Ο αυξημένος σπλαχνικός λιπώδης ιστός αποτελεί σημαντικό παράγοντα κινδύνου για μεταβολικές επιπλοκές, που συσχετίζονται με την παχυσαρκία, και προάγει μία ήπιου βαθμού χρόνια φλεγμονώδη διαδικασία. Το επίπλουν έχει από καιρό εμπλακεί στη, σχετιζόμενη με την παχυσαρκία, μεταβολική δυσλειτουργία. Αυτό βασίζεται στη σημαντική του λειτουργία, της έκκρισης αντιποκινών. Η ιδέα της εκτομής του μείζονος επιπλόου, στον ίδιο χρόνο με μία βαριατρική επέμβαση, έχει προταθεί για την βελτίωση των μεταβολικών μεταβολών και την μεγιστοποίηση της απώλειας βάρους. Ο σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης μελέτης ήταν να προσδιορίσει εάν η εκτομή του μείζονος επιπλόου, στον ίδιο χρόνο με τη λαπαροσκοπική επιμήκη γαστρεκτομή, έχει κάποια επίδραση στο μεταβολικό προφίλ, την έκκριση των αντιποκινών, το στάτους της φλεγμονής και την απώλεια βάρους, σε βραχύ ή μακρό βάθος χρόνου. ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ: Τριάντα – ένας παχύσαρκοι ασθενείς (Δείκτης Μάζας Σώματος (ΒΜΙ): 42.49±2.03 Kg/m2 ) τυχαιοποιήθηκαν σε δύο ομάδες, λαπαροσκοπικής επιμήκους γαστρεκτομής, με ή χωρίς επιπλεκτομή. Αντιπονεκτίνη, Ομεντίνη, Ιντερλευκίνη-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α ((TNF-α), C-αντιδρώσα πρωτεΐνη υψηλής ευαισθησίας (hs-CRP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) χοληστερόλη, γλυκόζη νηστείας, ινσουλίνη και αντίσταση στην ινσουλίνη (εκτιμωμένη με εφαρμογή -­‐ 106 -­‐ Quickie Test) μετρήθηκαν και εκτιμήθηκαν προεγχειρητικά και 7 μέρες, 1, 3 και 12 μήνες μετεγχειρητικά. ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ: Κατά τη μετεγχειρητική παρακολούθηση, στη διάρκεια του πρώτου χρόνου, ο δείκτης μάζας σώματος μειώθηκε αξιοσημείωτα και συγκριτικά και στις δύο ομάδες (Ρ<0.001). Τα επίπεδα της ινσουλίνης, IL-6 και hs-CRP, μειώθηκαν σημαντικά σε σχέση με τις τιμές αναφοράς (προεγχειρητικά) (Ρ<0.05) και στις δύο ομάδες, χωρίς στατιστικά σημαντική διαφορά μεταξύ τους. Τα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης και HDL αυξήθηκαν ομοίως και σημαντικά, συγκρινόμενα με τα επίπεδα αναφοράς (Ρ<0.001) και στις δύο ομάδες. Τα επίπεδα της Ομεντίνης αυξήθηκαν σημαντικά (Ρ<0.05) στην ομάδα ελέγχου (επιμήκης γαστρεκτομή, χωρίς εκτομή του επιπλόου) και παρέμειναν χαμηλά στην ομάδα της επιπλεκτομής (επιμήκης γαστρεκτομή + επιπλεκτομή), στο ένα έτος μετεγχειρητικά. Δεν υπήρξε στατιστικά σημαντική διαφορά στη μεταβολή των επιπέδων TNF-α σε κάθε ομάδα. ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ: Τα, μέχρι τώρα, θεωρητικά πλεονεκτήματα της επιπλεκτομής, όσον αφορά την απώλεια βάρους και το μεταβολικό σύνδρομο, δεν αντικατοπτρίζονται στην προοπτική αυτή μελέτη. Επιπλέον, δοθέντος του προστατευτικού ρόλου της ομεντίνης σε συνδυασμό με τη θετική συσχέτισηή της με τα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης πλάσματος και HDL, ήδη γνωστών καρδιοπροστατευτικών πρωτεϊνών, ανακύπτουν ερωτήματα γύρω από την αρνητική επίδραση της επιπλεκτομής και καρδιαγγειακής φυσιολογίας, σε βάθος χρόνου. / Increased visceral adipose tissue is a risk factor for the metabolic complications associated with obesity and promotes a low-grade chronic inflammatory process. Resection of the great omentum in patients submitted to a bariatric procedure has been proposed for the amelioration of metabolic alterations and the maximization of weight loss. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of omentectomy performed in patients with morbid obesity undergoing sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on metabolic profile, adipokine secretion, inflammatory status and weight loss. Methods: Thirty-one obese patients were randomized into two groups, SG alone or with omentectomy. Adiponectin, omentin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), blood lipids, fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance were measured before surgery and at 7 days, and 1, 3 and 12 months after surgery. Results: During the one year follow up BMI decreased markedly and comparably in both groups (P<0.001). Insulin, IL-6 and hs-CRP levels decreased significantly compared to baseline (P<0.05) in both groups with no significant difference between groups. Adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein choresterol levels were significantly and similarly increased compared to baseline (P<0.001) in both groups. Omentin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in the control group and decreased in -­‐ 108 -­‐ the omentectomy group one year postoperatively. There was no significant change in TNF-α levels in either group. Conclusions: The theoretical advantages of omentectomy in regard to weight loss and obesity related abnormalities are not confirmed in this prospective study. Furthermore, omentectomy does not induce important changes in the inflammatory status in patients undergoing SG.

L’incidence de l’ischémie critique est en augmentation depuis ces vingt dernières années. La revascularisation diminue le taux d’amputation. Les plaies ischémiques infectées avec l’exposition des tendons, des os ou des articulations, ne peuvent pas cicatriser avec la revascularisation et le débridement local. La chirurgie, associant un pontage veineux distal ou une recanalisation et un lambeau libre, permet de traiter les pertes de substances et présente un avantage hémodynamique en augmentant le débit du pontage grâce au lit vasculaire ajouté par le lambeau. Nous proposons une nouvelle technique chirurgicale basée sur l’utilisation d’une unité anatomique unique, le lambeau-pontage épiploïque (LPE). Il est composé d’un axe artériel, l’artère gastroépiploïque (AGE), qui procure le greffon, et du grand épiploon, utilisé comme lambeau irrigué par une ou plusieurs branches épiploïques. Le but de ce travail était d’analyser la faisabilité anatomique d’un LPE et de valider le scanner pour l’évaluation préopératoire de l’AGE. Nous avons également évalué les effets hémodynamiques de cette technique et analysé la première expérience clinique. 100 dissections anatomiques ont été réalisées afin de mesurer les diamètres et les longueurs de l’AGE droite et de ses branches, ainsi qu’une radiographie après injection de produit radio-opaque. Pour évaluer la faisabilité préopératoire, nous avons étudié 30 tomodensitométries. Nous avons également exploré les effets hémodynamiques dans le modèle porcin. Notre étude anatomique confirme la faisabilité d’un LPE. La longueur moyenne de l’AGE est de 24,5 cm. Le diamètre proximal moyen est de 3 mm et celui distal est de 1,5 mm. Les données de l’étude radiologique montrent que le scanner peut être utilisé pour le repérage préopératoire de l’AGE et la faisabilité d’un LPE. Les mesures hémodynamiques ont montré que, grâce au lambeau épiploïque, le débit sanguin du pontage augmente et que les résistances distales diminuent. Le LPE est une technique chirurgicale qui doit permettre de repousser les limites de sauvetage de membre dans les conditions de cette pathologie extrême, réalisant une revascularisation distale et une couverture simultanée des pertes de substances chez les patients atteints d’artériopathie. / The incidence of critical limb ischemia increases with the ageing of the population. Often, revascularization decreases the rate of amputation. In some cases, infected wounds with exposure of the tendons, bones or articulations will not heal only with revascularization and local debridement. Surgery combining a distal venous bypass or recanalisation and a free flap can treat those wounds, the vascular bed added by the flap improve the hemodynamic and increases the flow in the bypass. We proposed a new surgical method based on the use of a single anatomical unit, the epiploic flow-through flap (FTF), the gastroepiploic artery (GEA) as the vascular substitute and the greater omentum as the flap. The aim of this work was to analyze the anatomical feasibility of an epiploic BF, and to validate CT scan for preoperative assessment of the suitability of the GEA. We also aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of this technique and to analyze the first clinical experience. 100 anatomical dissections were performed in order to measure the diameters and the lengths of GEA and its branches. An extensive X-ray study was also carried out with injection of a radiopaque product. To evaluate preoperative feasibility of the omental FTF, we studied radiological properties of the GEA on 30 routine CT scans. Finally, we also explored the hemodynamic behavior of this artery and its related flap in porcine models. Our anatomical study confirms the feasibility of a FTF. The average available length of GEA is 245 mm. The average proximal diameter is 3 mm and the distal one is 1.5 mm. Data of radiological study show that CT scan can be used to indicate GEA suitability for an epiploic FTF. The hemodynamic measures showed that thanks to the flap, the blood flow increase in the bypass. Ultimately,we report our first clinical application of the omental FTF for distal lower limb revascularization combined to wound coverage, with successful outcome. Epiploic FTF is a surgical technique, which allows distal revascularization and a simultaneous cover of the limb extremity. This technique can be useful in patients requiring a distal revascularization associated with the coverage of large the wounds

INTRODUÇÃO: Hérnia incisional (HI) é complicação relacionada às laparotomias e ocorre em cerca de 2 a 15% dos pacientes submetidos a procedimento operatório abdominal. A técnica de pneumoperitônio progressivo pré-operatório (PPP), descrita por Goñi Moreno em 1940, trouxe uma solução revolucionária e reprodutível para o tratamento da HI com perda de domicílio. Mesmo nos dias atuais, o tratamento das HI gigantes (com anel herniário maior que 10 centímetros) e com perda de domicílio representa um desafio ao cirurgião. Estabeleceu-se no Serviço de Cirurgia Eletiva da Divisão de Clínica Cirúrgica III do Hospital das Clínicas e Disciplina de Cirurgia Geral da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (SCE DCCIII DCG HC FMUSP) protocolo de tratamento deste tipo de doença, com realização de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de abdome total e cálculo de volume da cavidade abdominal (VCA) e do saco herniário (VSH), realização de PPP e ressecção visceral (ressecção total ou parcial de vísceras intraabdominais) em alguns casos, pelo risco de Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal (SCA). O objetivo do estudo foi encontrar fatores preditivos para avaliar a necessidade de ressecção visceral no tratamento operatório do paciente portador de hérnia incisional gigante com perda de domicílio submetido a PPP. MÉTODO: Foram coletados e analisados dados retrospectivos de 23 pacientes operados na clínica cirúrgica no período de fevereiro de 2001 a abril de 2008, que apresentavam perda de domicílio comprovado por estudo tomográfico demonstrando relação de volumes (RV) maior ou igual a 25% (VSH/VCA25%). Usamos o teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher para avaliar a associação entre variáveis qualitativas e teste t de Student e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparação de variáveis quantitativas. O tratamento operatório destes doentes contemplou realização de PPP, conforme protocolo. Foram então divididos em 2 grupos: Os submetidos a ressecção visceral (GRV) e os não submetidos a ressecção visceral (GNRV) no tratamento operatório. RESULTADOS: Dos 23 pacientes operados, 10 (43,5%) foram submetidos a ressecção visceral. Observou-se que os valores de duas variáveis dentre as analisadas: A pressão intra-abdominal após redução temporária do conteúdo herniário (PIAfechado) e a variação da pressão intra-abdominal do momento inicial ao momento da redução temporária do conteúdo herniário (PIA) estavam significativamente aumentados nos casos submetidos a ressecção visceral. CONCLUSÕES: A ressecção visceral deve ser considerada quando a PIAfechado é superior a 18 cm dágua e quando a PIA é superior a 9 cm dágua. A monitorização da PIA no início da operação, após o fechamento temporário e no pós-operatório é necessária e imprescindível neste tipo de operação. / INTRODUCTION: Incisional hernia (IH) occur in 2 to 15% of pacients that undergo abdominal surgery. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum (PPP) was described in 1940 by Goñi Moreno for the treatment of incisional hernia with loss of domain (IHLD). Protocol for treatment of IHLD was stablished at Serviço de Cirurgia Eletiva da Divisão de Clínica Cirúrgica III do Hospital das Clínicas e Disciplina de Cirurgia Geral da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo SCE DCCIII DCG HC FMUSP, using CT Scan for hernia sac volume (HSV) and abdominal cavity volume (ACV) calculation and PPP. Visceral ressection (parcial ou total ressection of intra abdominal organs) was associated in some cases to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The objective of this study was to find predictors that could evaluate the need of visceral ressection in patients submitted into surgical treatment of IHLD with PPP. Where analysed data of 23 patients with IHLD were operated from February 2001 to April 2008. We used the Chi-square test and Fisher\'s exact test to evaluate the association between qualitative variables and Students t test and Mann-Whitney test for comparison of quantitative variables. We stablished that only patients with CT Scan calculated volume relation (VR=HSV/ACV) greater than or equal to 25% (VR25%) should be included in this protocol. They were divided into 2 groups: The visceral ressection group (VSG) and not visceral ressection group (NVRG). RESULTS: Of the 23 patients, 10 (43.5%) were submitted to visceral ressection. The intra-abdominal pressure after temporary reduction of hernial content into and closure of the abdominal cavity (PIAfechado) and the increment of intra-abdominal pressure between the pressure at the begining of operation (PIAinicial) and PIAfechado (PIA) were different between the two groups analysed (VRG and NVRG). CONCLUSIONS: The PIAfechado and PIA can be used as predictors for visceral ressection. The visceral ressection should be considered when the PIAfechado is more than 18 cm of water and PIA is more than 9 cm of water. The monitoring of the PIA at the beginning of operation, after temporary closure and after surgery is necessary and essential in this type of operation.

INTRODUÇÃO: Hérnia incisional (HI) é complicação relacionada às laparotomias e ocorre em cerca de 2 a 15% dos pacientes submetidos a procedimento operatório abdominal. A técnica de pneumoperitônio progressivo pré-operatório (PPP), descrita por Goñi Moreno em 1940, trouxe uma solução revolucionária e reprodutível para o tratamento da HI com perda de domicílio. Mesmo nos dias atuais, o tratamento das HI gigantes (com anel herniário maior que 10 centímetros) e com perda de domicílio representa um desafio ao cirurgião. Estabeleceu-se no Serviço de Cirurgia Eletiva da Divisão de Clínica Cirúrgica III do Hospital das Clínicas e Disciplina de Cirurgia Geral da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (SCE DCCIII DCG HC FMUSP) protocolo de tratamento deste tipo de doença, com realização de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de abdome total e cálculo de volume da cavidade abdominal (VCA) e do saco herniário (VSH), realização de PPP e ressecção visceral (ressecção total ou parcial de vísceras intraabdominais) em alguns casos, pelo risco de Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal (SCA). O objetivo do estudo foi encontrar fatores preditivos para avaliar a necessidade de ressecção visceral no tratamento operatório do paciente portador de hérnia incisional gigante com perda de domicílio submetido a PPP. MÉTODO: Foram coletados e analisados dados retrospectivos de 23 pacientes operados na clínica cirúrgica no período de fevereiro de 2001 a abril de 2008, que apresentavam perda de domicílio comprovado por estudo tomográfico demonstrando relação de volumes (RV) maior ou igual a 25% (VSH/VCA25%). Usamos o teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher para avaliar a associação entre variáveis qualitativas e teste t de Student e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparação de variáveis quantitativas. O tratamento operatório destes doentes contemplou realização de PPP, conforme protocolo. Foram então divididos em 2 grupos: Os submetidos a ressecção visceral (GRV) e os não submetidos a ressecção visceral (GNRV) no tratamento operatório. RESULTADOS: Dos 23 pacientes operados, 10 (43,5%) foram submetidos a ressecção visceral. Observou-se que os valores de duas variáveis dentre as analisadas: A pressão intra-abdominal após redução temporária do conteúdo herniário (PIAfechado) e a variação da pressão intra-abdominal do momento inicial ao momento da redução temporária do conteúdo herniário (PIA) estavam significativamente aumentados nos casos submetidos a ressecção visceral. CONCLUSÕES: A ressecção visceral deve ser considerada quando a PIAfechado é superior a 18 cm dágua e quando a PIA é superior a 9 cm dágua. A monitorização da PIA no início da operação, após o fechamento temporário e no pós-operatório é necessária e imprescindível neste tipo de operação. / INTRODUCTION: Incisional hernia (IH) occur in 2 to 15% of pacients that undergo abdominal surgery. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum (PPP) was described in 1940 by Goñi Moreno for the treatment of incisional hernia with loss of domain (IHLD). Protocol for treatment of IHLD was stablished at Serviço de Cirurgia Eletiva da Divisão de Clínica Cirúrgica III do Hospital das Clínicas e Disciplina de Cirurgia Geral da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo SCE DCCIII DCG HC FMUSP, using CT Scan for hernia sac volume (HSV) and abdominal cavity volume (ACV) calculation and PPP. Visceral ressection (parcial ou total ressection of intra abdominal organs) was associated in some cases to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The objective of this study was to find predictors that could evaluate the need of visceral ressection in patients submitted into surgical treatment of IHLD with PPP. Where analysed data of 23 patients with IHLD were operated from February 2001 to April 2008. We used the Chi-square test and Fisher\'s exact test to evaluate the association between qualitative variables and Students t test and Mann-Whitney test for comparison of quantitative variables. We stablished that only patients with CT Scan calculated volume relation (VR=HSV/ACV) greater than or equal to 25% (VR25%) should be included in this protocol. They were divided into 2 groups: The visceral ressection group (VSG) and not visceral ressection group (NVRG). RESULTS: Of the 23 patients, 10 (43.5%) were submitted to visceral ressection. The intra-abdominal pressure after temporary reduction of hernial content into and closure of the abdominal cavity (PIAfechado) and the increment of intra-abdominal pressure between the pressure at the begining of operation (PIAinicial) and PIAfechado (PIA) were different between the two groups analysed (VRG and NVRG). CONCLUSIONS: The PIAfechado and PIA can be used as predictors for visceral ressection. The visceral ressection should be considered when the PIAfechado is more than 18 cm of water and PIA is more than 9 cm of water. The monitoring of the PIA at the beginning of operation, after temporary closure and after surgery is necessary and essential in this type of operation.

Chemerin is a chemoattractant adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and may induce insulin resistance. Chemerin serum concentrations are elevated in obese, insulin-resistant, and inflammatory states in vivo. Here we investigate the role of omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue chemerin and CMKLR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human obesity. In addition, we test the hypothesis that changes in chemerin serum concentrations are primarily associated with reduced body fat mass in the context of 3 weight loss intervention studies. Chemerin serum concentration was measured in 740 individuals in a cross-sectional (n = 629) study including a subgroup (n = 161) for which OM and SC chemerin mRNA expression has been analyzed as well as in 3 interventions including 12 weeks of exercise (n = 60), 6 months of calorie-restricted diet (n = 19) studies, and 12 months after bariatric surgery (n = 32). Chemerin mRNA is significantly higher expressed in adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlates with circulating chemerin, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose infusion rate in euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. CMKLR1 mRNA expression was not significantly different between the 2 fat depots. Obesity surgery–induced weight loss causes a significant reduction on both OM and SC chemerin expression. All interventions led to significantly reduced chemerin serum concentrations. Decreased chemerin serum concentrations significantly correlate with improved glucose infusion rate and reduced C-reactive protein levels independently of changes in BMI. Insulin resistance and inflammation are BMI-independent predictors of elevated chemerin serum concentrations. Reduced chemerin expression and serum concentration may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and subclinical inflammation beyond significant weight loss.

Chemerin is a chemoattractant adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and may induce insulin resistance. Chemerin serum concentrations are elevated in obese, insulin-resistant, and inflammatory states in vivo. Here we investigate the role of omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue chemerin and CMKLR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human obesity. In addition, we test the hypothesis that changes in chemerin serum concentrations are primarily associated with reduced body fat mass in the context of 3 weight loss intervention studies. Chemerin serum concentration was measured in 740 individuals in a cross-sectional (n = 629) study including a subgroup (n = 161) for which OM and SC chemerin mRNA expression has been analyzed as well as in 3 interventions including 12 weeks of exercise (n = 60), 6 months of calorie-restricted diet (n = 19) studies, and 12 months after bariatric surgery (n = 32). Chemerin mRNA is significantly higher expressed in adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlates with circulating chemerin, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose infusion rate in euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. CMKLR1 mRNA expression was not significantly different between the 2 fat depots. Obesity surgery–induced weight loss causes a significant reduction on both OM and SC chemerin expression. All interventions led to significantly reduced chemerin serum concentrations. Decreased chemerin serum concentrations significantly correlate with improved glucose infusion rate and reduced C-reactive protein levels independently of changes in BMI. Insulin resistance and inflammation are BMI-independent predictors of elevated chemerin serum concentrations. Reduced chemerin expression and serum concentration may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and subclinical inflammation beyond significant weight loss.