconizada para a cultura da oliveira, exceto o nitrogênio no pH 2,9. As plantas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ suportam adequadamente pHs ácidos mesmo com acréscimos acentuados no teor de alumínio foliar. A evidência indica que as plantas de oliveira em solos ácidos evoluíram várias estratégias para superar o estresse por Al3+, sendo que seus mecanismos bioquímicos e moleculares ainda não foram investigados. / The olive tree is a culture that has gained prominence within the world agricultural chain, concentrating basically on two products, the olive and olive oil. However, the development of the olive tree is related to the properties of the soil where it is cultivated. The main problem of cultivation in acid soils is the toxicity of aluminum that results in changes in physiological and biochemical processes in plants and consequently in productivity. Information on olive cultivation on acid soils is still scarce. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the morphophysiological responses, with determinations of plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients of 'Arbequina' olive seedlings submitted to different soil pH levels. For the evaluations of plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content the experimental design was completely randomized arranged in subdivided plots. The factor allocated to the main plots consisted of the time (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150) days after transplantation (DAT) and the factor arranged in the subplots was composed of pH (2.9, 3.1, 3.9, 4.3, 5.0 and 6.3). The determination of leaf nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminum and boron) followed the same design, however, only pH was tested. By the mathematical optimization the optimal conditions were 76.63 cm of height of plant with pH of 4.7 in 15.2 DAT; 7.17 mm stem diameter at pH 5.7 and 107 DAT; and, chlorophyll content of 78.45 at pH 4.8 with 118.8 DAT. The growth of 'Arbequina' olive plants, evaluated by plant stature, stem diameter and chlorophyll content, are not affected by acid pHs up to 150 DAT. For the different pH levels tested, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron levels were adequate for the recommended range for olive cultivation, except nitrogen at pH 2.9. The 'Arbequina' olive plants adequately support acidic pHs even with accentuated additions to the aluminum leaf content. Evidence indicates that olive plants in acid soils have evolved several strategies to overcome Al3+ stress, and their biochemical and molecular mechanisms have not yet been investigated.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the global context, Brazil ranks among the largest importers of olive products, not having a significant agricultural production to meet domestic market. The olive tree, a tree species considered to longevity also helps to conserve soil and water sources, important in environmental preservation of agricultural regions. With this the purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of olive trees in different soil and triple superphosphate (SFT). The deployment of the olive grove was in August 2009 in Itaara Santa Maria RS and focuses on Typic Regolith soil. The following coordinates are: Latitude: S 29 º 37 '28.8''Longitude: N 53 º 47' 10.6''and an average altitude of 432 meters above mean sea level, in the transition region between the Plateau region and the Central Depression. The experiment was conducted in two areas. Area (A1) with the following soil tillage and fixed dosage of 225 g plant-1 and TSP 75 g plant-1 KCl for all plants: PSC - tillage only pit, PCC - conventional pit with more harrowing and PESC - tillage with mulch pit more harrowing. We evaluated the physical attributes of soil density, porosity, micro porosity, macro porosity, soil resistance to penetration. Growth was assessed by measuring the diameter and plant height. Area (A2) were applied per plant the following dosage of 42% triple superphosphate (TSP), respectively: 0 g T1, T2 75 g, 150 g T3, T4 225 g. We used fixed doses of 60% potassium chloride (KCl) in the amount of 75 g plant-1 for all treatments. Soil preparation was CFSP. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications for A1 and A2. The tillage was performed only in the range of the planting area. For the cultivation of olive recommends the use of forms of conservation management, such as planting only in the grave, to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, especially the input of organic matter, which is most affected by tillage adopted in study area. The best effect of phosphorus on the growth in diameter and height was 75 g plant-1. However, one must be careful in extrapolating these results to different soil / No contexto mundial, o Brasil se posiciona entre os maiores importadores dos produtos de oliveira, não possuindo uma produção agrícola considerável para atender ao mercado interno. A oliveira, uma planta arbórea de considerada longevidade contribui também para a conservação de solos e mananciais de água, importantes na preservação ambiental de regiões agrícolas. Com isto o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento da oliveira nos diferentes manejos do solo e doses de superfosfato triplo (SFT). A implantação do olival foi em agosto de 2009 Itaara RS no Neossolo Regolítico nas seguintes coordenadas: Latitude: S 29º 37 28,8 , Longitude: N 53º 47 10,6 e altitude média de 432 metros em relação ao nível médio do mar, na região de transição entre a região do Planalto e da Depressão Central. O experimento foi conduzido em duas áreas. Área (A1) com os seguintes preparos do solo e dosagem fixa de 225 g planta-1 SFT e 75 g planta-1 cloreto de potássio (KCl) para todas as plantas: PSC sistema plantio somente cova, PCC sistema convencional com cova mais grade niveladora e PESC sistema plantio escarificado com cova mais grade niveladora. Foram avaliados os atributos físicos do solo: densidade, microporosidade, macroporosidade, porosidade total e resistência do solo à penetração. O crescimento foi avaliado através de medições do diâmetro e altura das plantas. Na área (A2) foram aplicadas por planta as seguintes dosagens de superfosfato triplo 42% (SFT), respectivamente: T1 0 g ; T2 75 g, T3 150 g, T4 225 g. Utilizou-se doses fixas de 60% (KCl) na quantidade de 75 g planta-1 para todos os tratamentos. O preparo do solo foi PESC. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições para a A1 e A2. A mobilização do solo foi realizada somente na faixa da linha do plantio. Para o cultivo da oliveira recomenda-se o uso de formas de manejo conservacionistas, como o plantio somente na cova, visando melhorar as características químicas e físicas do solo, principalmente o aporte de matéria orgânica, que é o mais afetado pelo preparo convencional adotado na área estudada. O melhor efeito do fósforo no crescimento para o diâmetro e altura foi com 150 g planta-1. No entanto, deve-se tomar cuidado ao extrapolar esses resultados para solos com características diferentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Lorena_ Donini.pdf: 3190241 bytes, checksum: f4606822576585e47016056d80f7fb55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-08 / The olive (Olea europaea L.) belongs to the Oleacea falmily, which include until 30 genera and 600 species distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The cutting is a widely used method, however the in vitro culture by micropropagation is a viable method of propagation providing the uniformity to the orchards, besides to enable the production of plants with health and accelerate the methods of conventional propagation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate in vitro establishment and multiplication of olive through different treatments of culture medium. The article 1 aimed the in vitro established of different olive cultivars under different types of light and to evaluate combinations of zeatin and gibberellic acid of the in vitro establishment. The article 2 aimed to determine both the suitable culture medium and zeatin concentration for in vitro establishment of olive tree cv. Arbequina. The objective of article 3 was find alternatives to replace the use of zeatin or decrease this concentration in the culture medium to evaluate different cytokinins and concentrations of in vitro establishment and multiplication of olive tree cv. Arbequina. The article 4 aimed to evaluate two sugar types and concentrations on in vitro multiplication of olive cultivar Arbequina. The article 5 evaluated different types of closing and silver nitrate of in vitro multiplication of olive tree cultivar Arbequina. It was verified that: (1) the cultivars Koroneiki e Picual presented higher rate of in vitro establishment when cultivated under white light; the zeatin and AG3 combination is not efficient for in vitro establishment of olive tree; (2) the WPM and MO medium culture provide better results on in vitro establishment of olive cultivar Arbequina; (3) the use of 2 mg L-1 BAP is efficient for establishment and the use of 2 mg L-1 zeatin is efficient on in vitro multiplication of cultivar Arbequina; (4) Sucrose provides better results and the use of 15 g L-1 of sucrose is efficient as sugar source on in vitro multiplication of cultivar Arbequina; (5) the use of aluminum as sealing and the addition of 10 mg L-1 silver nitrate in the MO culture medium presents better results on in vitro multiplication of olive tree cultivar Arbequina. / A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) pertence à família Oleaceae, esta família inclui até 30 gêneros e 600 espécies distribuídas por regiões tropicais e temperadas. A estaquia é um método de propagação muito utilizado, mas o cultivo in vitro, por meio da micropropagação, é um método viável de propagação podendo assegurar a uniformidade dos pomares, além de possibilitar a produção de mudas com alta sanidade e acelerar os métodos de propagação convencional. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer e multiplicar in vitro cultivares de oliveira através de diferentes tratamentos. O Artigo 1 consistiu no estabelecimento in vitro de diferentes cultivares de oliveira sob diferentes tipos de luz e avaliação de diferentes combinações de zeatina e ácido giberélico no estabelecimento in vitro. No Artigo 2 o objetivo foi determinar o meio de cultura e concentração de zeatina adequada no estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira cv. Arbequina. O Artigo 3 teve como objetivo buscar alternativas para substituir a utilização da zeatina ou diminuir a concentração desta no meio de cultura avaliando diferentes citocininas e concentrações no estabelecimento e multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina. O Artigo 4 teve como objetivo avaliar dois tipos de açúcar e concentrações na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina. O Artigo 5 teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes tipos de vedação e nitrato de prata na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, na ordem dos artigos, verificou-se que: (1) as cultivares Koroneiki e Picual apresentam maior taxa de estabelecimento in vitro quando cultivadas sob luz branca; a combinação de zeatina e AG3 não é eficaz para o estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira; (2) os meios de cultura WPM e MO proporcionam melhores resultados no estabelecimento de oliveira Arbequina; (3) a utilização de 2 mg L-1 de BAP é eficiente para o estabelecimento e a utilização de 2 mg L-1 de zeatina é eficiente para a multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina; (4) dentre os açúcares testados, a sacarose proporciona melhores resultados e a utilização de 15 g L-1 de sacarose é eficiente como fonte de açúcar na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina; (5) A utilização de papel alumínio como vedação e a adição de 10 mg L-1 de nitrato de prata ao meio de cultura MO apresenta melhores resultados na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina.

La gestion des nématodes phytoparasites (NPP) est un enjeu capital pour de nombreux opérateurs agricoles. Au Maroc, le développement d’une agriculture intensive dans le cadre du « Plan Maroc Vert » va nécessairement induire l’émergence de pathologies végétales, dont des nématoses. Dans le cas de l’olivier, ils mettent en péril la production en pépinière et dans les vergers à haute-densité. D’autre part, les pépinières sont une source majeure d’introduction des NPP en vergers, par transplantation de plants enracinés.C’est la raison pour laquelle une étude de la diversité des communautés de NPP a été conduite dans 25 pépinières localisées dans les régions les plus productrices au Maroc (Souss, Haouz, Guérouane, Jbala). Un total de 305 échantillons de sol ont été analysés. Les NPP détectés appartiennent aux familles des Hoplolaimidae (Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchus spp.), des Telotylenchidae (Tylenchorhynchus spp.), des Meloidogynidae (Meloidogyne spp.) et des Tylenchidae (Trichotylenchus spp.), etc. Bien qu’aucun symptôme n’ait été observé sur les racines, l’abondance moyenne de ces genres était très élevée (jusqu'à 56.640 individus/dm3 de sol). Une étude biochimique (PAGE) et moléculaire (SCARS) a également porté sur la diversité des nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne, principaux ravageurs de l’olivier. Elle a indiqué une dominance de M. javanica (72%) sur M. incognita (25.5%), tandis que M. arenaria n’a été détectée que dans une seule pépinière. Cette étude montre la nécessité absolue pour les pépiniéristes de proposer une garantie sanitaire des plants à travers une traçabilité des substrats.Afin de contrôler le développement des NPP en pépinière, puis en vergers après transplantation, la lutte microbiologique à l’aide de champignons nématophages (CNP) s’avère une alternative adaptée aux pépinières (inoculation aux substrats). Ainsi, 70 souches de champignons telluriques ont été isolées, dont une grande diversité d’Orbiliaceae possédant des organes de capture (Arthrobotrys spp., Dreschlerella spp., Monacrosporium spp.) et d’Hypocreaceae toxiques (Trichoderma asperellum , T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, Talaromyces assiutensis). Des espèces oviparasites telles que Paecilomyces lilacinus (dominante) et Pochonia chlamydosporia étaient également présentes. Plusieurs espèces endoparasites ont aussi été observées telles que Catenaria anguilullae, Nematoctunus leiosporus et Haptoglossa heterospora. Les tests de prédation in vitro ont révélé que T. assiutensis est capable de parasiter 100% des juvéniles de M. javanica. Les souches d’Orbiliaceae induisent une mortalité de 50 à 80% des juvéniles. Des analyses multivariées (ACP, co-inertie, K-tableaux) ont permis d’identifier l’impact majeur des variables climatiques (pluviométrie et température minimale) et de l’origine des substrats de culture (habitats écologiques) sur la diversité des communautés de NPP et de CNP. Les amendements minéraux (NPK), la matière organique, l’acidité et la texture argileuse des substrats ont un impact non négligeable. Les variétés multipliées n’ont aucun effet. L’analyse des co-structures entre les communautés de NPP et de CNP a indiqué une corrélation entre les Orbiliaceae et Meloidogyne spp., ce qui confirme l’intérêt de ces CNP comme agents de lutte biologique pour la gestion de ces NPP.L’étude de la physiologie de croissance et de sporulation des souches a révélé que les souches de Trichoderma spp. ont les fitness les plus élevées alors que les Orbiliaceae ont une croissance et une sporulation faible. Les études diligentées dans le cadre de cette thèse (i) confirment que la diversité des communautés de NPP sont des indicateurs pertinents pour évaluer la santé des substrats dans les pépinières oléicoles à des fins de certification des oliviers, et (ii) ouvrent des perspectives de développement de stratégies de gestion microbiologique de ces parasites respectueuse de l’environnement. / The management of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) is a major challenge for many agricultural operators. In Morocco, the development of an intensive agriculture in the " Morocco Green Plan" will necessarily induce the emergence of plant diseases, including nematodes. On olive tree, they imperil production in nurseries and in high-density orchards. On the other hand, nurseries are a major source of introduction of PPN in orchards by transplanting rooted plants. In this context, the study of the diversity of PPN communities was conducted in 25 olive nurseries located in the main olive producing areas in Morocco (Souss, Haouz, Guerouane, Jbala). A total of 305 soil samples were analyzed. The NPP detected belonged to the Hoplolaimidae (Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchus spp.), Telotylenchidae (Tylenchorhynchus spp.), Meloidogynidae (Meloidogyne spp.) and Tylenchidae (Trichotylenchus spp.) families. Although no symptom have been observed on roots, the mean abundance of these genera was very high (up to 56,640 individuals/dm3 of soil). Biochemical (PAGE) and molecular (SCARS) diagnosis was focused on root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), that are major pests of olive trees. It indicated a dominance of M. javanica (72%) on M. incognita (25.5%), while M. arenaria was detected in one nursery only. This study shows the necessity for nurse producers to provide a health guarantee seedlings through traceability of substrates.To control the development of PPN in nurseries and orchards after transplantation, microbiological control using nematophagous fungi (NF) proves a suitable alternative to nurseries (inoculation to substrates). Thus, 70 soil fungal strains were isolated, including a large diversity of Orbiliaceae with trapping organs (Arthrobotrys spp., Dreschlerella spp., Monacrosporium spp.) and of toxic Hypocreaceae (Trichoderma asperellum, T . harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, Talaromyces assiutensis). Egg-parasitic species such as Paecilomyces lilacinus (dominant) and Pochonia chlamydosporia were also present. Several endoparasitic species were also observed as Catenaria anguilullae, Nematoctunus leiosporus and Haptoglossa heterospora. In vitro predation tests revealed that T. assiutensis was able to kill 100% of the M. javanica juveniles. The Orbiliaceae strains killed 50 to 80% of the juveniles. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, co-inertia, K-tables) pointed out the main impact of climate variables (rainfall and minimum temperatures) and of the substrate origins (ecological habitats) on the diversity of both PPN and NF communities. Mineral amendments (NPK), organic matter, acidity (pH) and clayey substrates have less significant impacts. The varieties multiplied had no effect.Co-structure analyses between PPN and NF communities indicated significant correlations between Orbiliaceae and Meloidogyne spp., which confirms the interest of NF as biocontrol agents for the management of PPN.The experimental monitoring of growth and sporulation physiology of the NF strains exhibited high fitness for the Trichoderma species while the Orbiliaceae have low growth and sporulation.The studies commissioned as part of this thesis (i) confirm that the diversity of PPN communities may be relevant indicators to assess the health of substrates in olive nurseries for certification purposes, and (ii) offer future prospects for the development of microbiological management strategies of these parasites respectful of the environment.

Les oliviers cultivés et leurs parents sauvages (oléastres), représentent deux variétés botaniques de l'espèce Olea europaea, subsp. var. europaea et var. sylvestris, respectivement. Selon des études génétiques et archéobotaniques antérieures, l'existence de populations d'oléastres dans l'est et l'ouest du bassin méditerranéen remonte à avant le néolithique. La domestication de l'olivier aurait eu lieu au moins dans ces deux zones. Néanmoins, la lignée maternelle qui caractérise les oléastres de l'est de la Méditerranée est majoritaire au sein des variétés méditerranéennes. Une telle signature génétique est probablement le résultat de migrations humaines essentiellement d'est en ouest. En dépit de ces travaux, les origines et les processus de diversification à l'ouest de la méditerranée demeurent méconnus. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les origines et les processus de diversification chez l'olivier à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Deux hypothèses sont formulées: (i) une co-existence entre variétés sélectionnées localement et variétés introduites à partir de l'est de la Méditerranée et maintenues par clonage, (ii) une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par les populations locales à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Dans une première partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification par une analyse des pratiques paysannes à une échelle localisée et dans une zone d'extrême diffusion : le Maroc. Il s'agissait de comprendre comment les paysans traitent la diversité variétale dans un contexte fortement impacté par une seule et même variété, la ‘Picholine marocaine'. Sur la base d'enquêtes semi-dirigées menées auprès des paysans dans les agro-écosystèmes traditionnels et selon une approche d'ethnobiologie, nous avons mis en évidence l'importance des logiques de classifications locales (usage, origine, âge, conservation de l'huile, méthode de propagation…) dans le traitement, le maintien et la gestion de la diversité variétale. Nos résultats montrent la présence d'un système de dénomination basée sur des catégories englobantes où les types d'oliviers sont regroupés sous des noms génériques en fonction des critères socioculturels et techniques plutôt que sur des critères morphologiques. Nous avons montré que ces catégories sont définies par des contours permissifs permettant aux types d'oliviers d'être classées dans plusieurs catégories. Nous soutenons l'hypothèse que ce système de classification permet de maintenir la diversité et est une force motrice pour la diversification variétale dans ces agro-écosystèmes caractérisés par une faible diversité d'oliviers. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification variétale par une approche basée sur la phylogéographie à l'échelle de la Méditerranée. Les analyses génétiques des variétés méditerranéennes d'olivier basées sur l'utilisation des marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires et chloroplastiques selon une approche bayésienne montrent une structure génétique est-ouest. La plupart des variétés de l'ouest de la méditerranée ont une lignée maternelle de l'est mais un génome nucléaire proche du "pool" génétique de l'ouest de la Méditerranée, ce qui indique une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par le "pool" génétique ouest et suggère que la sélection des oliviers à partir du semis n'a pas cessé aux premières étapes de domestication. Nos analyses sur les pratiques paysannes montrant que l'oléastre issu de semis fait partie intégrante de l'agro-écosystème et fait l'objet de sélection et d'usage (greffage sur oléastre, utilisation de l'huile de l'oléastre), ce qui plaide en faveur de l'hypothèse de l'introgression. En adoptant l'approche ABC (Approximative Bayesianne Computation), nous montrons que le scénario basé sur l'introgression des oliviers de l'est par les oléastres de l'ouest est le plus probable avec une introgression. / Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (also named oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea, respectively var. europaea and var. sylvestris. Archaeobotanical and genetic studies showed the occurrence of Oleasters populations in east and west Mediterranean areas before the Neolithic. The domestication of the olive tree has taken place at least in these two areas. However, the maternal lineage that characterizes the eastern Mediterranean oleasters predominates among Mediterranean olive varieties. Such genetic signature is probably the result of human migrations mainly from east to west. Nevertheless, the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean remain unknown. The objective of this thesis is to study the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean areas. Two assumptions are formulated: (i) a co-existence between locally selected and introduced olive varieties from the eastern Mediterranean and maintained by cloning, (ii) a selection from the eastern olive varieties and their introgression by local populations of the western Mediterranean pool. Firstly, we examined the process of olive diversification through analysis of farming practices on a localized scale and in an area of extreme diffusion, in Morocco. Our aim is to understand how farmers treat the olive varietal diversity in a highly impacted context by a single variety, the ‘Picholine marocaine'. Based on semi-structured surveys conducted with farmers in traditional agro-ecosystems and using an approach of ethnobiology, we highlighted the importance of local classification logic (use, origin, age, conservation oil, propagation methods ...) in the treatment, maintenance and management of the varietal diversity. Our results show the presence of a naming system based on inclusive categories which olives types are grouped under generic names based on cultural and technical criteria rather than morphological criteria. We have shown that these categories are defined by permissive contours allowing the olive types to be classified in several categories. We support the hypothesis that this classification system helps to maintain diversity and is a driving force for varietal diversification in these agro-ecosystems characterized by a low diversity of olive trees. Secondly, we examined the varietal olive diversification process by an approach based on a phylogeographic study at a Mediterranean scale. Genetic analyses of Mediterranean olive varieties based on the nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites markers and a Bayesian approach show an east-west genetic structure. Most of western olive varieties have a maternal lineage of the oleasters Mediterranean east, but a nuclear genome close to the gene pool of western Mediterranean, indicating a selection from the eastern forms that were introgressed by the western Mediterranean gene pool and suggests that selection from seedling has not ceased in the early stages of domestication. Our analyzes on the farmers' practices show that oleasters from seedling is an integral part of the agroecosystem and are subject to selection and use (grafting, use of oil oleasters), which argues in favor of the introgression hypothesis. By adopting the ABC approach (Approximate Computation Bayesianne), we show that the scenario based on the introgression of olive varieties of the east by the western oleasters is the most likely scenario. We enrich the knowledge about the domestication process in the western Mediterranean by crossing analysis of farmers' practices and phylogeographic study of olive trees in the Mediterranean basin. Results were discussed with respect to ex-situ versus in-situ conservation and with the questions raised by the evolution of plant diversity involving clonal and sexual propagation.

Η δομή των φακιδίων μελετήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια του έτους με τη χρήση ηλεκτρονικού μικροσκοπίου σάρωσης (Scanning Electron Microscopy – SEM), οπτικού μικροσκοπίου, οπτικού μικροσκοπίου φθορισμού καθώς και με ιστοχημικές τεχνικές. Παρατηρήθηκαν διαφορές μεταξύ των σχηματισμών των δύο υπό έρευνα φυτών. Τα φακίδια της Olea europaea (ελιά) ανήκουν στον τύπο Magnolia, Populus και Pyrus (Esau, 1965). Τα γεμιστικά κύτταρα είναι φελλοποιημένα, όπως προκύπτει από τις ιστοχημικά δεδομένα μας και δεν υπάρχει κανενός είδους καλυπτήριο στρώμα (closing layer). Χαλαρά διευθετημένα, με λεπτά τοιχώματα κύτταρα εναλλάσσονται ετησίως με κύτταρα με παχιά τοιχώματα με μικρότερους μεσοκυττάριους χώρους. Καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια του έτους, ο φθορισμός της χλωροφύλλης παρατηρήθηκε εντονότερος σε περιοχές του φλοιού παρακείμενες στα φακίδια από ότι σε πιο απομακρυσμένες Τα φακίδια του Cercis siliquastrum (κουτσουπιά) ανήκουν στον τύπο Prunus και Robinia (Esau, 1965). Χαρακτηρίζονται από στιβάδες χαλαρά διευθετημένων, μη φελλοποιημένων γεμιστικών κυττάρων τα οποία καλύπτονται από ένα στρώμα φελλοποιημένων κυττάρων (closing layer). Το στρώμα αυτό σπάζει κατά την αρχή της βλαστητικής περιόδου εξαιτίας της πιέσεως που δημιουργείται από τα υποκείμενα, μη φελλοποιημένα κύτταρα, τα οποία συνεχώς παράγονται από το φελλογόνιο κατά την περίοδο αυτή και αντικαθίσταται από ένα νέο στρώμα που δημιουργείται προς το τέλος της. Αντιστοιχίες παρατηρήθηκαν με την Olea europaea όσον αφορά στο φθορισμό της χλωροφύλλης. / The structure of primary lenticels of the Mediterranean evergreen Olea europaea and the winter deciduous species Cercis siliquastrum was investigated during the year using scanning electron, conventional bright field and epi-fluorescence microscopy. It was revealed that lenticels of O.europaea do not undergo significant structural changes during the year. The filling tissue of O.europaea lenticels consists of fully-suberized cells which form small intercellular spaces. The air-exposed filling cells are replaced during spring and early summer by new early-suberized cells; further remarkable structural modifications during the year were not observed. On the contrary, lenticels of C. siliquastrum possess a closing layer of suberized cells delimiting an underlying mass of non-suberized filling cells. During the period of high metabolic activity of the plant, i.e. during spring and early summer the suberized closing layer is broken from the pressure the underlying newly formed cells exercise. During late summer a new closing layer is formed, delimiting again the non-suberized underlying filling cells during winter. The possible role of lenticels in the gas exchange process is discussed. In both species the shade adapted parenchyma cells of the cortex beneath lenticels shows bright chlorophyll red auto-fluorescence, a phenomenon which is not yet fully understood.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_thais_cappellaro.pdf: 1178404 bytes, checksum: 100caf1aecc29b796007f6657cafc836 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / The propagation and growth of cv. Arbequina olive cuttings were studied at different epochs, concentrations of growth regulator, environment material collection and cultivation systems, along with the maintenance and rooting of cuttings from mother plants through three experiments conducted in greenhouse and plastic greenhouse Campus Didactic and Experimental Universidade Federal de Pelotas. The experiment 1 was conducted to evaluate the most appropriate epoch for rooting, the influence of the environment where the plants were located arrays and the effect of different concentrations of IBA (IBA) on rooting semihardwood cuttings of olive, Arbequina cultivar. Rooting was tested in three epochs (winter, spring and summer), collecting material environment (greenhouse and open field) and five concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg l-1). The minicuttings were collected and standardized with two pairs of buds and leaves a pair of socks and subsequently placed for rooting in plastic boxes with average particle size of vermiculite, after preparation were placed in a greenhouse with controlled temperature of 25 ± 2 ° C for 80 days in three epoch. The evaluated variables were: percentage of minicuttings survival, percentage of rooted minicuttings, number of roots per minicutting and length of the roots. Minicuttings coming greenhouse provide greater survival, rooting number and root length. Spring is the epoch that, regardless of the collection environment, provide greater survival, rooting, number and length of roots. The use of material from open field and regulator at 3000 mg.L-1 provides greater rooting. Material collected in spring subjected to concentrations of 3000 and 4000 mg.L-1 produce greater number of roots. The experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the growth of olive seedlings obtained by minicutting Arbequina cultivar in soilless systems and at different epoch. The rooted minicuttings were placed to grow in three systems (semi-hydroponic, NFT -Nutrient Film Technique- and conventional ), in two epochs (fall / winter and spring / summer) for five months of cultivation. In the semi-hydroponic system substrate used was sand and irrigated daily with nutrient solution. In NFT the cuttings were placed in phenolic foam which were irrigated through intermittent flow and in the conventional plants were grown in plastic bags filled with a substrate Carolina ®, being provided 100ml of nutrient solution every 15 days. The variables analyzed were: number of shoots, shoot length, number of secondary shoots and secondary shoots length during the growing season and after 150 days of cultivation variables analyzed were: stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoots, fresh and dried root. The use of semi-hydroponic system provides greater plant growth. The epoch of greatest light intensity provides greater plant growth. The use of semi-hydroponic system and epoch 2 of warmer temperatures (spring / summer) provide increased plant growth. The experiment 3 was to evaluate the rooting of olive minicuttings from mother plants packed in soilless systems and conventional and assess the nutrient content of these minerals mother plants in two cropping epochs (fall / winter and spring / summer). The plants were in three cropping systems which were described in the second experiment. The minicuttings were collected in winter and set to root as the first experiment, but the IBA concentration was 3000 mg.L-1. The variables analyzed after 80 days were: percentage of minicuttings survival, percentage of minicuttings, number of roots per minicuttings, length of roots and for the analysis evaluated the nutritional content of macronutrients and micronutrients and dry mass of shoots and the root. The use of material from headquarters in soilless systems and conventional not differ in rooting of cuttings in winter. The semi-hydroponic system at epoch 2 (spring / summer) achieved higher levels of nutrients. In epoch 2 the semi-hydroponic system produces higher dry mass´´ content of shoot and root / A propagação e o crescimento de miniestacas de oliveira cv. Arbequina foram estudados em diferentes épocas, concentrações de regulador de crescimento, ambiente de coleta do material e sistemas de cultivo, juntamente com a manutenção e o enraizamento de miniestacas provenientes de matrizeiros, através de três experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação e estufa plástica no Campus Didático e Experimental da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. O experimento 1 foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a época mais adequada para o enraizamento, a influência do ambiente onde estavam localizadas as plantas matrizes e o efeito de diferentes concentrações de AIB (ácido indolbutírico) no enraizamento de miniestacas semilenhosas de oliveira, cultivar Arbequina. O enraizamento foi testado em três épocas (primavera, inverno e verão), ambiente de coleta do material (casa de vegetação e campo aberto) e cinco concentrações de AIB (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg.L-1). As miniestacas de cada ambiente de cultivo das plantas matrizes foram coletadas e padronizadas com dois pares de gemas e um par de meias folhas e posteriormente colocadas para enraizar em caixas plásticas com vermiculita de granulometria média, após o preparo foram colocadas em casa de vegetação com temperatura controlada de 25 ±2°C durante 80 dias nas três épocas. As variáveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de miniestacas vivas, porcentagem de miniestacas enraizadas, número de raízes por miniestaca e comprimento das raízes. Miniestacas procedentes de casa de vegetação proporcionam maior sobrevivência, enraizamento, número e comprimento de raízes. A primavera é a época que, independente do ambiente de coleta, proporcionam maior sobrevivência, enraizamento, número e comprimento das raízes. A utilização de regulador de crescimento é influenciada pelo ambiente de coleta. O uso de material proveniente de ambiente aberto e de regulador a 3000 mg.L-1 proporciona maior enraizamento. Materiais coletados na primavera e submetidos às concentrações de 3000 e 4000 mg.L-1 produzem maior número de raízes. O experimento 2 foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento de mudas de oliveira obtidas por miniestaquia da cultivar Arbequina em sistemas de cultivo sem solo e em diferentes épocas. As miniestacas enraizadas foram colocadas para crescer em três sistemas (semi-hidropônico, NFT - Nutrient Film Technique- e convencional), em duas épocas (primavera/verão e outono/inverno) durante cinco meses de cultivo. No sistema semi-hidropônico o substrato utilizado foi a areia, sendo diariamente irrigadas com solução nutritiva. No sistema NFT, as miniestacas foram colocadas em espuma fenólica as quais foram irrigadas através de fluxo intermitente, três vezes ao dia por 5 minutos e no sistema convencional as plantas foram cultivadas em sacos plásticos preenchidos com substrato Carolina®, sendo fornecidos em média 100ml de solução nutritiva a cada 15 dias. As variáveis analisadas foram: número de brotações, comprimento de brotações, número de brotações secundárias e comprimento de brotações secundárias durante o período de cultivo e após 150 dias de cultivo as variáveis analisadas foram: diâmetro do caule, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca da raiz. A utilização do sistema semi-hidropônico e a época 2 de temperaturas mais altas (primavera/verão) proporcionam maior crescimento das plantas. O experimento 3 teve como objetivo avaliar o enraizamento de miniestacas de oliveira provenientes de plantas matrizes acondicionadas em sistemas de cultivo sem solo e convencional e avaliar o conteúdo de nutrientes minerais destes matrizeiros em duas épocas de cultivo (primavera/verão e outono/inverno). As plantas matrizes encontravam-se em três sistemas de cultivo os quais foram descritos no experimento 2. As miniestacas foram coletadas no inverno e colocadas para enraizar conforme o experimento 1, porém a concentração de AIB utilizada foi de 3000 mg.L-1. As variáveis analisadas após o período de 80 dias foram: porcentagem de miniestacas vivas, porcentagem de miniestacas enraizadas, número de raízes por miniestaca, comprimento das raízes e para a análise nutricional foram avaliados os conteúdos de macronutrientes e micronutrientes e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz. A utilização do sistema semi-hidropõnico assoaciado a época 2 (primavera/verão) proporcionam maiores teores de nutrientes e produzem maiores conteúdos de massa seca da parte aérea e raiz. Termos para indexação: propagação, estações do ano, época de crescimento, Olea europaea.

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Submitted by Andrea Pereira (andrea.pereira@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-02-26T16:14:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Anderson Cagliari 2017.pdf: 2938013 bytes, checksum: dbce357debceb1d946d2d6d967bc5b2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Leite (vera.leite@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-03-01T14:41:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Anderson Cagliari 2017.pdf: 2938013 bytes, checksum: dbce357debceb1d946d2d6d967bc5b2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T14:41:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Anderson Cagliari 2017.pdf: 2938013 bytes, checksum: dbce357debceb1d946d2d6d967bc5b2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em realizar um estudo da secagem convectiva da folha de oliveira em leito fixo e sua influência sobre as características da folha. A realização do estudo compreendeu as seguintes etapas: caracterização da folha de oliveira in natura quanto à composição centesimal, conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante, parâmetros de cor e obtenção de isotermas de equilíbrio; análise do processo de secagem através da análise das curvas características e da descrição matemática do processo; verificação da influência das condições de secagem (temperatura e velocidade do ar) sobre o tempo de processo e sobre o percentual de perda do conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e da atividade antioxidante, além dos parâmetros de cor; otimização das condições de secagem para um menor tempo de processo e menor perda da característica original da folha; e análise morfológica da superfície. A avaliação da influência das condições de secagem sobre as respostas foi realizada a partir de um planejamento composto central rotacional com temperatura do ar variando entre 45,9 e 74,1ºC e velocidade do ar variando entre 0,77 e 1,62 m/s. Com relação aos valores correspondentes aos constituintes da composição centesimal da folha in natura, os valores médios referentes aos percentuais de umidade, lipídios, cinzas, proteínas e carboidratos foram 51,65%, 2,71%, 3,06%, 5,79%, e 36,76%, respectivamente. Com relação ao conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante, os valores médios encontrados para a folha in natura foram 22,77 mg EAG/gss e 92,73%, respectivamente. Os parâmetros de cor L*, a* e b* para a folha in natura apresentaram os valores médios de 18,95, -7,67 e 32,02, respectivamente. As isotermas de dessorção apresentaram um comportamento sigmoidal e o modelo de GAB foi o escolhido para representar o comportamento experimental. Na avaliação da cinética de secagem, foi verificado apenas o período correspondente à taxa de secagem decrescente e os modelos de Henderson e Pabis e de Page se ajustaram satisfatoriamente aos dados experimentais. Pela análise da influência das condições de secagem sobre as respostas, pôde-se verificar uma influência significativa tanto da temperatura quanto da velocidade do ar sobre o tempo de secagem. Com relação ao percentual de perda do conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, apenas a temperatura teve influência sobre esta resposta, enquanto que com relação ao percentual de perda da atividade antioxidante, nenhuma das variáveis teve influência significativa. Considerando os parâmetros de cor, a única influência significativa verificada foi a da temperatura de secagem sobre a coloração verde da folha. A partir da otimização do processo, foi verificado que a secagem a temperatura de 54,4 ºC e velocidade do ar de 1,62 m/s proporcionaram um menor tempo de processo associado a uma menor perda das características originais da folha. No estudo proposto, foi possível descrever satisfatoriamente o processo de secagem de folhas de oliveira, além de se verificar de que maneira esse processo impacta sobre as propriedades da folha. / The main of this work was to carry out a study of the convective drying of the olive leaf in fixed bed and its influence on leaf characteristics. The performance of the study included the following steps: characterization of the olive fresh leaf as to the composition centesimal, content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color parameters and obtaining equilibrium isotherms; Analysis of the drying process through the analysis of the characteristic curves and the mathematical description of the process; Checking the influence of the drying conditions (temperature and air velocity) on the process time and on the percentage of loss of the phenolic compounds content and the antioxidant activity, besides the color parameters; Optimization of the drying conditions for a shorter process time and less loss of the original leaf characteristic; And morphological analysis of the surface. The evaluation of the influence of the drying conditions on the responses was made from a central rotational composite planning with air temperature varying between 45,9 and 74,1 ºC and air velocity varying between 0,77 and 1,62 m/s. Regarding the values corresponding to the constituents of the fresh leaf composition, the mean values for moisture, lipids, ashes, proteins and carbohydrates were 51,65 %, 2,71 %, 3,06 %, 5,79 % and 36,76%, respectively. Regarding the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, the average values found for fresh leaf were 22,77 mg EAG/gss and 92,73 %, respectively. The color parameters L*, a* and b* for the fresh leaf presented the mean values of 18,95, -7,67 and 32,02, respectively. The desorption isotherms showed a sigmoidal behavior and the GAB model was chosen to represent the experimental behavior. In the evaluation of drying kinetics, only the period corresponding to the decreasing drying rate was verified, and the Henderson and Pabis and Page models fit satisfactorily to the experimental data. By analyzing the influence of the drying conditions on the responses, a significant influence of both temperature and air velocity on the drying time could be verified. Regarding the percentage of loss of total phenolic compounds content, only the temperature had an influence on this response, while in relation to the loss percentage of the antioxidant activity, none of the variables had a significant influence. Considering the color parameters, the only significant influence verified was that of the drying temperature on the green coloration of the leaf. From the optimization of the process, it was verified that drying at temperature of 54,4 ºC and air velocity of 1.62 m/s provided a shorter process time associated with less loss of the original characteristics of the leaf. In the proposed study, it was possible to satisfactorily describe the drying process of olive leaves, as well as to verify how this process impacts on the properties of the leaf.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T14:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Roseane Maidana Moreira.pdf: 1526932 bytes, checksum: 24ec9be5cb36029c41e9e55dad9e3488 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T17:10:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Roseane Maidana Moreira.pdf: 1526932 bytes, checksum: 24ec9be5cb36029c41e9e55dad9e3488 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T17:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Roseane Maidana Moreira.pdf: 1526932 bytes, checksum: 24ec9be5cb36029c41e9e55dad9e3488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) pertence a família Oleaceae, a qual tem suas espécies distribuídas em regiões tropicais e temperadas do mundo. O cultivo é crescente e demanda tecnologias para a instalação de pomares. Dentre as técnicas de propagação utilizadas para a oliveira, a micropropagação se destaca, pois permite conservar o germoplasma e produzir mudas de alta qualidade e sanidade. No entanto verifica-se a carência de protocolos eficientes para o estabelecimento in vitro de várias cultivares de oliveira. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver protocolos eficientes para a redução da oxidação e estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira. O experimento foi realizado no laboratório de Propagação de Plantas Frutíferas, Departamento de Fitotecnia da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, (UFPel/RS), no período de março de 2012 a outubro de 2013. O artigo 1 consistiu no estabelecimento in vitro de seis cultivares de oliveira (Ascolano, Leccino, Maria da Fé, Coratina, Arbequina e Frantoio) em diferentes meios de cultura (MO e WPM) e épocas de coleta dos explantes (outono, inverno, primavera e verão). No artigo 2, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da presença e ausência de luz fornecida à planta matriz, bem como concentrações de zeatina (0, 2, 4 e 8 mg.L-1) no estabelecimento in vitro. Em ambos os artigos foram avaliadas as variáveis referentes à porcentagem de oxidação; contaminação fúngica e bacteriana; sobrevivência e estabelecimento dos explantes in vitro. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que no artigo (1) houve maior oxidação fenólica em explantes de oliveira coletados no inverno, a primavera é indicada para a coleta de explantes da cultivar Maria da Fé, enquanto as cultivares Ascolano e Arbequina apresentam maior taxa de estabelecimento in vitro no outono. O meio de cultura WPM promoveu maior porcentagem de estabelecimento de explantes de oliveira. No artigo (2), plantas matrizes em condições de ausência de luz são as mais indicadas no estabelecimento in vitro das cultivares de oliveira estudadas. A concentração de 2 mg.L-1 de Zeatina favorece a sobrevivência de explantes de oliveira 'Arbequina'. As concentrações (0, 4 e 8 mg.L-1 ) de Zeatina não apresentam diferença entre as cultivares Leccino e Arbequina para a variável contaminação fúngica. / The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) belongs to Oleaceae family, which has its species distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the world. The cultivation is increasing and demand technologies for facilities orchards. Among the techniques used for olive propagation, micropropagation stands out, because it preserves germplasm and produce high qualitu seedling and sanity. However there is a lack of efficient protocols for in vitro in several varieties of olive property.This study aimed to develop efficient protocols to reduce oxidation and in vitro establishment of olive. The experiment was conducted in the Fruit Tree Propagation Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel/RS) from March 2012 to October 2013. The Article 1 consisted of establishing in vitro six olive cultivars (Ascolano, Leccino, Maria da Fé, Coratina, Arbequina e Frantoio) in different culture media (MO e WPM) and explants sampling times (fall, winter, spring and summer). In Article 2, the objective was to evaluate the presence and absence of light provided to the mother plant and Zeatin concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg.L-1) in vitro establishment. In both articles the variables were evaluated variables concerning the percentage of rust, fungal and bacterial contamination, survival and establishment of explants in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that in the Article 1 there was a higher phenolic oxidation in olive explants collected in winter, spring is indicated for collecting explants of cultivar Maria da Fé, while Ascolano and Arbequina cultivars have a higher rate of in vitro establishment in autumn. The WPM promoted a higher rate of establishment of olive explants. In Article (2), mother plants in conditions of absence of light are the most suitable in vitro establishment of olive cultivars studied. The concentration of 2 mg.L-1 Zeatin promotes survival explants of olive 'Arbequina'. Concentrations (0, 4 and 8 mg.L-1) showed no Zeatin difference between Leccino and Arbequina cultivars for variable fungal contamination.