Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem por objeto o tema da negatividade ontológica constitutiva da existência humana na obra Ser e Tempo de Martin Heidegger. Na primeira parte é analisada as descrições efetuadas por Heidegger na primeira seção de Ser e Tempo sobre a dinâmica existencial do homem compreendido como ser-aí (Dasein). Nesse primeiro momento é evidenciado o caráter negativo da existência. Para tanto, partiremos da reconstrução dos conceitos de existência e deu seu caráter intencional e poder-ser (Seinkonnen) em Ser e Tempo. Na segunda parte, a análise da tonalidade afetiva da angústia é o ponto de partida para se chegar ao modo de ser do homem, descrito por Heidegger como cuidado (Sorge). Argumentaremos também, que o cuidado é o único modo de ser compatível com um ente que em seu modo de ser mais próprio é marcado por uma negatividade (incompletude) radical. Por último, em nosso terceiro capítulo, apresentaremos, em seus traços gerais, a possibilidade compatível com o caráter de poder-ser do ser-aí: a possibilidade da morte, compreendida ontologicamente como ser-para-a-morte. Na conclusão, apontaremos o interesse maior de Heidegger em investigar a dinâmica existencial do ser-aí. Esse interesse consiste, em visualizar, por meio do que Heidegger chama de crise existencial do ser-aí (proporcionada pela angústia) o ponto de gênese das ontologias. / The present dissertation aims the theme of ontological negativity constitutive of human existence in the work Being and Time of Martin Heidegger. In the first part, we examine the descriptions made by Heidegger in the first section of Being and Time about the dynamics of the existential man understood as being-there (Dasein). Initially is shown the negative character of existence. To do that, we start with the reconstruction of existence concepts and its intentional characteristcs and able to be (Seinkonnen) in Being and Time. In the second part, the analysis of the affective tone of anguish is the starting point to get to the mode of being of man, described carefully by Heidegger (Sorge). We also argue that caution is the only way to be compatible with an entity that in its own way of being is marked by an radical negativity (incomplete). Finally, in the third chapter, we present, in its general features, the possibility compatible with the character of able to be of the being-there: the possibility of death, ontologically understood as being-for-death. In the conclusion, we pointed the greatest interest of Heidegger in his investigation of existential dynamics of the being-there. This interest consist in to visualize, through what Heidegger calls of existential crisis of being-there (provided by the anguish) the genesis point of the ontologies.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-27T21:02:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VicenteSobreira.pdf: 993153 bytes, checksum: 3c23dd22c08ec2a9eaa7439515fc21bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T21:02:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VicenteSobreira.pdf: 993153 bytes, checksum: 3c23dd22c08ec2a9eaa7439515fc21bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / This research is a bibliographical study on education and work relation in contemporary context, seen in some Marxist perspectives, defending the necessity of marxian originality to reflections posed by this text. The basic assertive of such analysis is to indicate the recovery of the proposed issue reaching out for fundaments presented in Marx’s work as a necessity of a secondary theoretical conception presented in radical criticism to capital logic. For such, by Lukács (2010, 2011, 2013), it is revived an onto-materialistic marxian perspective in which the work presents itself as ontological centrality, founding of social being and their other complexes, such as education. The aim of work is apprehension of concrete field of contradiction and not to ontologize work while metaphysical transcendence point. To achieve so, the study deepens discussion on abstract work as predominant form in capital society. Highlighting the work while founding point of social complexes in which crisis dynamic resides in phenomenal form of this abstract work. The growing of an unstable mass of subjects is indicated in which the totality of working time exploitation expands along lifetime. This issue is presented in first section, showing generally the problem in a few possibilities mentioned by some Marxist writers, such as Frigotto, Kuenzer, Ciavatta, Ramos, among others. They proclaim an educational perspective of work as a fundamental need in a possible construction of an integral, omni-lateral, emancipated subject. Therefore, in second section, we go back to some discreet understandings in Mark’s work, indicating education inserted in necessary process to formative character, secondary, nevertheless, in regards to a revolutionary process of transformation. It is emphasized that it is about a founding processing determined in the way men manufacture their material life. The study ends showing by arguments coming from Marx and some authors (LUKÁCS, 2013) among others that depart from this original point), the problem of reformism as conservation, inserted in a mystified fragmented praxis of anti-capitalist struggles, so, denoting the need of a rescue of radical marxian criticism when hinking of a breaking project to capital logic, originating understanding by root. / A pesquisa trata de um estudo bibliográfico acerca da relação entre trabalho e educação no contexto contemporâneo, inserido em algumas perspectivas marxistas, defendendo a necessidade da originalidade marxiana às reflexões postas no texto. A assertiva básica da análise é indicar a retomada da questão proposta, aportando-se em fundamentos surgidos nas obras de Marx como uma necessidade a uma concepção teórica secundária nas práticas de crítica radical a lógica do capital. Para isso, por meio de Lukács (2010, 2011, 2013), remonta-se uma perspectiva ontomaterialista marxiana, na qual o trabalho se apresenta como centralidade ontológica fundante do ser social e de seus demais complexos, sendo, um desses, o da educação. A pretensão do trabalho é a apreensão do campo concreto de contradição e não ontologizar o trabalho como ponto de transcendência metafísica. Para tanto, o estudo aprofunda a discussão acerca do trabalho abstrato como forma predominante na sociedade do capital. Destaca-se o trabalho enquanto ponto fundante dos complexos sociais em que a dinâmica de crise reside na forma fenomênica desse trabalho abstrato. Indica-se o crescimento de uma massa precariada de sujeitos, cuja totalidade de exploração do tempo de trabalho expande-se ao tempo de toda esfera do vivido. Indica-se essa questão na primeira seção, demonstrando de maneira geral a problemática em algumas possibilidades apontadas por alguns autores marxistas, tais como, por exemplo, Frigotto, Kuenzer, Ciavatta, Ramos, dentre outros. Esses autores defendem uma perspectiva educativa do trabalho como fundamentalidade necessária em uma possível construção de um sujeito integral, omnilateral, emancipado. Para isso, no segundo capítulo, volta-se para alguns entendimentos pontuais na obra de Marx, indicando a educação inserida em um processo necessário ao caráter formativo, entretanto, secundário em relação a um processo revolucionário de transformação. Destaca-se que o mesmo se trata de uma processualidade fundante determinada pela forma como os homens produzem sua vida material. O estudo finda demonstrando por meio de argumentos provenientes de Marx e de alguns autores (LUKÁCS, 2013, dentre outros) que partem desse ponto originário o problema do reformismo como conservação, inserido em uma práxis fragmentária mistificadora das lutas anticapitalistas, assim, denotando a necessidade de um resgate da radicalidade crítica marxiana ao pensar em um projeto de ruptura com a lógica do capital, partindo de seu entendimento pela raiz.

Este trabalho objetiva a discussão acerca da possibilidade de se utilizar uma tese ontológica sobre o indivíduo no âmbito do Direito. Em primeiro lugar, é feita uma análise histórica de alguns dos conceitos e termos utilizados corriqueiramente pelo Direito e a presença de incerteza terminológica. No Capítulo 2, discute-se a necessidade de uma tese ontológica de indivíduo e a separação entre raciocínio e racionalidade. O Capítulo 3 é dedicado à análise do arcabouço teórico necessário à compreensão do lugar do Homo juridicus e do Homo oeconomicus. Para este propósito, escolheu-se a teoria dos Três Mundos, de Karl Popper. / This work aims the discussion about the possibility of using an ontological thesis about the individual in the Law. First, a historical analysis of some of the concepts and terms ordinarily used by the Law along with the presence of terminological uncertainty is made. Chapter 2 discusses the need for an ontological thesis about the individual and the separation between reasoning and rationality. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the analysis of the theoretical background needed to understand the place of Homo juridicus and Homo oeconomicus. For that, Karl Poppers theory of the Three Worlds was chosen.

Este trabalho objetiva a discussão acerca da possibilidade de se utilizar uma tese ontológica sobre o indivíduo no âmbito do Direito. Em primeiro lugar, é feita uma análise histórica de alguns dos conceitos e termos utilizados corriqueiramente pelo Direito e a presença de incerteza terminológica. No Capítulo 2, discute-se a necessidade de uma tese ontológica de indivíduo e a separação entre raciocínio e racionalidade. O Capítulo 3 é dedicado à análise do arcabouço teórico necessário à compreensão do lugar do Homo juridicus e do Homo oeconomicus. Para este propósito, escolheu-se a teoria dos Três Mundos, de Karl Popper. / This work aims the discussion about the possibility of using an ontological thesis about the individual in the Law. First, a historical analysis of some of the concepts and terms ordinarily used by the Law along with the presence of terminological uncertainty is made. Chapter 2 discusses the need for an ontological thesis about the individual and the separation between reasoning and rationality. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the analysis of the theoretical background needed to understand the place of Homo juridicus and Homo oeconomicus. For that, Karl Poppers theory of the Three Worlds was chosen.

Qual a idéia de história anunciada nos últimos textos de Merleau-Ponty? Que impasses ela procura resolver? Pareceu-nos que responder a essas questões exigia, de início, reavaliar os limites da filosofia da história presente no existencialismo de ju-ventude de Merleau-Ponty, ainda preso aos marcos de uma certa filosofia da consciên-cia. A partir da análise desses limites, procuramos reconstruir o trajeto que levou Merle-au-Ponty a reescrever seu conceito de história. Tentamos fazê-lo em dois momentos. No primeiro, trata-se de recompor o modo pelo qual, nos anos 50, Merleau-Ponty pensará a racionalidade do mundo da cultura, através das idéias de instituição de sentido e de estrutura diacrítica. A ela corresponderá uma idéia do sentido da história (pública, cultural) como núcleos inteligíveis ou afinidades eletivas. No segundo momento, será preciso perguntar em qual concepção de experiência podem se estribar aquelas no-vas análises acerca do mundo cultural. No lógos silencioso operante no mundo sensível, descobriremos a produtividade ontológica de uma Natureza já significante antes dos atos da consciência, o que retira da produtividade humana o papel de protagonista que lhe era dado nos textos de juventude. Tentaremos, por fim, esboçar que contornos isso acarretaria para idéia de uma história ontológica, anunciada pelos tetos finais de Mer-leau-Ponty. / Which idea of history is announced in Merleau-Pontys last writings? Which difficulties it intends to solve? In order to answer those questions, it seemed necessary to reexamine the limits of the philosophy of history characteristic of the philosophers early existentialism, still attached to a certain philosophy of consciousness. Once those limits were established, we tried to retrace the path that led Merleau-Ponty in rewrit-ing his concept of history. We tried to do it in two moments. Firstly, we analyzed the way in which Merleau-Ponty, in the early fifties, understood the cultural worlds ration-ality through the concepts of institution of meaning and diacritical structure. This goes along with an idea of history that is centered on the notion of elective affinities. Secondly, we tried to establish the concept of experience presupposed by these new analysis of the cultural world. In the sensible worlds silent lógos, Nature proved itself to be already meaningful independently of the acts of consciousness. That alters the role attributed to human productivity in Merleau-Pontys earlier texts. Finally we tried to comment on the notion of an ontological history, which can be found in the later texts of Merleau-Ponty.

Student Number : 0316775W - MSc research report - Faculty of Science / This qualitative research project investigated the ideas of a small group of learners in the first year physics course at the University of the Witwatersrand in the area of atmospheric (air) pressure. These ideas constitute the prior knowledge with which these learners enter physics education at tertiary level. Clinical interviews were conducted with an initial sample of three (3) respondents, and the main study consisted of seven (7) first-year physics students. Data obtained during the course of the interviews was audio-taped and transcribed, and from an analysis of the transcripts a picture was obtained of the content of the knowledge held, and of the epistemological and ontological views that respondents entertained. What renders this work important is the argument that teachers are unable to assist the learning process without engaging actively with what their learners already know and believe. The first step in setting up learning experiences which can assist learners to become fluent in the construction of sound scientific explanations for phenomena and to become competent at weighing evidence is to determine the state of learners’ prior knowledge. The findings of this limited case study may be summed up as follows: There is very little indication, in the sample investigated in this study, that any meaningful learning has occurred in the areas of pressure, atmospheric pressure and the kinetic theory. These concepts have little or no explanatory power for learners in attempting to account for natural phenomena and technological applications in which atmospheric pressure is at work.

Ontologies provide an organization of language, in the form of a network or graph, which is amenable to computational analysis while remaining human-readable. Although they are used in a variety of disciplines, ontologies in the biomedical field, such as Gene Ontology, are of interest for their role in organizing terminology used to describe—among other concepts—the functions, locations, and processes of genes and gene-products. Due to the consistency and level of automation that ontologies provide for such annotations, methods for finding enriched biological terminology from a set of differentially identified genes in a tissue or cell sample have been developed to aid in the elucidation of disease pathology and unknown biochemical pathways. However, despite their immense utility, biomedical ontologies have significant limitations and caveats. One major issue is that gene annotation enrichment analyses often result in many redundant, individually enriched ontological terms that are highly specific and weakly justified by statistical significance. These large sets of weakly enriched terms are difficult to interpret without manually sorting into appropriate functional or descriptive categories. Also, relationships that organize the terminology within these ontologies do not contain descriptions of semantic scoping or scaling among terms. Therefore, there exists some ambiguity, which complicates the automation of categorizing terms to improve interpretability. We emphasize that existing methods enable the danger of producing incorrect mappings to categories as a result of these ambiguities, unless simplified and incomplete versions of these ontologies are used which omit problematic relations. Such ambiguities could have a significant impact on term categorization, as we have calculated upper boundary estimates of potential false categorizations as high as 121,579 for the misinterpretation of a single scoping relation, has_part, which accounts for approximately 18% of the total possible mappings between terms in the Gene Ontology. However, the omission of problematic relationships results in a significant loss of retrievable information. In the Gene Ontology, this accounts for a 6% reduction for the omission of a single relation. However, this percentage should increase drastically when considering all relations in an ontology. To address these issues, we have developed methods which categorize individual ontology terms into broad, biologically-related concepts to improve the interpretability and statistical significance of gene-annotation enrichment studies, meanwhile addressing the lack of semantic scoping and scaling descriptions among ontological relationships so that annotation enrichment analyses can be performed across a more complete representation of the ontological graph. We show that, when compared to similar term categorization methods, our method produces categorizations that match hand-curated ones with similar or better accuracy, while not requiring the user to compile lists of individual ontology term IDs. Furthermore, our handling of problematic relations produces a more complete representation of ontological information from a scoping perspective, and we demonstrate instances where medically-relevant terms--and by extension putative gene targets--are identified in our annotation enrichment results that would be otherwise missed when using traditional methods. Additionally, we observed a marginal, yet consistent improvement of statistical power in enrichment results when our methods were used, compared to traditional enrichment analyses that utilize ontological ancestors. Finally, using scalable and reproducible data workflow pipelines, we have applied our methods to several genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic collaborative projects.

While there are efforts to establish a single international accounting standard, there are strong current and future needs to handle heterogeneous accounting methods and systems. We advocate a context-based approach to dealing with multiple accounting standards and equational ontological conflicts. In this paper we first define what we mean by equational ontological conflicts and then describe a new approach, using Constraint Logic Programming and abductive reasoning, to reconcile such conflicts among disparate information systems. In particular, we focus on the use of Constraint Handling Rules as a simultaneous symbolic equation solver, which is a powerful way to combine, invert and simplify multiple conversion functions that translate between different contexts. Finally, we demonstrate a sample application using our prototype implementation that demonstrates the viability of our approach. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

The main objective of this study is to make a comprehensive analysis of the question &ldquo / Why is there something rather than nothing?&rdquo / , which is one of the major questions of metaphysics, and to find a plausible answer at the end, if it is possible. To begin this analysis, a clarification of what we understand by this question is needed first. For the clarification, a definition of &lsquo / nothingness&rsquo / will be sought. Afterwards, the motivation for us to ask this question, the significance of it, and the content of it will be investigated. This investigation will help us concentrate on and discuss within the framework of causation and necessity our understanding of &ldquo / contingent beings&rdquo / and &ldquo / nothingness&rdquo / . Two main approaches sought to answer this question till now are by theists and physicists. Those approaches will be discussed and compared. And at the end of the comparative analysis of these two approaches, a metaphysical approach which will be a layer of them will be sought.

This dissertation aims at exploring and analysing the effects of Japan&rsquo / s trust-based relations in the region of East Asia in the post-Cold War period within the framework of its anti-militaristic state identity and outlook. The main research question is based on how the Japanese policy makers constructed the meaning of the post-Cold War period, opening the ways and ideas to solidify the anti-militaristic state identity and posture. In this sense, Japan provides a significant case study for examining ontological security. The main argument of dissertation is based on building up Japan&rsquo / s ontological security structure in the regional context. Since the end of the Second World War, Japan has pursued an anti-militaristic state identity and posture. This attitude has been the guiding principle of Tokyo&rsquo / s foreign and security policy. In this dissertation, for the continuance of anti-militaristic identity successfully in the post-Cold War period, Japanese policy decision-makers have both configured and further sustained the country&rsquo / s trust-based relations with neighbouring countries in the region. This dissertation was analysed under the five main headings except the introduction chapter: (1) The historical background telling the story of anti-militaristic identity and posture of Japan, (2) Japan&rsquo / s emerging human security agenda in the Post-Cold War period, (3) Japan&rsquo / s cooperative initiatives at the regional level by focusing in particular on APEC and ARF. (4) Japan&rsquo / s relations with the significant others for its identity preservation. (5) The conclusions.