Esta pesquisa procura entender o aparecimento e a função do ombudsman na imprensa brasileira e portuguesa a partir do estudo das mediações, da comunicação de massa e das mudanças estruturais no jornalismo. Para isso, empreendemos uma revisão das principais correntes teóricas sobre a comunicação de massa e o jornalismo, bem como traçamos um panorama histórico e contemporâneo do jornalismo brasileiro e português. A pesquisa completa-se com a análise comparada das colunas semanais dos ombudsmen (ombudsmän em sueco) da Folha de S. Paulo e do Diário de Notícias, jornais de referência na formação da opinião pública no Brasil e em Portugal, respectivamente. / This research aims to understand the appearance and the function of the ombudsman in the Brazilian and Portuguese press from the study of the mediations, the mass communication and the structural changes in the journalism. Therefore, a review of the main theoretical lines about mass communication and journalism is undertaken, as well as outline a historical and contemporary view of the Brazilian and Portuguese journalism is outlined. The research completes it with the comparative analysis of the weekly ombudsmen (ombudsmän in Swedish) columns of Folha de S. Paulo and Diário de Notícias, reference newspapers in the formation of public opinion in Brazil and Portugal, respectively.

Nowadays the office of the ombudsman is considered as one of the main institutions, which should not lack in any democratic country. The actual ombudsman of Czech republic Mgr. Anna Šabatová Ph.D. solves many causes, of which some are mentioned in this thesis. Public advocate is expected to be independent and available for people to advise them in case of negotiation with institutions, that are in his or her competence. By constitution of law no. 349/1999 Sb. the institution of ombudsman was anchored in Czech republic. The objective of my thesis is to explain the evolution of ombudsman from the moment of the constitution of the law, till present, to analyze the law itself and to focus on the office of the public advocate. Further, I compare the institution of ombudsman with other countries and define recommendations for adjustment of law about the public advocate in Czech republic. First of all I recommend to install specialized ombudsman for different areas, set up requirements of education of public advocate and a possibility to appeal him or her in case of long-term disease, which hinders him or her to perform.

The diploma thesis focuses on institution of ombudsman in European Union, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. It is aimed at questions of legal regulations of this institution in the mentioned formations. Particular chapters of this thesis are structured into following 5 task parts. The first chapter describes the history of the origin of this institution, explains the term of ombudsman by using definitions, classifies existing kinds of institutes of ombudsman and specifies the field of action. The second chapter identifies the European ombudsman. It is focused especially on analysis of received complaints in practically whole period of existence this institution and evaluation of activities in 2008. In the third chapter is described the institution of ombudsman in the Czech Republic and in the fourth chapter in the Slovak Republic. The last chapter of the diploma thesis deals with comaparison of ombudsman institutions in these two countries.

A regulamentação internacional dos investimentos passa por um contexto de mudanças e, inserido nesse âmbito, encontra -se o Brasil participando ativamente. A mudança de posição brasileira quanto ao regime regulatório dos investimentos será objeto desta dissertação, bem como se o método de solução de controvérsias adotado nos novos acordos brasileiros estimula a negociação entre as partes, em aplicação dos preceitos da teoria da sombra do direito. A análise iniciou-se com a apresentação do regime de proteção internacional dos investimentos e sua evolução e, em seguida, foi descrita a posição do Brasil, que apesar de resistente, tentou adentrar aos acordos de investimento na década de 1990, sem sucesso. Foi demonstrada a atual mudança de paradigma brasileiro, de não mais apenas receptor de investimentos para também investidor e a criação dos Acordos de Cooperação e Facilitação de Investimento que, só em 2015, já foram assinados com 5 países. Descritos o contexto de negociação e as cláusulas materiais do novo acordo, examinou-se os sistemas de solução de controvérsia sobre investimentos existentes, com ênfase na via jurisdicional, pela arbitragem investidor-Estado, consideradas as principais regras e instituições aplicáveis, como o Centro Internacional para Resolução de Disputas sobre Investimentos, entre outros; os sistemas alternativos de solução de controvérsias e os sistemas preventivos de resolução de disputas. Dentro deste estudo, foi trabalhada a teoria da sombra do direito como instrumento para explicar o comportamento dos agentes na negociação na fase pré-contenciosa. Foram analisados os mecanismos de prevenção de controvérsias instituídos nos ACFIs, representados pelo ombudsman ou Pontos Focais e o Comitê Conjunto, e o mecanismo de solução de controvérsias, pela arbitragem entre Estados. No mais, foi estudado o sistema de prevenção e solução de controvérsias sul-coreano, uma vez que o Brasil se inspirou neste para instaurar seu mecanismo preventivo. Assim, feito isso, foi contextualizada a teoria da sombra do direito aos ACFIs, chegando-se ao resultado se a arbitragem entre Estados propugnada estimula ou não a negociação entre as Partes. / The international investment regulation is changing and Brazil is inserted in this context, participating actively in it. The subject of this dissertation is the change in the Brazilian position on the regulatory regime of investments, as well as if the dispute resolution method adopted in the new Brazilian agreements encourages the negotiation between the parties under the precepts of the theory of the shadow of the law. The analysis started with the introduction of the international protection regime for investments and its evolution. Afterwards, the Brazilian position was described, pointing out that, despite its resistance to the model, the country tried without success to engage itself and subscribe a series of investment agreements during the 1990s. Furthermore, the current transition in the Brazilian investment politics has been demonstrated; hence, the passing from solely position of receptor of investments to a position of an investor as well. In that sense, the importance of the analysis of the creation of the Cooperation Facilitation Investment Agreements, which have been signed with five countries in 2015. Once the negotiation context and the material terms of the new agreement have been described and analyzed, the present work examined the dispute settlement systems on existing investments, specially the judicial process, emphasizing the investor-state arbitration, considered its main rules and institutions such as the International Centre for Dispute Resolution Investment, among others; the alternative systems of dispute resolution; and the preventive dispute resolution systems. Within the study of the preventive dispute resolution systems, the theory of the shadow of the law was conceived as a tool to explain the behavior of the agents while negotiating during the prelitigation phase. Thus, the dispute prevention mechanisms within the ACFIs represented by the ombudsman, or Focal Points, and the Joint Committee and the dispute settlement mechanism represented by the between States arbitration have been also analyzed. In addition, the South Korean controversies prevention and resolution system have been studied, since it has inspired the current Brazilian preventive mechanism. Therefore, the theory of the shadow of the law was adapted to the analyses of the ACFIs, coming to the result if the between State arbitration advocated stimulates or not the negotiations between the Countryparties.

A regulamentação internacional dos investimentos passa por um contexto de mudanças e, inserido nesse âmbito, encontra -se o Brasil participando ativamente. A mudança de posição brasileira quanto ao regime regulatório dos investimentos será objeto desta dissertação, bem como se o método de solução de controvérsias adotado nos novos acordos brasileiros estimula a negociação entre as partes, em aplicação dos preceitos da teoria da sombra do direito. A análise iniciou-se com a apresentação do regime de proteção internacional dos investimentos e sua evolução e, em seguida, foi descrita a posição do Brasil, que apesar de resistente, tentou adentrar aos acordos de investimento na década de 1990, sem sucesso. Foi demonstrada a atual mudança de paradigma brasileiro, de não mais apenas receptor de investimentos para também investidor e a criação dos Acordos de Cooperação e Facilitação de Investimento que, só em 2015, já foram assinados com 5 países. Descritos o contexto de negociação e as cláusulas materiais do novo acordo, examinou-se os sistemas de solução de controvérsia sobre investimentos existentes, com ênfase na via jurisdicional, pela arbitragem investidor-Estado, consideradas as principais regras e instituições aplicáveis, como o Centro Internacional para Resolução de Disputas sobre Investimentos, entre outros; os sistemas alternativos de solução de controvérsias e os sistemas preventivos de resolução de disputas. Dentro deste estudo, foi trabalhada a teoria da sombra do direito como instrumento para explicar o comportamento dos agentes na negociação na fase pré-contenciosa. Foram analisados os mecanismos de prevenção de controvérsias instituídos nos ACFIs, representados pelo ombudsman ou Pontos Focais e o Comitê Conjunto, e o mecanismo de solução de controvérsias, pela arbitragem entre Estados. No mais, foi estudado o sistema de prevenção e solução de controvérsias sul-coreano, uma vez que o Brasil se inspirou neste para instaurar seu mecanismo preventivo. Assim, feito isso, foi contextualizada a teoria da sombra do direito aos ACFIs, chegando-se ao resultado se a arbitragem entre Estados propugnada estimula ou não a negociação entre as Partes. / The international investment regulation is changing and Brazil is inserted in this context, participating actively in it. The subject of this dissertation is the change in the Brazilian position on the regulatory regime of investments, as well as if the dispute resolution method adopted in the new Brazilian agreements encourages the negotiation between the parties under the precepts of the theory of the shadow of the law. The analysis started with the introduction of the international protection regime for investments and its evolution. Afterwards, the Brazilian position was described, pointing out that, despite its resistance to the model, the country tried without success to engage itself and subscribe a series of investment agreements during the 1990s. Furthermore, the current transition in the Brazilian investment politics has been demonstrated; hence, the passing from solely position of receptor of investments to a position of an investor as well. In that sense, the importance of the analysis of the creation of the Cooperation Facilitation Investment Agreements, which have been signed with five countries in 2015. Once the negotiation context and the material terms of the new agreement have been described and analyzed, the present work examined the dispute settlement systems on existing investments, specially the judicial process, emphasizing the investor-state arbitration, considered its main rules and institutions such as the International Centre for Dispute Resolution Investment, among others; the alternative systems of dispute resolution; and the preventive dispute resolution systems. Within the study of the preventive dispute resolution systems, the theory of the shadow of the law was conceived as a tool to explain the behavior of the agents while negotiating during the prelitigation phase. Thus, the dispute prevention mechanisms within the ACFIs represented by the ombudsman, or Focal Points, and the Joint Committee and the dispute settlement mechanism represented by the between States arbitration have been also analyzed. In addition, the South Korean controversies prevention and resolution system have been studied, since it has inspired the current Brazilian preventive mechanism. Therefore, the theory of the shadow of the law was adapted to the analyses of the ACFIs, coming to the result if the between State arbitration advocated stimulates or not the negotiations between the Countryparties.

The aim of the thesis is to characterize the institution of the Ombudsman, his place in the distribution of powers and, above all, to analyze its relationship to the judicial power. The thesis is divided into five parts, with the first three parts focused on the theoretical description of the institution of the Ombudsman and its role in the control system of public administration. The fourth part characterizes the institution of the Ombudsman, his place in the distribution of power and its relationship to the judicial power. The fifth part is focused specifically on the relationship of the Ombudsman and the courts. The institution of the Ombudsman has the duty to protect citizens against acts of authorities, which may be in conflict with the law, against their inactivity and against the behavior that does not conform to the principles of good governance and the principles of the rule of a democratic State. Unlike an Ombudsman, the courts only protect citizens against unlawful acts. The courts have the availability to render decisions which are enforceable by the State power. The relationship between the Ombudsman and judicial power is characterized by a high degree of independence.

Current research indicates that abrasive conduct or incivility is on the rise in higher education and Ombuds are in a unique position to address this behavior. By applying transcendental phenomenological methodology to examine Ombuds experience when handling these types of cases and how the complex structures of higher education impact what they do, this study provides insights into how other institutions and organizations can address the rise in abrasive conduct amongst university faculty, staff and students. I interviewed ten university Ombuds experienced with cases of incivility, and I asked them open-ended questions regarding how they define and identify abrasive conduct. I also asked them questions regarding their roles and how they work within the structure of academia. I analyzed the data gathered from these interviews using Moustakas’ (1994) modification of the Van Kaam Method. Four common themes emerged from the data analysis. The four theses are listed below: The Visitor’s story is the Ombuds experience How Ombuds define and identify abrasive conduct The powerful impact of the academic structure Guiding dynamics and the role of the Ombuds The results of this research provide insight to Ombuds and organizations regarding how the Ombuds role can help identify, address and prevent abrasive conduct.

台灣電視新聞媒體，為了追求收視率，不顧法律和道德的規範，新聞製作上強調聳動和誇張的報導，讓議題失焦，也讓民眾失去對新聞的信任。為了維持新聞的品質，過去透過政府的法令、民間團體的監督，以及新聞同業者組成自律組織，但成效不彰。近年來，有新聞專業工作者和媒體改革人士呼籲引進國外公評人制度，盼對各台新聞自律能有所提昇。 新聞公評人制度，最早概念起源於1922年的日本朝日新聞。美國也在1967年地方報中設立了第一位新聞公評人。起初，公評人都只在平面媒體中，隨著媒體的多樣化發展，目前在國外電視、廣播或是網路媒體，都有新聞公評人出現。公評人代表閱眾，除了要對內部新聞產製監督，對外要回應來自大眾的意見和批評，盼藉由新聞公評人的角色，能達到新聞品質的改善。 在國外，新聞公評人在平面媒體居多，電視頻道仍不多見。為了因應台灣各電視台未來設立新聞公評人制度，本研究將先瞭解國外各媒體公評人的職責、角色定位和執行的情形，並深度訪談台灣各電視新聞頻道，負責新聞自律的主管和製作人，從中瞭解目前國內媒體環境，並因此來建立一套台灣電視媒體公評人制度，對其可行性進行分析，提供給未來各電視新聞媒體，在聘請新聞公評人的參考。 / In pursuit of high ratings, News Media in Taiwan regardless of norms of law or ethics, have overemphasized provocative and exaggerated news reports. This has given rise to the making of out-of-focus reports, which has resulted in audience’s losing confidence in the News. In the past, the way to maintain News quality was based on official regulations, on supervision from non-governmental groups and on organizations set up within the News industry to promote journalistic discipline - the problem being, it didn’t function well. In recent years, there have been many news professionals and media revolutionists calling for an adoption of the News ombudsman System, which they expect, to improve the journalistic discipline of news channels’. The News Ombudsman System’s concept, originates from Japan's Asahi Shimbun (the influential newspapers in Japan) in 1922. In 1967, the first news ombudsman was set up for local newspapers in United States. In the early years, the news ombudsmen only existed in the print media, but over the years has developed and moved into every facet including TV, Radio and the Internet media, all now boasting their own independent news ombudsmen. The news ombudsman represents the audience, not only for internal supervision of news productions, but also acts as a mechanism for listening to the public’s opinions and criticisms, in the hope of improving the news quality. In foreign countries, more news ombudsmen are set for the print media. This research will collect data about the role, position and condition of news ombudsman in foreign countries, and conduct in-depth interviews with the directors and producers of TV news channels in Taiwan, to map out the future media environment in our country. According to these researches, the thesis will construct a system of the news ombudsman in Taiwan, and analyze its feasibility, which will give references to the implementation of news ombudsmen for TV news channels in the future.

Cette thèse représente une analyse sur le rôle et la mission de l’ombudsman en tant Autorité Administrative Indépendante (AAI) et surtout s’interroger sur son utilité alors qu’il existe d’autres organes en charge de la protection non juridictionnelle des droits fondamentaux.Elle ausculte le traitement de conflits entre les administrés et les différents organes de l’administration publique, puis les origines principales des conflits, en particulier au sens normatif et sociologique du terme, en revisitant le concept de justice sociale. Il a été aussi question d’étudier la différence entre l’ombudsman et la justice et d’examiner le rôle de la médiation dans les situations conflictuelles à l’égard du droit coutumier et d’aborder « les forces et faiblesses des pratiques qui irriguent la médiation » parlementaire depuis son apparition.Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés au développement et aux techniques de l’institution, à la typologie des conflits et aux traits communs de certains types d’institutions. L’accent est aussi mis sur la culture, la consolidation de la paix et le rôle de la Médiatologie sociologique particulièrement dans l’espace scolaire.Enfin, un chapitre a été consacré à la jeunesse, l’extrémisme et le rôle que peut jouer la Médiatologie sociologique dans la prévention du conflit violent. / This thesis represents an analysis of the role and the mission of the ombudsman as an independent administrative authority (AAI) and specifically questions its utility even though there are other bodies in charge of the non-judicial protection of fundamental rights.It examines the treatment of conflicts between citizens and the various organs of public administration, then the main origins of conflicts, particularly in its normative and sociological sense, by revisiting the concept of social justice. It also explores the difference between the function of the ombudsman and the justice system. It also examines the role of mediation in such situations of conflict with customary law and addresses "the strengths and weaknesses of practices that irrigate parliamentary mediation" since its creation.We also studied the development and the techniques used by the institution, the typology of conflicts and the common features of certain types of institutions, with a specific emphasis on the culture, the consolidation of peace and the role of sociological mediology particularly in the school area.Finally, a chapter was devoted to youth, extremism and the role that sociological mediology can play in the prevention of violent conflict.

V práci se jedná o roli interního auditu v organizacích a zvlášť v českém bankovnictví, o rozvoji interního auditu. Jednou z kapitol je právní a písemná úprava interního auditu; stručný popis zákonů a Standardů, kterými se praxe interního auditu řídí. Značnou části je podrobný rozbor činnosti následujících institucí: finančního arbitra ČR, bankovního ombudsmana České spořitelny, bankovního ombudsmana Komerční banky. Práce také zahrnuje průzkumy trhu, které byly uskutečněné společnostmi Ernst&Young a PricewaterhouseCoopers.